Christopher L Nagle
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 357782 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Christopher L Nagle |
| PRENOMES | Christopher L |
| SOBRENOME | Nagle |
| ASSINATURA | NAGLE C L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Iowa State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2712-2705 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 24 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 86 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 24 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1983 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Applied Phonology, Phonetics, and Pronunciation
This entry provides an overview of the applied phonetics and phonology section of the Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics . Applied Phonetics, Phonology, and Pronunciation (APPP) is a vibrant field of research and practice devoted to the learning and teaching of second language pronunciation. Since the publication of the first edition of the Encyclopedia in 2013, APP has emerged as a prominent stream within applied linguistics thanks to its own h…
The L2 Spanish Listener Ratings Dataset (L2SLRD)
This data report introduces the L2 Spanish Listener Ratings Dataset (L2SLRD, https://osf.io/67nm4/) and comprises two main types of data: (a) second language (L2) oral data from English first language (L1) learners of L2 Spanish at varying proficiency from two institutions in the US ( n = 42), and (b) listener ratings of that data from L1 Spanish speakers ( n = 201). The data were initially collected to examine intelligibility, comprehensibility,…
From effective to optimal
Research syntheses have demonstrated that pronunciation instruction works, which means that whether instruction is effective is no longer an open question. Instead, contemporary intervention research has shifted to investigating how instruction can be further optimized, asking targeted questions about the instructional features that catalyze learning. In this paper, I examine the concept of instructional optimization, focusing on anticipated effe…
Methodologies for L2 Pronunciation Research
Pronunciation research methods are the means by which researchers generate reliable information on how sound systems interact in the bilingual and multilingual mind, as well as pedagogically relevant information on what pronunciation features to teach and when and how to teach them. This entry focuses on quantitative pronunciation research methodology, surveying the tasks commonly used in speech perception and speech production research and how t…
With “crisis” comes opportunity
Al-Hoorie et al. (2024) have described L2 Motivational Self System research as having a “validation crisis.” In this response, I offer a brief history of recent motivation research to contextualize how we reached this point. I then discuss measurement invariance testing, the purpose of which is to ensure that the proposed measurement model holds across groups or time. Crucially, invariance testing is a necessary precursor to subsequent analyses b…
Does timing matter
A large body of literature has examined perceptual training, especially using the high variability phonetic training (HVPT) technique, where multiple talkers are included in the training set to help learners develop more accurate additional (second) language (L2) speech sound categories. Yet, most experimental studies focus on relatively short-term gains using a pre-post–delayed design, providing limited insight into longer-term training effects …
Optimizing second language pronunciation instruction
An important shift in language learning research is the understanding that pronunciation instruction is necessary to ensure learners’ balanced development in pronunciation and second language (L2) speech. Research focusing on understanding what types of pronunciation instruction are effective and what makes them most effective has grown dramatically over the past decade. Given the methodological heterogeneity apparent in this body of literature, …
Revisiting the moderating effect of speaker proficiency on the relationships among intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 Spanish
This report examines the potential impacts of task and proficiency on listener judgments of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 Spanish. This study extends Huensch and Nagle [ Language Learning, 71, 626–668, (2021)], who explored the partial independence among the global speech dimensions for speech samples taken from a picture narrative task. Given that the type of speaking task used to elicit speech samples has been shown…
Exploring phonetic predictors of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and foreign accent in L2 Spanish speech
Although current approaches to second language (L2) pronunciation underscore that instruction should concentrate on pronunciation features that help learners be more intelligible (and not necessarily more native like), there is little empirical evidence as to what those features are, especially in languages other than English. To address this gap, this exploratory study examined phonetic predictors of listener‐based dimensions—namely, intelligibi…
From an Individualistic to a Collectivistic Mindset in Open Research
In their article on open research, Marsden and Morgan-Short discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with open research practices. I have always been committed to the principles of the open research movement but putting them into practice can be difficult. Publishing my research instruments and materials was uncomfortable at first. Like so many of my colleagues, I was concerned that other researchers would scrutinize my materials and f…
