Letizia Paoli
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3448745 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Letizia Paoli |
| PRENOMES | Letizia |
| SOBRENOME | Paoli |
| ASSINATURA | PAOLI L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | KU Leuven |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3609-9239 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 84 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 3 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1994 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Assessing Crime Seriousness
The extension of the anti-money laundering regime to Belgian professional football
Outlaw motorcycle groups in the Netherlands
There have been ongoing debates about whether outlaw motorcycle groups (OMCGs) are similar to mafia organizations. The current study examines to what extent and how Dutch OMCGs, specifically the Hells Angels, Satudarah, and No Surrender, resemble mafias. The study is based upon a review of the relevant academic and gray literature, criminal investigations against members of the above-mentioned OMCGs ( N = 52), and court judgments in criminal ( N …
Reaching beyond criminal justice to justice
In past publications, we have demonstrated harm’s centrality to crime, by presenting evidence on their relationship that dates to ancient legal systems and spans centuries via Beccaria, Smith, and Mill. In this article, we argue that binding criminology and criminal policy more firmly and explicitly to harm would benefit criminology and criminal policy, not just for the sake of criminal justice , but also for that of justice writ large. We show h…
Variably Legal Markets
The market contexts and dynamics of recurring, illegal/criminal exchanges of goods and services have long been scrutinized within criminology and other disciplines. However, the associated literatures (bar some notable exceptions) are beset by several unresolved issues, specifically (1) unsatisfactory conceptualization of key terms (i.e. ‘market’, ‘crime’, ‘illegality’), (2) an imbalanced focus of inquiry (excessively on few criminal markets) and…
Across the spectrum of legality
Though they may promote harm reduction for some users, PIED influencers also promote the public acceptance of PIED use beyond the bodybuilding community and enhance access to PIEDs for millions of people. Multifaceted policy interventions are required, aiming at preventing influencers from becoming a major source of information on, and route of access to, PIEDs
Is the Sinaloa Cartel a Mafia
Aiming to reduce the conceptual ambiguity surrounding the topic of organized crime, this study assesses the extent to which the Sinaloa Cartel, the most prominent Mexican drug syndicate, has the characteristics of a mafia. The study uses Paoli’s 2020 mafia framework, which identifies seven typifying characteristics of mafias, such as the Sicilian Cosa Nostra or the Japanese Yakuza. It relies on a broad review of the literature, court transcripts …
The Nexus Between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Food crimes, food harms and the food system – SI introduction
What Makes Mafias Different
Organized crime, a fuzzy concept, has been defined in many different, sometimes contradictory ways. Five sets of mafia organizations have for decades been considered the core of organized crime: the American Cosa Nostra, the Italian Cosa Nostra and ‘Ndrangheta, Chinese triads, and Japanese yakuza. These organizations—mafias for short—share seven typifying characteristics: longevity and thus premodern roots and, with rare exceptions, male-only mem…
How Similar Are Modern Criminal Syndicates to Traditional Mafias
Five organizations exemplify organized crime organizations, or “mafias”: the American and Sicilian Cosa Nostras, the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta, Chinese triads, and Japanese yakuza. Newer syndicates have emerged that are often called organized crime organizations but most importantly differ from the exemplars. Drug trafficking syndicates in Colombia and Mexico are large, wealthy, and extraordinarily violent but have proven fragile in the face of aggre…
The Supply of Doping Products and the Relevance of Market-Based Perspectives
This chapter concerns itself with the nature of the supply of doping products and the relevance of market-based concepts, with specific reference to conditions in Italy. Notwithstanding concerns about doping and the role of the criminal underworld in sport, relatively little is known about the supply of doping products. Against this backdrop, we analyze the supply of doping products by revisiting and building on the central findings of an empiric…
Research as due diligence
The harms of human trafficking
This article uses human trafficking in Belgium to test a newly developed framework for assessing the harms of crime that has been applied previously to cocaine trafficking in the same country. We chose this criminal activity because of its policy relevance and to address apparent needs for systematic, evidence-based analysis. The framework uses quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess harms to individuals, private-sector entities, and othe…
Assessing the harms of cannabis cultivation in Belgium
Starting from the End
status: Published
The Sports Doping Market
The Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime
