Bruce Hayes
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3592380 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Bruce Hayes |
| PRENOMES | Bruce |
| SOBRENOME | Hayes |
| ASSINATURA | HAYES B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Los Angeles |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 43 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 393 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 42 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1984 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Zero-Weighted Constraints In Noisy Harmonic Grammar
In Noisy Harmonic Grammar (Boersma and Pater 2016), a stochastic version of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993), the constraints are weighted and the outcomes are probability distributions over GEN, computed by adding a noise factor to the constraint weights at each evaluation. Intuitively, one might expect that constraints bearing zero weights would have zero empirical effect, but this turns out not to be so. First, we show that a cons…
Learning Phonological Underlying Representations
We explore a novel approach to learning underlying representations (URs) which incorporates a number of current proposals in phonological theory and computational modeling. We seek to bring our results to bear on the long-standing issue of abstractness in phonology. Our strategy is to run the same learning model on a variety of languages while systematically varying the degree of abstractness permitted, following the abstractness hierarchy set fo…
Learning Phonological Underlying Representations
We explore a novel approach to learning underlying representations (URs) that incorporates a number of current proposals in phonological theory and computational modeling. We seek to bring our results to bear on the long-standing issue of abstractness in phonology. Our strategy is to run the same learning model on a variety of languages while systematically varying the degree of abstractness permitted, following the abstractness hierarchy set for…
Modeling How Suffixes Are Learned in Infancy
Recent experimental work offers evidence that infants become aware of suffixes at a remarkably early age, as early as 6 months for the English suffix ‐ s . Here, we seek to understand this ability though the strategy of computational modeling. We evaluate a set of distributional learning models for their ability to mimic the observed acquisition order for various suffixes when trained on a corpus of child‐directed speech. Our best‐performing mode…
The coinages in Seuss
The children's books of Dr. Seuss abound in words that the author invented. Inspection shows that these coinages are not arbitrary, raising the challenge of specifying the linguistic basis on which they were created. Drawing evidence from regression analyses covering the full set of Seuss coinages, I note several patterns, which include coinages that are phonotactically ill-formed, coinages meant to sound German and coinages that assist complianc…
The Contested Politics of Humour at the End of the French Wars of Religion
It has been said that the publication of Jean Boucher’s Vie et faits notables de Henry de Valois (1589) helped inspire the assassination of Henri III. Boucher was a leader of the extremist Catholic League; five years later, the League would be irreparably harmed after the publication of another polemical pamphlet, the anonymous Satyre Menippee (1594). During the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598), religious and political opponents sharpened thei…
Advertising the Self in Renaissance France
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Phonological markedness effects in sentence formation
Phonological markedness effects in sentence formation
Earlier research has found that phonological markedness constraints (for example, against stress clash or sibilant sequences) statistically influence speakers' choices between particular syntactic constructions and between synonymous words. In this study, we test phonological constraints not just in particular cases, but across the board. We employ a novel method that statistically models the distribution of word bigrams (consecutive two-word seq…
Metrical structure and sung rhythm of the Hausa rajaz
Reforming French Culture
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Metrical structure and sung rhythm of the Hausa rajaz
The rajaz meter of Hausa is based on syllable quantity. In its dimeter form, it deploys lines consisting of two metra, each usually containing six moras. A variety of metra occur, and the key analytic challenge is to single out the legal metra from the set of logically possible ones. We propose an analysis, framed in maximum entropy optimality theory, that does this and also accounts for the statistical distribution of metron types, varying from …
An obituary of Russell Schuh
Varieties of Noisy Harmonic Grammar
Noisy Harmonic Grammar (NHG) is a framework for stochastic grammars that uses the GEN-cum-EVAL system originated in Optimality Theory. As a form of Harmonic Grammar, NHG outputs as winner the candidate with the smallest harmonic penalty (weighted sum of constraint violations). It is stochastic because at each "evaluation time," constraint weights are nudged upward or downward by a random amount, resulting in a particular probability distribution …
Intersecting constraint families
Intersecting constraint families: an argument for Harmonic GrammarIn the analysis of free variation in phonology, we often encounter the effects of INTERSECTING CONSTRAINT FAMILIES: there are two independent families of constraints, each of which has a quantifiable effect on the outcome.A challenge for theories is to account for the patterns that emerge from such intersection.We address three cases: Tagalog nasal substitution, French liaison/élis…
