Michael Bernhard
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3595295 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Michael Bernhard |
| PRENOMES | Michael |
| SOBRENOME | Bernhard |
| ASSINATURA | BERNHARD M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Florida |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4833-8807 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 66 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 996 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 65 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1980 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Valstybinės atminties institucijos ir pilietinės visuomenės modeliai
Pilietinę visuomenę tiriančioje literatūroje pripažįstama, kad ši visuomenė bet kurios tautos institucinėje istorijoje veikia labai įvairiai. Straipsnyje aptariami pilietinės visuomenės santykiai su valstybės atminties institucijomis pagal keturis skirtingus pilietinės visuomenės modelius – sukilėlių, institucionalizijos, antidemokratinį ir apsauginį. Remiantis pavyzdžiais iš režimų pasikeitimui būdingų procesų, Vidurio Europoje vykstančių nuo 19…
Experts, coders and crowds
Political scientists increasingly use crowdworkers to produce data, predominantly in the context of coding researcher-curated text or to retrieve simple data from the internet. In this article, we provide a theoretical and empirical basis for understanding when crowdworkers can provide data of sufficient quality to substitute for other types of coders. First, we introduce a typology of data-producing actors – experts, trained coders and crowds – …
V-Dem Codebook v14
Navigating change
Although life course transitions are not a new topic – see for instance van Gennep’s (1909/2019) work on rites of passage or various studies on changes in the life course, their social conditions, and societal consequences – educational research has explored the topic of transitions in a rather segmented fashion. Transitions have been investigated according to age (e.g., youth transitioning to adulthood), according to pedagogical institutions (e.…
Learning by doing migration
The increasing speed of societal, environmental, technological, and workplace changes brings into sharper focus the question of how people shape and learn from transitions, such as so-called ‘skilled migration'. Taking a doing transitions and doing migration perspective, I assert that transitions and migration do not simply exist but are constituted relationally through social practices and accompanied by learning processes. This paper reports fi…
Regime Transformation From Below
Mass mobilization (MM) is an important driver of political change. While some citizens organize in favor of more democratic institutions, others take to the streets to support an authoritarian status quo. This article introduces measures of pro-democratic and pro-autocratic MM using expert assessments for 179 polities from 1900–2021. The data allow us to trace patterns in MM over time, across regions and regime types. We use this new data to syst…
V-Dem Codebook v11
V-Dem Dataset v11.1
Comparative Historical Analysis
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Claiming the right to rule
Governments routinely justify why the regime over which they preside is entitled to rule. These claims to legitimacy are both an expression of and shape of how a rule is being exercised. In this paper, we introduce new expert-coded measures of regime legitimation strategies (RLS) for 183 countries in the world from 1900 to 2019. Country experts rated the extent to which governments justify their rule based onperformance, the person of the leader,…
V-Dem Codebook V10
Varieties of Democracy
Varieties of Democracy is the essential user's guide to The Varieties of Democracy project (V-Dem), one of the most ambitious data collection efforts in comparative politics. This global research collaboration sparked a dramatic change in how we study the nature, causes, and consequences of democracy. This book is ambitious in scope: more than a reference guide, it raises standards for causal inferences in democratization research and introduces …
Perspectives on Politics Editors’ Report 2019
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Parties, Civil Society, and the Deterrence of Democratic Defection
The third wave of democratization has given way to a reverse wave of autocratization. A critical question is what can be done to prevent democratic breakdowns and make democracy endure. A large body of historical-narrative and small-N comparative scholarship has suggested that an active mobilized civil society and institutionalized political parties can be mobilized to protect democracy from authoritarian takeovers. We provide the first rigorous …
Whither America
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The Uses of Violence
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Celebrity and Politics
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Civil Society and the Democratic Peace
We theorize that three distinct structures of democratic constraint explain why more democratic dyads do not engage in military conflict with each other. We build on earlier theories that focused on electoral and horizontal accountability. We add a new dimension—the social accountability provided by an active civil society. Using several new measures from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) data set, we stringently test these explanations. We find…
V-Dem Codebook V9
Perspectives on Politics Editors’ Report 2018–19