How to Tackle (Organized) Crime in Europe? The EU Policy Cycle on Serious and Organized Crime and the New Emphasis on Harm
status: Published
Des pratiques communautaires au marché du dopage
Jusqu’à la fin des années 1990, sous l’effet de processus de socialisation secondaire, les pratiques de dopage dans le cyclisme professionnel étaient largement diffusées et légitimes aux yeux des coureurs. Dans cet article, qui s’appuie sur la réalisation de nombreux entretiens, nous tentons de démontrer qu’à partir de 1998, la régulation du dopage a progressivement créé les conditions de développement d’un marché ouvert du dopage en faisant écla…
Organized Crime
This article examines the main shifts in meanings, territorial scope, and scientific and political legitimacy of the concept organized crime. It reconstructs the historical trajectory of the concept, starting in the United States where it was used almost exclusively until the 1970s and then following its rapid spread in Europe since the late 1980s. One of the main arguments of the essay is that the understanding of organized crime has shifted bac…
Searching for the determinants of OC
Given the public concern about organized crime, it is important to identify the determinants of organized crime. Without a better understanding of these determinants, linking them to the different forms of organized crime, policy interventions risk selecting unrealistic goals or even obtaining counterproductive results. It is argued that criminal repression is a necessary reaction to the most serious forms of organized crime, such as a mafia-type…
Harm
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, there has been little systematic reflection within criminology on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation, and comparison. In this paper, we review the literature on the harms of crime and related concepts, i.e., the perceived seriousness and cost of crime, impact of criminal victimization, and drug-related h…
A Framework to Assess the Harms of Crimes
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, the criminological community has yet done little to systematically reflect on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation and comparison. This paper presents a newly developed framework with which to systematize the empirical assessment of such harms and address at least some of the attendant conceptual and techn…
If supply-oriented drug policy is broken, can harm reduction help fix it? Melding disciplines and methods to advance international drug-control policy
Italian Organised Crime
The article reviews the different forms of organised crime in Italy. To begin with, it focuses on the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Italy's two largest and most powerful mafia associations. With their centuries-old histories, articulated structures, sophisticated ritual and symbolic apparatuses and claim to exercise a political dominion, these associations have few parallels in the world of organised crime. In its second sec…
Mafia and organised crime in Italy
Analysing the phenomenon of the mafia and organised crime in Italy as well as the related control policies, it is evident that, although unacknowledged by the media, policy-making and law enforcement communities, significant successes have been achieved in the fight against the mafia since the early 1990s. As a result of these successes, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and, to a lesser extent, all other forms of southern Italian organised crime have ent…
A Framework to Assess the Harms of Crimes
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, the criminological community has yet done little to systematically reflect on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation and comparison. This paper presents a newly developed framework with which to systematize the empirical assessment of such harms and address at least some of the attendant conceptual and techn…
How Similar Are Modern Criminal Syndicates to Traditional Mafias
Five organizations exemplify organized crime organizations, or “mafias”: the American and Sicilian Cosa Nostras, the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta, Chinese triads, and Japanese yakuza. Newer syndicates have emerged that are often called organized crime organizations but most importantly differ from the exemplars. Drug trafficking syndicates in Colombia and Mexico are large, wealthy, and extraordinarily violent but have proven fragile in the face of aggre…
The illegal drugs market
The article analyses the development and organization of the illegal drugs market in Italy. The first three sections of the paper reconstruct the evolution of drug use since the 1960s and discuss the key characteristics of illegal drug users, providing some estimates on their real number. The last three sections focus on the illegal drugs supply, identifying trends and constraints affecting the drug trade in Italy and the rest of Europe and asses…
An Underestimated Criminal Phenomenon
212 L. Paoli1 An Underestimated Criminal Phenomenon: The Calabrian 'Ndrangheta 1. A FEW HISTORIAL 1`IOTES Ori A WORD AriD A PHEriOMEriOri The criminal phenomenon named 'ndrangheta is understood as an aggregate of mafia2 families - according to the latest police inquiries they should be about 853 - whose base is in Reggio Calabria province and in its environs and their ramifications in Italy and abroad.4 Only after World War II did the word 'ndran…
