Philip N Howard
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 333267 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Philip N Howard |
| PRENOMES | Philip N |
| SOBRENOME | Howard |
| ASSINATURA | HOWARD P N |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Washington |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3380-821X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 436 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 51 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 2 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1949 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
The political economy of digital profiteering
Contemporary communication requires both a supply of content and a digital information infrastructure. Modern campaigns of misinformation are especially dependent on that back-end infrastructure for tracking and targeting a sympathetic audience and generating revenue that can sustain the campaign financially—if not enable profiteering. However, little is known about the political economy of misinformation, particularly those campaigns spreading m…
Computational propaganda
In this dialogue, Phillip Howard introduces “computational propaganda” as an emerging communication tool in political communication and a perspective for investigating misinformation and disinformation. By articulating the concepts, patterns, and mechanisms of computational propaganda, Howard proposes a socio-technical framework for studying computational propaganda. He calls for mixed methods to undertake computational research alongside qualita…
Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms
To date, there is little research to measure the scale of misinformation and understand how it spreads on largely unmoderated platforms. Our analysis of 200,000 Telegram posts demonstrates that links to known sources of misleading information are shared more often than links to professional news content, but the former stays confined to relatively few channels. We conclude that, contrary to popular received wisdom, the audience for misinformation…
Investigating Visual Content Shared over Twitter during the 2019 EU Parliamentary Election Campaign
Political communication increasingly takes on visual forms. Yet, despite their ubiquity in everyday communication and digital campaigning, the use of these visuals remains critically understudied. In this article, we investigate the formats and modes of visual content deployed by Twitter users over a two-week period leading up to the 2019 EU Parliamentary elections and across two publics: those discussing the election at large and those discussin…
Where news could not inspire change
Turkey has vastly increased the scale of its investment in public diplomacy tools. Although Turkey is considered one of the world's worst jailers of journalists, its media market is one of the fastest-growing in the world. In 2015, the Istanbul-based English-language TRT World was launched with the slogan 'where news inspires change', The channel promised to provide impartial coverage of global news, with its experienced journalists addressing gl…
Lie Machines
Balancing Product Reviews, Traffic Targets, and Industry Criticism
Despite growing expectations that technology journalists serve as critical watchdogs of the technology industry, technology journalism remains under-studied in journalism studies. Drawing on the hierarchy of influences model to analyze semi-structured interviews with UK technology journalists and editors, this article investigates how journalists strategically navigate relationships with the technology industry and how these relationships influen…
What to expect when you’re expecting robots
Drawing on scholarship in journalism studies and the sociology of expectations, this article demonstrates how news media shape, mediate, and amplify expectations surrounding artificial intelligence in ways that influence their potential to intervene in the world. Through a critical discourse analysis of news content, this article describes and interrogates the persistent expectation concerning the widescale social integration of AI-related approa…
Lie Machines
Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information over Social Media in the United States, 2016-2018
Social media is an important source of news and information in the United States. But during the 2016 US presidential election, social media platforms emerged as a breeding ground for influence campaigns, conspiracy, and alternative media. Anecdotally, the nature of political news and information evolved over time, but political communication researchers have yet to develop a comprehensive, grounded, internally consistent typology of the types of…
Chinese computational propaganda
A 2016 review of literature about automation, algorithms and politics identified China as the foremost area in which further research was needed because of the size of its population, the potential for Chinese algorithmic manipulation in the politics of other countries, and the frequency of exportation of Chinese software and hardware. This paper contributes to the small body of knowledge on the first point (domestic automation and opinion manipu…
Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information During Three European Elections
Voters increasingly rely on social media for news and information about politics. But increasingly, social media has emerged as a fertile soil for deliberately produced misinformation campaigns, conspiracy, and extremist alternative media. How does the sourcing of political news and information define contemporary political communication in different countries in Europe? To understand what users are sharing in their political communication, we an…
Computational Propaganda
Computational propaganda is an emergent form of political manipulation that occurs over the Internet. The term describes the assemblage of social media platforms, autonomous agents, algorithms, and big data tasked with the manipulation of public opinion. Our research shows that this new mode of interrupting and influencing communication is on the rise around the globe. Advances in computing technology, especially around social automation, machine…
Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election
Political communication is the process of putting information, technology, and media in the service of power. Increasingly, political actors are automating such processes, through algorithms that obscure motives and authors yet reach immense networks of people through personal ties among friends and family. Not all political algorithms are used for manipulation and social control however. So what are the primary ways in which algorithmic politica…
Computational Propaganda
Risk and Hyperconnectivity
Bots, #Strongerin, and #Brexit
Telecom Policy Across the Former Yugoslavia
What is the recipe for good information policy? Hosman and Howard address this in an emerging economy context through case studies of six states that arose following the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia. These new nations pursued differing information policy paths that led to diverse outcomes. The authors find, in general, conventional positive outcomes supporting policies for privatization, liberalization, and competition; but at the same ti…
Democracy’s Fourth Wave?