Intersecting constraint families
In the analysis of free variation in phonology, we often encounter the effects of intersecting constraint families: there are two independent families of constraints, each of which has a quantifiable effect on the outcome. A challenge for theories is to account for the patterns that emerge from such intersection. We address three cases: Tagalog nasal substitution, French liaison/elision, and Hungarian vowel harmony, using corpus data. We characte…
Relating application frequency to morphological structure
We describe three vowel-harmony processes in Tommo So and their interaction with morphological structure. The verbal suffixes of Tommo So occur in a strict linear order, establishing a Kiparskian hierarchy of distance from the root. This distance is respected by all three harmony processes; they ‘peter out’, applying with lower frequency as distance from the root increases. The function relating application rate to distance is well fitted by fami…
The Affaire des placards , Polemical Humour, and The Sardonic Laugh
Working with Erasmus's exploration of the sardonic laugh, this article begins with the placard of the notorious Affaire des placards of 17-18 October 1534. The aim is to uncover uses of polemical humour in pamphlets produced during the early years of religious conflict in France. Starting with Antoine Marcourt, the likely author of the placard, the article investigates Marcourt's first known satirical pamphlet, the Livre des marchans . This is fo…
Saltation and the P-map
We define a saltatory phonological alternation as one in which sound A is converted to C, leaping over phonetically intermediate B. For example, in Campidanian Sardinian, intervocalic /p/ is realised as [β] – leaping over [b], which does not alternate. Based on experimental evidence, we argue that saltation is marked, i.e. a UG bias causes language learners to disprefer it. However, despite its marked status, saltation does occur. We survey its d…
Phonological Naturalness and Phonotactic Learning
We investigate whether the patterns of phonotactic well-formedness internalized by language learners are direct reflections of the phonological patterns they encounter, or reflect in addition principles of phonological naturalness. We employed the phonotactic learning system of Hayes and Wilson (2008) to search the English lexicon for phonotactic generalizations and found that it learned many constraints that are evidently unnatural, having no ty…
Obscénités renaissantes
Maxent grammars for the metrics of Shakespeare and Milton
We propose a new approach to metrics based on maxent grammars, which employ weighted constraints and assign well-formedness values to verse lines. Our approach provides an account of metricality and complexity that has a principled mathematical basis and integrates information from all aspects of scansion. Our approach also makes it possible to detect vacuous constraints through statistical evaluation. We begin with a system built on earlier work…
Gerard Manley Hopkins' sprung rhythm
Sprung rhythm is a complex poetic metre invented and used by Gerard Manley Hopkins. We re-examine and amplify a seminal analysis of this metre by Kiparsky (1989). We coded the sprung rhythm corpus for stress, weight and phrasing, then used a computer program to locate every scansion compatible with Kiparsky's analysis. The analysis appears to be nearly exceptionless. However, it is incomplete in that it permits dozens or even hundreds of scansion…
Explaining sonority projection effects
The term sonority projection refers to behavioural distinctions speakers make between unattested phonological sequences on the basis of sonority. For example, among onset clusters, the well-formedness relation [bn]>[lb] is observed in speech perception, speech production and non-word acceptability (Davidson 2006, 2007, Berent et al. 2007, Albright, ms). We begin by replicating the sonority projection effects in a non-word acceptability study. The…
Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology
Representation phonologique du niveau prosodique, contenant une seule unite correspondant a la notion traditionnelle de more dans un cadre metrique
Empirical Tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm
The Gradual Learning Algorithm (Boersma 1997) is a constraint-ranking algorithm for learning optimality-theoretic grammars. The purpose of this article is to assess the capabilities of the Gradual Learning Algorithm, particularly in comparison with the Constraint Demotion algorithm of Tesar and Smolensky (1993, 1996, 1998, 2000), which initiated the learnability research program for Optimality Theory. We argue that the Gradual Learning Algorithm …
Bengali intonational phonology
A Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactics and Phonotactic Learning
The study of phonotactics is a central topic in phonology. We propose a theory of phonotactic grammars and a learning algorithm that constructs such grammars from positive evidence. Our grammars consist of constraints that are assigned numerical weights according to the principle of maximum entropy. The grammars assess possible words on the basis of the weighted sum of their constraint violations. The learning algorithm yields grammars that can c…
Natural and Unnatural Constraints in Hungarian Vowel Harmony
Phonological constraints can, in principle, be classified according to whether they are natural (founded in principles of universal grammar (UG)) or unnatural (arbitrary, learned inductively from the language data). Recent work has used this distinction as the basis for arguments about the role of UG in learning. Some languages have phonological patterns that arguably reflect unnatural constraints. With experimental testing, one can assess whethe…