How Good Does This Sound? Examining Listeners' Second Language Proficiency and Their Perception of Category Goodness in Their Native Language
Language learners often transfer the sounds and prosody of their native language into their second language, but this influence can also flow in the opposite direction, with the second language influencing the first. Among other variables, language proficiency is known to affect the degree and directionality of cross-linguistic influence. However, little is known about how second language learning affects listeners' perception of their native lan…
Beyond Linguistic Features
Comprehensibility, or ease of understanding, has emerged as an important construct in second language (L2) speech research. Many studies have examined the linguistic features that underlie this construct, but there has been limited work on behavioral and affective predictors. The goal of this study was therefore to examine the extent to which anxiety and collaborativeness predict interlocutors’ perception of one another’s comprehensibility. Twent…
Advancing the State of the Art in L2 Speech Perception-Production Research
One of the basic goals of second language (L2) speech research is to understand the perception-production link, or the relationship between L2 speech perception and L2 speech production. Although many studies have examined the link, they have done so with strikingly different conceptual foci and methods. Even studies that appear to use similar perception and production tasks often present nontrivial differences in task characteristics and impleme…
Comprehensible to Whom? Examining Rater, Speaker, and Interlocutor Perspectives on Comprehensibility in an Interactive Context
Comprehensibility has emerged as a useful and intuitive means of globally evaluating second language (L2) speakers in many research and instructional contexts. In most cases, L2 speakers’ comprehensibility is assessed by external listeners who do not engage in extensive communication with the speakers, even though the degree to which a speaker is comprehensible is presumably of greatest concern to their interlocutor. If comprehensibility is defin…
Rajiv Rao
Key issues in the teaching of Spanish pronunciation is a comprehensive treatment of Spanish pronunciation pedagogy suitable for both pronunciation experts and language teachers who are interested in implementing pronunciation instruction for the first time. The volume is divided into two sections: "The sound system of Spanish" and "Pedagogical challenges and suggestions for the classroom." The first section consists of eight chapters that address…
The Influence of Social Information on Speech Intelligibility within the Spanish Heritage Community
Previous research in speech perception has shown that perception is influenced by social factors that can result in behavioral consequences such as reduced intelligibility (i.e., a listeners' ability to transcribe the speech they hear). However, little is known about these effects regarding Spanish speakers' perception of heritage Spanish, Spanish spoken by individuals who have an ancestral and cultural connection to the Spanish language. Given t…
Doing L2 Speech Research Online
Listener-based ratings have become a prominent means of defining second language (L2) users’ global speaking ability. In most cases, local listeners are recruited to evaluate speech samples in person. However, in many teaching and research contexts, recruiting local listeners may not be possible or advisable. The goal of this study was to hone a reliable method of recruiting listeners to evaluate L2 speech samples online through Amazon Mechanical…
Using Expectancy Value Theory to understand motivation, persistence, and achievement in university‐level foreign language learning
Most students take language courses at university, but only a fraction go beyond the introductory and intermediate levels despite the fact that continued study is likely necessary to achieve full communicative competence in the target language. By shedding light on the motivational pathways that predict language learning effort, persistence, and achievement, motivation research can provide actionable data that can guide strategies to help student…
Revisiting Perception-Production Relationships
Models of L2 pronunciation learning have hypothesized that accurate speech perception promotes accurate speech production. This claim can be evaluated longitudinally by examining the extent to which changes in stop consonant perception predict changes in stop consonant production. Taking a time-sensitive view of the perception-production link, this study used longitudinal data to analyze perception as a time-varying predictor of production accura…
The Effect of Speaker Proficiency on Intelligibility, Comprehensibility, and Accentedness in L2 Spanish
This study investigated the relationship among intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in the speech of second language learners of Spanish of varying proficiency in instructed contexts. It conceptually replicated studies by Munro and Derwing (1995a) and Derwing and Munro (1997), who found partial independence among the three speech dimensions but also evidence that proficiency may mediate the relationship between linguistic features…