"Did digital media really "cause" the Arab Spring, or is it an important factor of the story behind what might become democracy's fourth wave? An unlikely network of citizens used digital media to start a cascade of social protest that ultimately toppled four of the world's most entrenched dictators. Howard and Hussain find that the complex causal recipe includes several economic, political and cultural factors, but that digital media is consiste…
What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring
It has been 15 years since the last wave of democratization. But as a region, North Africa and the Middle East were noticeably devoid of popular democracy movements—until the early months of 2011. Democratization movements had existed long before technologies like mobile phones and the Internet came to these countries. But with these technologies, people sharing an interest in democracy built extensive networks and activated collective action mov…
Democracy's Fourth Wave
Social Media and Political Change
This introductory essay highlights the key findings, methodological tool kit, and production process of this Special Issue. We argue that communication researchers are uniquely positioned to analyze the relationships between social media and political change in careful and nuanced ways, in terms of both causes and consequences. Finally, we offer a working definition of social media, based on the diverse and considered uses of the term by the cont…
Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Information Technologies and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring
Opening Closed Regimes
When Do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media
Although there have been many studies of the different ways regimes censor the use of social media by their citizens, shutting off social media altogether is something that rarely happens. However, it happens at the most politically sensitive times and has widespread—if not global—consequences for political, economic and cultural life. When do states disconnect their digital networks, and why? To answer this question, the authors build an event h…
The Upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia
During the "Arab Spring," young tech savvy activists led uprisings in a dozen countries across North Africa and the Middle East. At first, digital media allowed democratization movements to develop new tactics for catching dictators off guard. Eventually, authoritarian governments worked social media into their own counter-insurgency strategies. What have we learned about the role of digital media in modern protest? Digital media helped to turn i…
Network Ethnography and the Hypermedia Organization
Social scientists are increasingly interested in innovative organizational forms made possible with new media, known as epistemic communities, knowledge networks, or communities of practice, depending on the discipline. Some organizational forms can be difficult to study qualitatively because human, social, cultural, or symbolic capital is transmitted over significant distances with technologies that do not carry the full range of human expressio…
Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election
Political communication is the process of putting information, technology, and media in the service of power. Increasingly, political actors are automating such processes, through algorithms that obscure motives and authors yet reach immense networks of people through personal ties among friends and family. Not all political algorithms are used for manipulation and social control however. So what are the primary ways in which algorithmic politica…
Research Methodology
The Survey2000 Project is the largest and most comprehensive Internet-based social science survey to date. Along with generating interesting data about geographic mobility, feelings of community, and culinary, literary, and musical tastes, the experience of operating a survey with Internet tools has set into sharp relief important methodological issues of sample size, representation, and generalization. The authors argue that Internet-based surve…
Deep Democracy, Thin Citizenship
Digital media strategies are a crucial component of contemporary political campaigns. Established political elites use database and Internet technologies to raise money, organize volunteers, gather intelligence on voters, and do opposition research. However, they use data-mining techniques that outrage privacy advocates and surreptitious technologies that few Internet users understand. Grassroots political actors and average votersbuild their own…
Days and Nights on the Internet
For a growing cohort of Americans, Internet tools have become a significant conduit of social life and work life. The surveys of the Pew Internet & American Life Project in 2000 show that more than 52 million Americans went online each day, and there are significant differences in use between men and women, young and old, those of different races and ethnic groups, and those of different socioeconomic status. A user typology can be built around t…
Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information over Social Media in the United States, 2016-2018