Starting from the End
status: Published
Harm
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, there has been little systematic reflection within criminology on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation, and comparison. In this paper, we review the literature on the harms of crime and related concepts, i.e., the perceived seriousness and cost of crime, impact of criminal victimization, and drug-related h…
The Price of Freedom
In its difficult transition to democracy and a market economy, Russia has experienced a veritable boom of illegal markets, specifically the drug market. Drawing on the results of a study conducted on behalf of the United Nations, the first part of the article reconstructs the expansion of illegal drug consumption and trade in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It points, in particular, to the rapid diffusion of heroin, a substance tha…
The harms of human trafficking
This article uses human trafficking in Belgium to test a newly developed framework for assessing the harms of crime that has been applied previously to cocaine trafficking in the same country. We chose this criminal activity because of its policy relevance and to address apparent needs for systematic, evidence-based analysis. The framework uses quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess harms to individuals, private-sector entities, and othe…
The Development of an Illegal Market. Drug Consumption and Trade in Post-Soviet Russia
A nationwide market in illegal drugs has developed in Russia in the decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time as Russian drug demand consistently expanded and diversified, the country has become fully integrated in international narcotics exchanges. Relying on the results of a research project commissioned by the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, the article reconstructs the development of the illegal drug…
What Makes Mafias Different
Organized crime, a fuzzy concept, has been defined in many different, sometimes contradictory ways. Five sets of mafia organizations have for decades been considered the core of organized crime: the American Cosa Nostra, the Italian Cosa Nostra and ‘Ndrangheta, Chinese triads, and Japanese yakuza. These organizations—mafias for short—share seven typifying characteristics: longevity and thus premodern roots and, with rare exceptions, male-only mem…
Organised Crime and Its Control Policies
Since the early 1990s, organised crime has become a 'hot' topic in public debate and in the political and scientific agenda. To control organised crime, far-reaching legal and institutional reforms have been passed in all European states and ad hoc instruments have been adopted by all major international organisations, ranging from the European Union (EU) to the Council of Europe and the United Nations
An Underestimated Criminal Phenomenon
212 L. Paoli1 An Underestimated Criminal Phenomenon: The Calabrian 'Ndrangheta 1. A FEW HISTORIAL 1`IOTES Ori A WORD AriD A PHEriOMEriOri The criminal phenomenon named 'ndrangheta is understood as an aggregate of mafia2 families - according to the latest police inquiries they should be about 853 - whose base is in Reggio Calabria province and in its environs and their ramifications in Italy and abroad.4 Only after World War II did the word 'ndran…
Seizure and Confiscation Measures in Italy
The paradoxes of organized crime
The Price of Freedom
In its difficult transition to democracy and a market economy, Russia has experienced a veritable boom of illegal markets, specifically the drug market. Drawing on the results of a study conducted on behalf of the United Nations, the first part of the article reconstructs the expansion of illegal drug consumption and trade in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It points, in particular, to the rapid diffusion of heroin, a substance tha…
The Development of an Illegal Market. Drug Consumption and Trade in Post-Soviet Russia
A nationwide market in illegal drugs has developed in Russia in the decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time as Russian drug demand consistently expanded and diversified, the country has become fully integrated in international narcotics exchanges. Relying on the results of a research project commissioned by the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, the article reconstructs the development of the illegal drug…
Organised Crime in Europe
Italian Organised Crime
The article reviews the different forms of organised crime in Italy. To begin with, it focuses on the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Italy's two largest and most powerful mafia associations. With their centuries-old histories, articulated structures, sophisticated ritual and symbolic apparatuses and claim to exercise a political dominion, these associations have few parallels in the world of organised crime. In its second sec…
The illegal drugs market
The article analyses the development and organization of the illegal drugs market in Italy. The first three sections of the paper reconstruct the evolution of drug use since the 1960s and discuss the key characteristics of illegal drug users, providing some estimates on their real number. The last three sections focus on the illegal drugs supply, identifying trends and constraints affecting the drug trade in Italy and the rest of Europe and asses…