A Longitudinal Study of Voice Onset Time Development in L2 Spanish Stops
Recent longitudinal approaches to second language (L2) pronunciation development have prioritized developmental trajectories, highlighting individual variation in phonetic learning over time. Aligning with this research paradigm, the present study examined voice onset time (VOT) production in Spanish/b/and/p/ over two semesters of elementary language instruction. Twenty-six native speakers of English who were novice learners of Spanish completed …
Examining the Temporal Structure of the Perception-Production Link in Second Language Acquisition
Most studies on the perception-production link have assumed a synchronous relationship according to which gains in perception transfer to production rapidly and efficiently. However, time-lagged and asymptotic relationships are also possible, where perception would guide production at a later stage or production would improve only once perception has reached a high level of accuracy. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of the perception…
Diversity, Organization, and Behavior in the Material Record
The Utilization of Rare Earth Element Concentrations for the Characterization of Soapstone Quarries
Diversity, Organization, and Behavior in the Material Record
Using Expectancy Value Theory to understand motivation, persistence, and achievement in university‐level foreign language learning
Most students take language courses at university, but only a fraction go beyond the introductory and intermediate levels despite the fact that continued study is likely necessary to achieve full communicative competence in the target language. By shedding light on the motivational pathways that predict language learning effort, persistence, and achievement, motivation research can provide actionable data that can guide strategies to help student…
The Effect of Speaker Proficiency on Intelligibility, Comprehensibility, and Accentedness in L2 Spanish
This study investigated the relationship among intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in the speech of second language learners of Spanish of varying proficiency in instructed contexts. It conceptually replicated studies by Munro and Derwing (1995a) and Derwing and Munro (1997), who found partial independence among the three speech dimensions but also evidence that proficiency may mediate the relationship between linguistic features…
Examining the Temporal Structure of the Perception-Production Link in Second Language Acquisition
Most studies on the perception-production link have assumed a synchronous relationship according to which gains in perception transfer to production rapidly and efficiently. However, time-lagged and asymptotic relationships are also possible, where perception would guide production at a later stage or production would improve only once perception has reached a high level of accuracy. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of the perception…
The Utilization of Rare Earth Element Concentrations for the Characterization of Soapstone Quarries
Revisiting Perception-Production Relationships
Models of L2 pronunciation learning have hypothesized that accurate speech perception promotes accurate speech production. This claim can be evaluated longitudinally by examining the extent to which changes in stop consonant perception predict changes in stop consonant production. Taking a time-sensitive view of the perception-production link, this study used longitudinal data to analyze perception as a time-varying predictor of production accura…
Optimizing second language pronunciation instruction
An important shift in language learning research is the understanding that pronunciation instruction is necessary to ensure learners’ balanced development in pronunciation and second language (L2) speech. Research focusing on understanding what types of pronunciation instruction are effective and what makes them most effective has grown dramatically over the past decade. Given the methodological heterogeneity apparent in this body of literature, …
The Influence of Social Information on Speech Intelligibility within the Spanish Heritage Community
Previous research in speech perception has shown that perception is influenced by social factors that can result in behavioral consequences such as reduced intelligibility (i.e., a listeners' ability to transcribe the speech they hear). However, little is known about these effects regarding Spanish speakers' perception of heritage Spanish, Spanish spoken by individuals who have an ancestral and cultural connection to the Spanish language. Given t…
The Utilization of Rare Earth Element Concentrations for the Characterization of Soapstone Quarries
Diversity, Organization, and Behavior in the Material Record
Examining the Temporal Structure of the Perception-Production Link in Second Language Acquisition
Most studies on the perception-production link have assumed a synchronous relationship according to which gains in perception transfer to production rapidly and efficiently. However, time-lagged and asymptotic relationships are also possible, where perception would guide production at a later stage or production would improve only once perception has reached a high level of accuracy. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of the perception…
A Longitudinal Study of Voice Onset Time Development in L2 Spanish Stops