Social media is an important source of news and information in the United States. But during the 2016 US presidential election, social media platforms emerged as a breeding ground for influence campaigns, conspiracy, and alternative media. Anecdotally, the nature of political news and information evolved over time, but political communication researchers have yet to develop a comprehensive, grounded, internally consistent typology of the types of…
What to expect when you’re expecting robots
Drawing on scholarship in journalism studies and the sociology of expectations, this article demonstrates how news media shape, mediate, and amplify expectations surrounding artificial intelligence in ways that influence their potential to intervene in the world. Through a critical discourse analysis of news content, this article describes and interrogates the persistent expectation concerning the widescale social integration of AI-related approa…
Telecommunications Reform, Internet Use and Mobile Phone Adoption in the Developing World
Sourcing and Automation of Political News and Information During Three European Elections
Voters increasingly rely on social media for news and information about politics. But increasingly, social media has emerged as a fertile soil for deliberately produced misinformation campaigns, conspiracy, and extremist alternative media. How does the sourcing of political news and information define contemporary political communication in different countries in Europe? To understand what users are sharing in their political communication, we an…
Investigating Visual Content Shared over Twitter during the 2019 EU Parliamentary Election Campaign
Political communication increasingly takes on visual forms. Yet, despite their ubiquity in everyday communication and digital campaigning, the use of these visuals remains critically understudied. In this article, we investigate the formats and modes of visual content deployed by Twitter users over a two-week period leading up to the 2019 EU Parliamentary elections and across two publics: those discussing the election at large and those discussin…
Where news could not inspire change
Turkey has vastly increased the scale of its investment in public diplomacy tools. Although Turkey is considered one of the world's worst jailers of journalists, its media market is one of the fastest-growing in the world. In 2015, the Istanbul-based English-language TRT World was launched with the slogan 'where news inspires change', The channel promised to provide impartial coverage of global news, with its experienced journalists addressing gl…
Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms
To date, there is little research to measure the scale of misinformation and understand how it spreads on largely unmoderated platforms. Our analysis of 200,000 Telegram posts demonstrates that links to known sources of misleading information are shared more often than links to professional news content, but the former stays confined to relatively few channels. We conclude that, contrary to popular received wisdom, the audience for misinformation…
Information Technologies and Omnivorous News Diets over Three U.S. Presidential Elections
Technology convergence and rising expectations for interactivity have had a significant impact on the news diets of U.S. voters. While television may appear to be the most important single media in this system of political communication, for a growing portion of the population, news diets are defined by combinations and permutations of secondary media. What explains the changing distribution of primary media choice and the dramatic rise in second…
Sizing Up Information Societies
When researchers study technology diffusion in a global and comparative manner, they often find that economic productivity explains differences in the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs). But when researchers study technology diffusion in a regional, national, or subnational context, they often find that politics and culture explains different diffusion rates. How do we make use of different kinds of conclusions drawn f…
A Case of Mistaken Identity? News Accounts of Hacker, Consumer, and Organizational Responsibility for Compromised Digital Records
The computer hacker is one of the most vilified figures in the digital era, but to what degree are organizations actually responsible for compromised personal records? To examine the role of organizational behavior in privacy violations, we analyze 589 incidents of compromised data between 1980 and 2006. There were more reported incidents in 2005 and 2006 than in the previous 25 years combined. Excluding a particularly large security breach at Ac…
Digital Technology and the Market for Political Surveillance
Many new media technologies, such as the internet, serve both as a tool for organizing public commons and as a tool for surveilling private lives. This paper addresses the manner in which such technological innovations have enabled a dramatically expanded market for public policy opinion data, and explores the potential role of that market in facilitating panoptic regimes of both private and state surveillance. Whereas information about public po…
Can Technology Enhance Democracy? The Doubters' Answer Democracy in a Digital Age
Learning to Search and Searching to Learn
Using data from the Pew Internet and American Life Project surveys, this article explores changing trends in reported sophistication and satisfaction with search skills and with search engines. We find that the proportion of Internet users searching online for answers to specific questions—as opposed to casual browsing—has grown significantly. Moreover, as users get more experience online, they increasingly become dependent on search engines, con…