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Issues in Qualitative Research
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Trump
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Perspectives on Politics Editors’ Report 2017
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Party Strength and Economic Growth
While a large literature suggests an important role for political parties in development, this article is the first attempt to layout and test a comprehensive theory connecting parties to economic growth. The authors argue that strong parties broaden the constituencies to which policymakers respond and help politicians solve coordination problems. These features help to ensure better economic management, public services, and political stability. …
Civil Society and Income Inequality in Post-Communist Eurasia
Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy
In the wake of the Cold War, democracy has gained the status of a mantra. Yet there is no consensus about how to conceptualize and measure regimes such that meaningful comparisons can be made through time and across countries. In this prescriptive article, we argue for a new approach to conceptualization and measurement. We first review some of the weaknesses among traditional approaches. We then lay out our approach, which may be characterized a…
Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival
The breakdown of democracies has long been associated with poor economic performance. This study attempts to determine whether different configurations of democratic institutions can mediate the effects of poor economic performance. Using an original data set that includes all democracies from the period 1919 to 1995, we use continuous-time duration analysis to test hypotheses derived from the literature on democratization. Specifically, we test …
Civil Society and Democratic Transition in East Central Europe
With the collapse of communist regimes across the former Soviet bloc, reforms of one sort or another are now taking place throughout the eastern half of Europe. Progress towards democracy in the region seems unambiguously underway only in the area of East Central Europe -the former German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. In discussions of this democratization, the reemergence of society is often noted as a significant dev…
Civil Society and the Legacies of Dictatorship
The literature on civil society in postcommunist regimes highlights its weakness as compared with civil society in other democracies. In this article the authors make a general argument on how different patterns of antecedent dictatorship affect the development of civil society across a range of democracies. They examine the slow emergence of two behaviors associated with a robust civil society—participation in organizational life and in protest—…
The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival
Using an original dataset that covers the period from 1951 to 1995, we consider the enduring effects of Western overseas colonialism on the democratic survival of postcolonial democracies. We treat colonialism as a holistic phenomenon and differentiate the relative effects of its legacies with regard to the level of economic development, social fragmentation, and the relationship between the state and civil society. We find that Western overseas …
Party Strength and Economic Growth
While a large literature suggests an important role for political parties in development, this article is the first attempt to layout and test a comprehensive theory connecting parties to economic growth. The authors argue that strong parties broaden the constituencies to which policymakers respond and help politicians solve coordination problems. These features help to ensure better economic management, public services, and political stability. …
Claiming the right to rule
Governments routinely justify why the regime over which they preside is entitled to rule. These claims to legitimacy are both an expression of and shape of how a rule is being exercised. In this paper, we introduce new expert-coded measures of regime legitimation strategies (RLS) for 183 countries in the world from 1900 to 2019. Country experts rated the extent to which governments justify their rule based onperformance, the person of the leader,…
From Formlessness to Structure? The Institutionalization of Competitive Party Systems in Africa
Giovanni Sartori once described African party systems as “formless.” Our contribution challenges this view in an era of resurgent multipartism that swept through the subcontinent in the early 1990s and continues until today. The article brings together contemporary research on African party systems with the wider disciplinary literature on party system institutionalization. Using a data set including all continuous election sequences in Africa fr…
Regressive Socioeconomic Distribution and Democratic Survival
Many scholars have argued that unequal socioeconomic distribution constitutes a threat to democratic survival. However, the evidence in support of this claim has been contradictory. We argue that this inconsistency derives from the literature's assumption that income inequality will adequately reflect the conditions under which demands for radical redistribution will emerge and trigger antidemocratic elite reactions. We argue instead that when de…
Parties, Civil Society, and the Deterrence of Democratic Defection