Recent longitudinal approaches to second language (L2) pronunciation development have prioritized developmental trajectories, highlighting individual variation in phonetic learning over time. Aligning with this research paradigm, the present study examined voice onset time (VOT) production in Spanish/b/and/p/ over two semesters of elementary language instruction. Twenty-six native speakers of English who were novice learners of Spanish completed …
Doing L2 Speech Research Online
Listener-based ratings have become a prominent means of defining second language (L2) users’ global speaking ability. In most cases, local listeners are recruited to evaluate speech samples in person. However, in many teaching and research contexts, recruiting local listeners may not be possible or advisable. The goal of this study was to hone a reliable method of recruiting listeners to evaluate L2 speech samples online through Amazon Mechanical…
Using Expectancy Value Theory to understand motivation, persistence, and achievement in university‐level foreign language learning
Most students take language courses at university, but only a fraction go beyond the introductory and intermediate levels despite the fact that continued study is likely necessary to achieve full communicative competence in the target language. By shedding light on the motivational pathways that predict language learning effort, persistence, and achievement, motivation research can provide actionable data that can guide strategies to help student…
Revisiting Perception-Production Relationships
Models of L2 pronunciation learning have hypothesized that accurate speech perception promotes accurate speech production. This claim can be evaluated longitudinally by examining the extent to which changes in stop consonant perception predict changes in stop consonant production. Taking a time-sensitive view of the perception-production link, this study used longitudinal data to analyze perception as a time-varying predictor of production accura…
The Effect of Speaker Proficiency on Intelligibility, Comprehensibility, and Accentedness in L2 Spanish
This study investigated the relationship among intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in the speech of second language learners of Spanish of varying proficiency in instructed contexts. It conceptually replicated studies by Munro and Derwing (1995a) and Derwing and Munro (1997), who found partial independence among the three speech dimensions but also evidence that proficiency may mediate the relationship between linguistic features…
Beyond Linguistic Features
Comprehensibility, or ease of understanding, has emerged as an important construct in second language (L2) speech research. Many studies have examined the linguistic features that underlie this construct, but there has been limited work on behavioral and affective predictors. The goal of this study was therefore to examine the extent to which anxiety and collaborativeness predict interlocutors’ perception of one another’s comprehensibility. Twent…
Advancing the State of the Art in L2 Speech Perception-Production Research
One of the basic goals of second language (L2) speech research is to understand the perception-production link, or the relationship between L2 speech perception and L2 speech production. Although many studies have examined the link, they have done so with strikingly different conceptual foci and methods. Even studies that appear to use similar perception and production tasks often present nontrivial differences in task characteristics and impleme…
Comprehensible to Whom? Examining Rater, Speaker, and Interlocutor Perspectives on Comprehensibility in an Interactive Context
Comprehensibility has emerged as a useful and intuitive means of globally evaluating second language (L2) speakers in many research and instructional contexts. In most cases, L2 speakers’ comprehensibility is assessed by external listeners who do not engage in extensive communication with the speakers, even though the degree to which a speaker is comprehensible is presumably of greatest concern to their interlocutor. If comprehensibility is defin…
Rajiv Rao
Key issues in the teaching of Spanish pronunciation is a comprehensive treatment of Spanish pronunciation pedagogy suitable for both pronunciation experts and language teachers who are interested in implementing pronunciation instruction for the first time. The volume is divided into two sections: "The sound system of Spanish" and "Pedagogical challenges and suggestions for the classroom." The first section consists of eight chapters that address…
The Influence of Social Information on Speech Intelligibility within the Spanish Heritage Community
Previous research in speech perception has shown that perception is influenced by social factors that can result in behavioral consequences such as reduced intelligibility (i.e., a listeners' ability to transcribe the speech they hear). However, little is known about these effects regarding Spanish speakers' perception of heritage Spanish, Spanish spoken by individuals who have an ancestral and cultural connection to the Spanish language. Given t…
Revisiting the moderating effect of speaker proficiency on the relationships among intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 Spanish
This report examines the potential impacts of task and proficiency on listener judgments of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 Spanish. This study extends Huensch and Nagle [ Language Learning, 71, 626–668, (2021)], who explored the partial independence among the global speech dimensions for speech samples taken from a picture narrative task. Given that the type of speaking task used to elicit speech samples has been shown…