Drogenkonsum und Strafverfolgungspraxis
Author: Schäfer, Carsten et al.; Genre: Book; Published in Print: 2006; Open Access; Title: Drogenkonsum und Strafverfolgungspraxis : Eine Untersuchung zur Rechtswirklichkeit der Anwendung des § 31 a BTMG und anderer Opportunitätsvorschriften auf Drogenkonsumentendelikte
Organised Crime and Its Control Policies
Since the early 1990s, organised crime has become a 'hot' topic in public debate and in the political and scientific agenda. To control organised crime, far-reaching legal and institutional reforms have been passed in all European states and ad hoc instruments have been adopted by all major international organisations, ranging from the European Union (EU) to the Council of Europe and the United Nations
Mafia and organised crime in Italy
Analysing the phenomenon of the mafia and organised crime in Italy as well as the related control policies, it is evident that, although unacknowledged by the media, policy-making and law enforcement communities, significant successes have been achieved in the fight against the mafia since the early 1990s. As a result of these successes, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and, to a lesser extent, all other forms of southern Italian organised crime have ent…
Mafia BrotherhoodsOrganized Crime, Italian Style
Secrecy is one of the defining characteristics of the Italian Mafia and it has constantly hampered serious scholarship on this major form of criminal activity. \nDuring her years as a consultant to the Italian Ministry of the Interior, Letizia Paoli was given unparalleled insider access to the confessions by pentiti (literally, repentants), former Mafia operatives who had turned. This mafia "hard core" came primarily from the two largest and most…
The World Heroin MarketCan Supply Be Cut
Heroin is universally considered the world's most harmful illegal drug. This is due not only to the damaging effects of the drug itself, but also to the spread of AIDS tied to its use. Burgeoning illegal mass consumption in the 1960s and 1970s has given rise to a global market for heroin and other opiates of nearly 16 million users. The production and trafficking of opiates have caused crime, disease, and social distress throughout the world, lea…
If supply-oriented drug policy is broken, can harm reduction help fix it? Melding disciplines and methods to advance international drug-control policy
Doping and Anti-Doping
Organized Crime
This article examines the main shifts in meanings, territorial scope, and scientific and political legitimacy of the concept organized crime. It reconstructs the historical trajectory of the concept, starting in the United States where it was used almost exclusively until the 1970s and then following its rapid spread in Europe since the late 1980s. One of the main arguments of the essay is that the understanding of organized crime has shifted bac…
Searching for the determinants of OC
Given the public concern about organized crime, it is important to identify the determinants of organized crime. Without a better understanding of these determinants, linking them to the different forms of organized crime, policy interventions risk selecting unrealistic goals or even obtaining counterproductive results. It is argued that criminal repression is a necessary reaction to the most serious forms of organized crime, such as a mafia-type…
Harm
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, there has been little systematic reflection within criminology on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation, and comparison. In this paper, we review the literature on the harms of crime and related concepts, i.e., the perceived seriousness and cost of crime, impact of criminal victimization, and drug-related h…
A Framework to Assess the Harms of Crimes
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, the criminological community has yet done little to systematically reflect on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation and comparison. This paper presents a newly developed framework with which to systematize the empirical assessment of such harms and address at least some of the attendant conceptual and techn…
The Sports Doping Market
The Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime
How to Tackle (Organized) Crime in Europe? The EU Policy Cycle on Serious and Organized Crime and the New Emphasis on Harm
status: Published
Des pratiques communautaires au marché du dopage
Jusqu’à la fin des années 1990, sous l’effet de processus de socialisation secondaire, les pratiques de dopage dans le cyclisme professionnel étaient largement diffusées et légitimes aux yeux des coureurs. Dans cet article, qui s’appuie sur la réalisation de nombreux entretiens, nous tentons de démontrer qu’à partir de 1998, la régulation du dopage a progressivement créé les conditions de développement d’un marché ouvert du dopage en faisant écla…
Assessing the harms of cannabis cultivation in Belgium
Starting from the End
status: Published
Political science (32 obras) · Law (28 obras) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (25 obras) · Sociology (23 obras) · Criminology (22 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Business (17 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (15 obras) · Economics (13 obras) · Organised crime (11 obras)