The third wave of democratization has given way to a reverse wave of autocratization. A critical question is what can be done to prevent democratic breakdowns and make democracy endure. A large body of historical-narrative and small-N comparative scholarship has suggested that an active mobilized civil society and institutionalized political parties can be mobilized to protect democracy from authoritarian takeovers. We provide the first rigorous …
Economic Performance And Survival In New Democracies
In the literature on democratic survival, theories of democratic consolidation assume that new democracies are more vulnerable to breakdown. Theories of democratic honeymoons, however, claim that new democracies are less vulnerable to breakdown. This article addresses this seeming contradiction. Using an original data set that includes all democracies from the period 1951 to 1995, the authors use discrete-time duration analysis to determine if th…
Civil society after the first transition
This article unravels the seeming paradox of how civil societies like that of Poland, which were strong enough to play a critical role in the collapse of communist regimes, could now have become weak. It argues that four factors explain civil society's enfeeblement after the end of the old regime. Two of these are attributable to the logic of Poland's first transition (demobilization of insurgent civil society by pact and decapitation through suc…
Making Embedded Knowledge Transparent
We show how the V-Dem data opens new possibilities for studying civil society in comparative politics. We explain how V-Dem was able to extract embedded expert knowledge to create a novel set of civil society indicators for 173 countries from 1900 to the present. This data overcomes shortcomings in the basis on which inference has been made about civil society in the past by avoiding problems of sample bias that make generalization difficult or t…
Civil Society and the Democratic Peace
We theorize that three distinct structures of democratic constraint explain why more democratic dyads do not engage in military conflict with each other. We build on earlier theories that focused on electoral and horizontal accountability. We add a new dimension—the social accountability provided by an active civil society. Using several new measures from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) data set, we stringently test these explanations. We find…
Moving West or Going South
Patterns of party system institutionalization have varied widely across regions. In postcommunist democracies, weak party system institutionalization exists at high levels along three dimensions—volatility of representation, party extinction, and incumbency disadvantage—despite sustained economic growth. In these cases, the effects of economic restructuring are critical to electoral outcomes. A sample of democratic elections from 1990 to 2006 sho…
Chronic Instability and the Limits of Path Dependence
Historical institutionalism challenged older forms of comparative historical analysis by moving away from purely structural explanations of historical outcomes. Instead it posited that there were critical junctures in which actors chose between institutional alternatives, which in turn led to path dependence. I examine a phenomenon neglected both by historical institutionalism and older forms of historical analysis—chronic instability. Instead of…
Regime Transformation From Below
Mass mobilization (MM) is an important driver of political change. While some citizens organize in favor of more democratic institutions, others take to the streets to support an authoritarian status quo. This article introduces measures of pro-democratic and pro-autocratic MM using expert assessments for 179 polities from 1900–2021. The data allow us to trace patterns in MM over time, across regions and regime types. We use this new data to syst…
Celebrity and Politics
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Social Revolution, the State, and War
Democracy has been the primary focus of our efforts to understand the impact of domestic institutions on processes of international conflict. In this article, we examine how a particular nondemocratic regime type, postrevolutionary states, affects military capabilities and war outcomes. Drawing on scholarship that conceptualizes revolutions as a unique class of modernizing events that result in stronger state structures, we argue that postrevolut…
Democratization in Germany
The idea of a Stunde Null, a zero hour, when difficult historical legacies could be put aside, was a useful construct that helped the postwar Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) establish the first successful German democracy.' Disregard of historical legacies also conditioned the ways American political science explained the success of the FRG. In this case, though, the positive rather than the negative was disregarded. Among the factors pinpointe…
Institutional Choice After Communism
Trump
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Civil Society and Democracy in an Era of Inequality
The Moore thesis
This article reconsiders the work of Barrington Moore and his critics on the historical emergence of democracy in the light of post-communist democratization. What are we to make of a region which violates Moore's dictum – "No bourgeoisie, no democracy"? Using the tools of comparative historical analysis, it makes sense of how democracy emerged in the region by developing a theory which both explains why this was possible and what social actors w…
Issues in Qualitative Research
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Wortindex zu den echten Schriften Guidos von Arezzo
The Strikes of June 1976 in Poland