Exploring phonetic predictors of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and foreign accent in L2 Spanish speech
Although current approaches to second language (L2) pronunciation underscore that instruction should concentrate on pronunciation features that help learners be more intelligible (and not necessarily more native like), there is little empirical evidence as to what those features are, especially in languages other than English. To address this gap, this exploratory study examined phonetic predictors of listener‐based dimensions—namely, intelligibi…
From an Individualistic to a Collectivistic Mindset in Open Research
In their article on open research, Marsden and Morgan-Short discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with open research practices. I have always been committed to the principles of the open research movement but putting them into practice can be difficult. Publishing my research instruments and materials was uncomfortable at first. Like so many of my colleagues, I was concerned that other researchers would scrutinize my materials and f…
How Good Does This Sound? Examining Listeners' Second Language Proficiency and Their Perception of Category Goodness in Their Native Language
Language learners often transfer the sounds and prosody of their native language into their second language, but this influence can also flow in the opposite direction, with the second language influencing the first. Among other variables, language proficiency is known to affect the degree and directionality of cross-linguistic influence. However, little is known about how second language learning affects listeners' perception of their native lan…
Optimizing second language pronunciation instruction
An important shift in language learning research is the understanding that pronunciation instruction is necessary to ensure learners’ balanced development in pronunciation and second language (L2) speech. Research focusing on understanding what types of pronunciation instruction are effective and what makes them most effective has grown dramatically over the past decade. Given the methodological heterogeneity apparent in this body of literature, …
Methodologies for L2 Pronunciation Research
Pronunciation research methods are the means by which researchers generate reliable information on how sound systems interact in the bilingual and multilingual mind, as well as pedagogically relevant information on what pronunciation features to teach and when and how to teach them. This entry focuses on quantitative pronunciation research methodology, surveying the tasks commonly used in speech perception and speech production research and how t…
With “crisis” comes opportunity
Al-Hoorie et al. (2024) have described L2 Motivational Self System research as having a “validation crisis.” In this response, I offer a brief history of recent motivation research to contextualize how we reached this point. I then discuss measurement invariance testing, the purpose of which is to ensure that the proposed measurement model holds across groups or time. Crucially, invariance testing is a necessary precursor to subsequent analyses b…
Does timing matter
A large body of literature has examined perceptual training, especially using the high variability phonetic training (HVPT) technique, where multiple talkers are included in the training set to help learners develop more accurate additional (second) language (L2) speech sound categories. Yet, most experimental studies focus on relatively short-term gains using a pre-post–delayed design, providing limited insight into longer-term training effects …
Applied Phonology, Phonetics, and Pronunciation
This entry provides an overview of the applied phonetics and phonology section of the Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics . Applied Phonetics, Phonology, and Pronunciation (APPP) is a vibrant field of research and practice devoted to the learning and teaching of second language pronunciation. Since the publication of the first edition of the Encyclopedia in 2013, APP has emerged as a prominent stream within applied linguistics thanks to its own h…
The L2 Spanish Listener Ratings Dataset (L2SLRD)
This data report introduces the L2 Spanish Listener Ratings Dataset (L2SLRD, https://osf.io/67nm4/) and comprises two main types of data: (a) second language (L2) oral data from English first language (L1) learners of L2 Spanish at varying proficiency from two institutions in the US ( n = 42), and (b) listener ratings of that data from L1 Spanish speakers ( n = 201). The data were initially collected to examine intelligibility, comprehensibility,…
From effective to optimal
Research syntheses have demonstrated that pronunciation instruction works, which means that whether instruction is effective is no longer an open question. Instead, contemporary intervention research has shifted to investigating how instruction can be further optimized, asking targeted questions about the instructional features that catalyze learning. In this paper, I examine the concept of instructional optimization, focusing on anticipated effe…
Psychology (16 obras) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (14 obras) · Linguistics (13 obras) · Computer Science (10 obras) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (9 obras) · Pronunciation (9 obras) · Cognitive psychology (8 obras) · Perception (8 obras) · Speech Recognition and Synthesis (6 obras) · Speech perception (5 obras)