Computational propaganda
In this dialogue, Phillip Howard introduces “computational propaganda” as an emerging communication tool in political communication and a perspective for investigating misinformation and disinformation. By articulating the concepts, patterns, and mechanisms of computational propaganda, Howard proposes a socio-technical framework for studying computational propaganda. He calls for mixed methods to undertake computational research alongside qualita…
Risk and Hyperconnectivity
Reply to Evgeny Morozov's review of The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
Morozov is absolutely right to point out that other countries—not in the set analyzed in Digital Origins —might reveal different paths toward or away from democratic government. But a quick look at some of the examples shows that they do not directly conflict with my argument that the proliferation of consumer electronics in countries with an active civil society and limited resource wealth seems to come with democratic consequences. China, Cuba,…
Richard Gunther, Jose Ramon Montero, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle. Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents
Gunther, Montero, and Puhle's Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents consider an impressive amount of data about public opinion and voter turnout. The contributors work to develop the concept of political intermediation, the process through which voters receive information during elections and are mobilized to support particular parties. This collection would have been more accurately entitled “Voting, Mass Mediation and Interme…
The History of Ecological Marginalization in Chiapas
The Life and Diary of David Brainerd
Journal Article The Life and Diary of David Brainerd. Edited by Jonathan Edwards. Newly edited by Philip E. Howard, Jr. The Wycliffe Series of Christian Classics. General editing by Wilbur M. Smith. (Chicago: Moody Press, 1949. 385 pp. Appendixes. $3.50.) Get access Walter B. Posey Walter B. Posey Agnes Scott and Emory University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 36, Issue…
The Life and Diary of David Brainerd
The Life and Diary of David Brainerd
Development-induced Displacement in Haiti
In recent decades the people of Haiti have faced ecological disaster, political upheaval, and persistent economic hardship. These aflictions have motivated hundreds of thousands of Haitians to migrate to other Caribbean countries, the United States and Canada. While many observers know that mass migration was the result of Haiti's problems, it was the mass migration from rural highlands to urban slums that created the important preconditions for …
The History of Ecological Marginalization in Chiapas
Research Methodology
The Survey2000 Project is the largest and most comprehensive Internet-based social science survey to date. Along with generating interesting data about geographic mobility, feelings of community, and culinary, literary, and musical tastes, the experience of operating a survey with Internet tools has set into sharp relief important methodological issues of sample size, representation, and generalization. The authors argue that Internet-based surve…
Can Technology Enhance Democracy? The Doubters' Answer Democracy in a Digital Age
Days and Nights on the Internet
For a growing cohort of Americans, Internet tools have become a significant conduit of social life and work life. The surveys of the Pew Internet & American Life Project in 2000 show that more than 52 million Americans went online each day, and there are significant differences in use between men and women, young and old, those of different races and ethnic groups, and those of different socioeconomic status. A user typology can be built around t…
Digital Technology and the Market for Political Surveillance
Many new media technologies, such as the internet, serve both as a tool for organizing public commons and as a tool for surveilling private lives. This paper addresses the manner in which such technological innovations have enabled a dramatically expanded market for public policy opinion data, and explores the potential role of that market in facilitating panoptic regimes of both private and state surveillance. Whereas information about public po…
Network Ethnography and the Hypermedia Organization
Social scientists are increasingly interested in innovative organizational forms made possible with new media, known as epistemic communities, knowledge networks, or communities of practice, depending on the discipline. Some organizational forms can be difficult to study qualitatively because human, social, cultural, or symbolic capital is transmitted over significant distances with technologies that do not carry the full range of human expressio…
Society Online
New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen
The political campaign is one of the most important organizations in a democracy, and whether issue or candidate specific, it is one of the least understood organizations in contemporary political life. This book is a critical assessment of the role that information technologies have come to play in contemporary campaigns. With evidence from ethnographic immersion, survey data, and social network analysis, Howard examines the evolving act of poli…