Inalterability in CV Phonology
Geminate consonants and long vowels frequently resist the application of rules that would a-priori be expected to apply to them; i.e., they are frequently ‘inalterable’. This article argues that, by invoking the theory of CV Phonology, it is often possible to predict which phonological rules are unable to affect long segments. The prediction follows from rather minimal assumptions about how rules apply to forms
Quatrain Form in English Folk Verse
Quatrains in English folk verse are governed by laws that regulate the patterns of truncation (nonfilling of metrical positions) at the ends of lines. Each truncation pattern (we claim 26) is adhered to consistently through multiple stanzas and defines a verse type. Our descriptive goal is to account for why these and only these truncation patterns exist. Our crucial hypothesis is that the function of truncated lines is to render SALIENT certain …
Reduplication and syllabification in Ilokano
Phonological Naturalness and Phonotactic Learning
We investigate whether the patterns of phonotactic well-formedness internalized by language learners are direct reflections of the phonological patterns they encounter, or reflect in addition principles of phonological naturalness. We employed the phonotactic learning system of Hayes and Wilson (2008) to search the English lexicon for phonotactic generalizations and found that it learned many constraints that are evidently unnatural, having no ty…
Maxent grammars for the metrics of Shakespeare and Milton
We propose a new approach to metrics based on maxent grammars, which employ weighted constraints and assign well-formedness values to verse lines. Our approach provides an account of metricality and complexity that has a principled mathematical basis and integrates information from all aspects of scansion. Our approach also makes it possible to detect vacuous constraints through statistical evaluation. We begin with a system built on earlier work…
Phonological markedness effects in sentence formation
Earlier research has found that phonological markedness constraints (for example, against stress clash or sibilant sequences) statistically influence speakers' choices between particular syntactic constructions and between synonymous words. In this study, we test phonological constraints not just in particular cases, but across the board. We employ a novel method that statistically models the distribution of word bigrams (consecutive two-word seq…
Intersecting constraint families
In the analysis of free variation in phonology, we often encounter the effects of intersecting constraint families: there are two independent families of constraints, each of which has a quantifiable effect on the outcome. A challenge for theories is to account for the patterns that emerge from such intersection. We address three cases: Tagalog nasal substitution, French liaison/elision, and Hungarian vowel harmony, using corpus data. We characte…
Título não encontrado
Metrical structure and sung rhythm of the Hausa rajaz
The rajaz meter of Hausa is based on syllable quantity. In its dimeter form, it deploys lines consisting of two metra, each usually containing six moras. A variety of metra occur, and the key analytic challenge is to single out the legal metra from the set of logically possible ones. We propose an analysis, framed in maximum entropy optimality theory, that does this and also accounts for the statistical distribution of metron types, varying from …
The Rhythms of English Poetry
On the Rhythm Rule in Polish
Inalterability in CV Phonology
Geminate consonants and long vowels frequently resist the application of rules that would a-priori be expected to apply to them; i.e., they are frequently ‘inalterable’. This article argues that, by invoking the theory of CV Phonology, it is often possible to predict which phonological rules are unable to affect long segments. The prediction follows from rather minimal assumptions about how rules apply to forms
The Prosodic Hierarchy in Meter
Reduplication and syllabification in Ilokano
Diphthongisation and coindexing
The tree model of segment structure proposed by Clements (1985) is an important innovation in phonological theory, making possible a number of interesting predictions about the form of phonological rules, locality of rule application, and the organisation of the feature system. Clements' proposal has given rise to an expanding literature, including Sagey (1986), Schein & Steriade (1986), McCarthy (1988), Archangeli & Pulleyblank (forthcoming) and…
Bengali intonational phonology
The role of phonological phrasing in sung and chanted verse
This article is a study of the metrics of sung and chanted verse, based on a data corpus of 670 English folksong lines, as well as chanted renditions of the corpus by ten native speaker consultants. Our theoretical focus is on the role of phonological phrasing in metrics. We find that in sung and chanted verse, an especially tight correspondence to the metrical pattern is imposed on linguistic material that is either bounded within a tight phrasa…
Quatrain Form in English Folk Verse
Quatrains in English folk verse are governed by laws that regulate the patterns of truncation (nonfilling of metrical positions) at the ends of lines. Each truncation pattern (we claim 26) is adhered to consistently through multiple stanzas and defines a verse type. Our descriptive goal is to account for why these and only these truncation patterns exist. Our crucial hypothesis is that the function of truncated lines is to render SALIENT certain …
Phonetically Driven Phonology
Empirical Tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm
The Gradual Learning Algorithm (Boersma 1997) is a constraint-ranking algorithm for learning optimality-theoretic grammars. The purpose of this article is to assess the capabilities of the Gradual Learning Algorithm, particularly in comparison with the Constraint Demotion algorithm of Tesar and Smolensky (1993, 1996, 1998, 2000), which initiated the learnability research program for Optimality Theory. We argue that the Gradual Learning Algorithm …
Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses
Phonetically Based Phonology
Phonetically Based Phonology is centred around the hypothesis that phonologies of languages are determined by phonetic principles; that is, phonetic patterns involving ease of articulation and perception are expressed linguistically as grammatical constraints. This book brings together a team of scholars to provide a wide-ranging study of phonetically based phonology. It investigates the role of phonetics in many phonological phenomena - such as …
Stochastic phonological knowledge
In Hungarian, stems ending in a back vowel plus one or more neutral vowels show unusual behaviour: for such stems, the otherwise general process of vowel harmony is lexically idiosyncratic. Particular stems can take front suffixes, take back suffixes or vacillate. Yet at a statistical level, the patterning among these stems is lawful: in the aggregate, they obey principles that relate the propensity to take back or front harmony to the height of …
A Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactics and Phonotactic Learning
The study of phonotactics is a central topic in phonology. We propose a theory of phonotactic grammars and a learning algorithm that constructs such grammars from positive evidence. Our grammars consist of constraints that are assigned numerical weights according to the principle of maximum entropy. The grammars assess possible words on the basis of the weighted sum of their constraint violations. The learning algorithm yields grammars that can c…
Natural and Unnatural Constraints in Hungarian Vowel Harmony
Phonological constraints can, in principle, be classified according to whether they are natural (founded in principles of universal grammar (UG)) or unnatural (arbitrary, learned inductively from the language data). Recent work has used this distinction as the basis for arguments about the role of UG in learning. Some languages have phonological patterns that arguably reflect unnatural constraints. With experimental testing, one can assess whethe…
Título não encontrado
Gerard Manley Hopkins' sprung rhythm
Sprung rhythm is a complex poetic metre invented and used by Gerard Manley Hopkins. We re-examine and amplify a seminal analysis of this metre by Kiparsky (1989). We coded the sprung rhythm corpus for stress, weight and phrasing, then used a computer program to locate every scansion compatible with Kiparsky's analysis. The analysis appears to be nearly exceptionless. However, it is incomplete in that it permits dozens or even hundreds of scansion…
Explaining sonority projection effects
The term sonority projection refers to behavioural distinctions speakers make between unattested phonological sequences on the basis of sonority. For example, among onset clusters, the well-formedness relation [bn]>[lb] is observed in speech perception, speech production and non-word acceptability (Davidson 2006, 2007, Berent et al. 2007, Albright, ms). We begin by replicating the sonority projection effects in a non-word acceptability study. The…
Iambic and Trochaic Rhythm in Stress Rules
Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1985), pp. 429-446
Obscénités renaissantes
Maxent grammars for the metrics of Shakespeare and Milton
We propose a new approach to metrics based on maxent grammars, which employ weighted constraints and assign well-formedness values to verse lines. Our approach provides an account of metricality and complexity that has a principled mathematical basis and integrates information from all aspects of scansion. Our approach also makes it possible to detect vacuous constraints through statistical evaluation. We begin with a system built on earlier work…
Phonological Naturalness and Phonotactic Learning
We investigate whether the patterns of phonotactic well-formedness internalized by language learners are direct reflections of the phonological patterns they encounter, or reflect in addition principles of phonological naturalness. We employed the phonotactic learning system of Hayes and Wilson (2008) to search the English lexicon for phonotactic generalizations and found that it learned many constraints that are evidently unnatural, having no ty…
Saltation and the P-map
We define a saltatory phonological alternation as one in which sound A is converted to C, leaping over phonetically intermediate B. For example, in Campidanian Sardinian, intervocalic /p/ is realised as [β] – leaping over [b], which does not alternate. Based on experimental evidence, we argue that saltation is marked, i.e. a UG bias causes language learners to disprefer it. However, despite its marked status, saltation does occur. We survey its d…
Relating application frequency to morphological structure
We describe three vowel-harmony processes in Tommo So and their interaction with morphological structure. The verbal suffixes of Tommo So occur in a strict linear order, establishing a Kiparskian hierarchy of distance from the root. This distance is respected by all three harmony processes; they ‘peter out’, applying with lower frequency as distance from the root increases. The function relating application rate to distance is well fitted by fami…
Linguistics (35 obras) · Philosophy (28 obras) · Phonetics and Phonology Research (26 obras) · Computer Science (25 obras) · Phonology (17 obras) · Natural Language Processing Techniques (15 obras) · Psychology (14 obras) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (13 obras) · Art (12 obras) · History (12 obras)