Clavis Gerberti. Eine Revision von Martin Gerberts Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum Teil 1
Lexicon musicum latinum medii aevi. Wörterbuch der lateinischen Musikterminologie des Mittelalters bis zum Ausgang des 15. Jahrhunderts
Civil Society and Democratic Transition in East Central Europe
With the collapse of communist regimes across the former Soviet bloc, reforms of one sort or another are now taking place throughout the eastern half of Europe. Progress towards democracy in the region seems unambiguously underway only in the area of East Central Europe -the former German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. In discussions of this democratization, the reemergence of society is often noted as a significant dev…
Riding the next wave
Glossa maior in institutionem musicam Boethii
Glossa maior in institutionem musicam Boethii, Editionsband II
Civil society after the first transition
This article unravels the seeming paradox of how civil societies like that of Poland, which were strong enough to play a critical role in the collapse of communist regimes, could now have become weak. It argues that four factors explain civil society's enfeeblement after the end of the old regime. Two of these are attributable to the logic of Poland's first transition (demobilization of insurgent civil society by pact and decapitation through suc…
Glossa maior in institutionem musicam Boethii, Editionsband III
From the Polish Underground
Institutional Choice and the Failure of Democracy
La Summa musice du Ps. -Jean de Murs
Institutional Choice After Communism
Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival
The breakdown of democracies has long been associated with poor economic performance. This study attempts to determine whether different configurations of democratic institutions can mediate the effects of poor economic performance. Using an original data set that includes all democracies from the period 1919 to 1995, we use continuous-time duration analysis to test hypotheses derived from the literature on democratization. Specifically, we test …
Democratization in Germany
The idea of a Stunde Null, a zero hour, when difficult historical legacies could be put aside, was a useful construct that helped the postwar Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) establish the first successful German democracy.' Disregard of historical legacies also conditioned the ways American political science explained the success of the FRG. In this case, though, the positive rather than the negative was disregarded. Among the factors pinpointe…
Quellen und Studien zur Musiktheorie des Mittelalters III
Economic Performance And Survival In New Democracies
In the literature on democratic survival, theories of democratic consolidation assume that new democracies are more vulnerable to breakdown. Theories of democratic honeymoons, however, claim that new democracies are less vulnerable to breakdown. This article addresses this seeming contradiction. Using an original data set that includes all democracies from the period 1951 to 1995, the authors use discrete-time duration analysis to determine if th…
The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival
Using an original dataset that covers the period from 1951 to 1995, we consider the enduring effects of Western overseas colonialism on the democratic survival of postcolonial democracies. We treat colonialism as a holistic phenomenon and differentiate the relative effects of its legacies with regard to the level of economic development, social fragmentation, and the relationship between the state and civil society. We find that Western overseas …
Maryjane Osa. Solidarity and Contention. Social Movements, Protest, and Contestation, vol. 18. Minneapolis
Osa's study is part of a larger literature that looks at the decomposition of communism and postcommunist politics through the prism of the literature on social movements. The book stands out, along with Grzegorz Ekiert and Jan Kubik's Rebellious Civil Society and John Glenn's Framing Democracy , as among the best in this school of research. Osa concentrates on the creation of networks of resistance in communist Poland from early 1950s to the per…
Institutions And The Fate Of Democracy
xv, 310 p. : 24 cm
Institutions And The Fate Of Democracy
Rereading The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power
Civil Society and the Legacies of Dictatorship
The literature on civil society in postcommunist regimes highlights its weakness as compared with civil society in other democracies. In this article the authors make a general argument on how different patterns of antecedent dictatorship affect the development of civil society across a range of democracies. They examine the slow emergence of two behaviors associated with a robust civil society—participation in organizational life and in protest—…
Regressive Socioeconomic Distribution and Democratic Survival
Many scholars have argued that unequal socioeconomic distribution constitutes a threat to democratic survival. However, the evidence in support of this claim has been contradictory. We argue that this inconsistency derives from the literature's assumption that income inequality will adequately reflect the conditions under which demands for radical redistribution will emerge and trigger antidemocratic elite reactions. We argue instead that when de…
Political science (43 obras) · Law (38 obras) · Politics (38 obras) · Law (30 obras) · Sociology (27 obras) · Democracy (24 obras) · Political economy (23 obras) · Political Conflict and Governance (22 obras) · Economics (20 obras) · Computer Science (19 obras)