Deep Democracy, Thin Citizenship
Digital media strategies are a crucial component of contemporary political campaigns. Established political elites use database and Internet technologies to raise money, organize volunteers, gather intelligence on voters, and do opposition research. However, they use data-mining techniques that outrage privacy advocates and surreptitious technologies that few Internet users understand. Grassroots political actors and average votersbuild their own…
New media campaigns and the managed citizen
Testing the Leap-Frog Hypothesis
This paper tests the ‘leap-frog’ hypothesis by modeling the impact of existing telecommunications infrastructure, controlling for economic, political and demographic factors, on changes in information communication technology (ICT) access for over 200 countries between 1995 and 2005. This study has significantly greater coverage than previous research, in terms of both time frame and country cases. First, the analysis demonstrates that in the fir…
Learning to Search and Searching to Learn
Using data from the Pew Internet and American Life Project surveys, this article explores changing trends in reported sophistication and satisfaction with search skills and with search engines. We find that the proportion of Internet users searching online for answers to specific questions—as opposed to casual browsing—has grown significantly. Moreover, as users get more experience online, they increasingly become dependent on search engines, con…
A Case of Mistaken Identity? News Accounts of Hacker, Consumer, and Organizational Responsibility for Compromised Digital Records
The computer hacker is one of the most vilified figures in the digital era, but to what degree are organizations actually responsible for compromised personal records? To examine the role of organizational behavior in privacy violations, we analyze 589 incidents of compromised data between 1980 and 2006. There were more reported incidents in 2005 and 2006 than in the previous 25 years combined. Excluding a particularly large security breach at Ac…
Richard Gunther, Jose Ramon Montero, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle. Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents
Gunther, Montero, and Puhle's Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents consider an impressive amount of data about public opinion and voter turnout. The contributors work to develop the concept of political intermediation, the process through which voters receive information during elections and are mobilized to support particular parties. This collection would have been more accurately entitled “Voting, Mass Mediation and Interme…
Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics
The politics of the Internet has entered the social science mainstream. Internet politics and policy are continually hitting the headlines; from debates about the mediums impact on parties and election campaigns following the momentous US 2004 presidential contest to concerns over international security, privacy and surveillance post 9/11.The Handbook of Internet Politics is concerned with theoretical and conceptual debates, political institution…
Telecommunications Reform, Internet Use and Mobile Phone Adoption in the Developing World
Sizing Up Information Societies
When researchers study technology diffusion in a global and comparative manner, they often find that economic productivity explains differences in the diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs). But when researchers study technology diffusion in a regional, national, or subnational context, they often find that politics and culture explains different diffusion rates. How do we make use of different kinds of conclusions drawn f…
The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten internet users is a Muslim living in a populous Muslim community. In these countries, young people are developing political identities online, and digital technologies are helping civil society build systems of political communication independent of th…
Political parties and voter privacy
Political parties are among the most lax, unregulated organizations handling large volumes of personally identifiable data about citizens’ behavior and attitudes. We analyze the privacy practices of political parties in Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and United States to assess the current state of electorate data, compare regulatory efforts, and offer policy recommendations. While data has long been a part of political practice, there has be…
Comparing Digital Divides
What is the best way to measure and track the digital divide, in a comparative manner, over time? What impact have differing policy interventions had on the digital divide in Canada and the United States? We offer a way of benchmarking equality in Internet access using Gini coefficients and demonstrate that overall the digital divide has been closing in both countries. We find that in terms of income, the digital divide in Canada has closed most …
Opening Closed Regimes
Political science (38 obras) · Sociology (30 obras) · Social Media and Politics (29 obras) · Politics (28 obras) · Computer Science (27 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Media studies (16 obras) · Public relations (16 obras) · Business (15 obras) · The Internet (15 obras)