Brian Nolan
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3600490 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Brian Nolan |
| PRENOMES | Brian |
| SOBRENOME | Nolan |
| ASSINATURA | NOLAN B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Oxford |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5992-4182 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 90 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 483 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 85 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 9 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1985 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
The gender wealth gap and the role of private pension wealth in Great Britain
Research on gender wealth gaps is hampered by the fact that most wealth surveys gather information on wealth at the household or family level rather than for individuals, and also often do not include pension wealth. Here we exploit the rich data on individual wealth including private pension wealth (occupational and personal) obtained by the British Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS) to assess the gender wealth gap in Great Britain between 2006–08 a…
Simulating the Impact of Employment Growth on Poverty
The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan sets ambitious targets to be achieved by 2030, including reducing the number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) by 15 million and raising the employment rate to 78% among the working‐age population. This article investigates the extent to which employment growth to the level of the 2030 employment rate target can deliver on the EU’s 2030 social target. Departing from key theor…
What does “ I will, yeah! ” mean? Can chatbots do pragmatics
We consider the compatibility of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots with human pragmatics and whether they have utility as a tool in the understanding of human communications, and language in use. We claim that, precisely because pragmatics reflects a human communication-oriented endeavour, there are a number of cognitive processes to do with processing context, speech acts, common ground, implicatures, and inference, that are potentially diff…
Changing household structures, household employment, and poverty trends in rich countries
Changes in household structures and employment patterns alter the balance between households with an above- versus a below-average poverty risk while also affecting relative income poverty thresholds. Examining 11 countries for which suitable microdata is available from LIS back to the mid-1980s shows that patterns of change in household composition and employment exhibited some common features but also very substantial variation. The share of si…
Intergenerational poverty persistence in Europe – Is there a ‘Great Gatsby Curve’ for poverty
While the influence of poverty in childhood on adulthood outcomes has been extensively studied, little is known about how the strength of intergenerational persistence in poverty itself varies across countries. Here we examine the intergenerational persistence of poverty in a comparative analysis of 30 European countries using data from the 2019 ad hoc module of the EU-SILC dataset. We construct proxy measures of poverty in the parental household…
Demographic behaviour and earnings inequality across OECD countries
Many studies have focused on how demographic dynamics, such as changes in marriage patterns and the increasing share of households headed by a single adult, may contribute to rising earnings inequality. Here we instead ask how demographic differences between countries may underpin differences in household earnings inequality between them, concentrating on economic homogamy and the proportion of households headed by a single woman and by a single …
From gender equality to household earnings equality
We assess the impact that full gender equality in the labour market would have on earnings inequality between households, and then decompose that impact by looking separately at the roles played by gender gaps in employment, hours, and pay. We do this by applying a reweighting method to LIS data for 22 OECD countries, across North America, Europe, and Australia. We find that full equality in earnings and employment between women and men would red…
The Wealth (Disadvantage) of Single-Parent Households
Wealth is a buffer against economic shocks and the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. We investigate the wealth of single-parent households in six high-income countries that span a variety of institutional contexts and welfare regimes. Using household survey data, we show that single-parent households in all these countries are disadvantaged in the wealth they hold, compared to dual-parent households—more so in Great Britain, France,…
Rising income inequality and the relative decline in subjective social status of the working class
The declining ‘subjective social status’ of the low-educated working class has been advanced as a prominent explanation for right-wing populism. The working class has certainly been adversely affected by rising income inequality over the past decades, but we do not actually know if their perceived standing in the social hierarchy has declined correspondingly over time. This article examines trends in subjective social status in two ‘most likely c…
Word Order Alignment in Three-Argument Constructions of Irish
This study examines the ordering of the actor (A), theme (T) and recipient (R) arguments in three-argument clauses, the prepositional ditransitive constructions of Irish. The ordering of the A, T and R arguments in three-argument clauses is an area where linguistic complexity is manifest in the Irish grammar. Across languages, the factors which influence word order adjustments, from a basic word order of A-T-R, are known to include iconicity, inf…
Inheritance, gifts and the accumulation of wealth for low-income households
Many low-income households in rich countries have very little wealth, but the role of intergenerational wealth transmission in underpinning this deficit is not known. This article seeks to fill that gap by investigating patterns of past wealth transfer receipt for low-income versus other households in seven rich countries and assessing the contribution that these transfers, or their absence, make to current wealth levels. We find that households …
How wealth matters for social policy
This special issue looks at wealth in relation to social policy from a variety of perspectives. The articles all shed an innovative light on wealth in relation to a range of topics relevant for social policy researchers. This introduction provides an overview of the papers in this special issue and then highlights some of the gaps and shortcomings that remain. We conclude with some reflections on what this means for the future of social policy an…
Occupational Social Class and Earnings Inequality in Europe
While there is renewed interest in earnings differentials between social classes, the contribution of social class to overall earnings inequality across countries and net of compositional effects remains largely uncharted territory. This paper uses data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions to assess earnings differentials between social classes (as measured by ESeC) and the role of between-class inequality in overall…
Between-Class Earnings Inequality in 30 European Countries
This article studies earnings inequality between social classes across 30 European countries. Class inequality in earnings is found across the board although there are some exceptions. However, the degree of class inequality varies strongly across countries being larger in Western and Southern European countries and smaller in Eastern and Northern European countries. Furthermore, we find that differences in class composition in terms of observed …
Has the middle secured its share of growth or been squeezed
In striking contrast to the notion that democracy is under threat because 'the middle' has been 'squeezed' over recent decades, Iversen and Soskice (2019 Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice (2019). Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]) in their book, Democracy and Prosperity, present an optimistic account about the future of democracy. This paper exami…
The Median Versus Inequality-Adjusted GNI as Core Indicator of 'Ordinary' Household Living Standards in Rich Countries
This paper first highlights the extent to which national income per head will be unreliable as an indicator of household income change over time around the middle for rich countries, in the short or long run, and will mislead as to the relative performance of countries in achieving broadly-based improvements in prosperity. It then demonstrates that 'inequality-adjusting' national income will not suffice to bridge the gap. The divergence between t…
Intergenerational Class Mobility in Europe
Comparative research into intergenerational social mobility has been typically restricted to a relatively small number of countries. The aim of this paper is to widen the perspective, and to provide an up-to-date account of rates of intergenerational class mobility across 30 European countries, using a newly-constructed comparative data-set based on the European Social Survey. Absolute mobility rates are found to vary quite widely with national d…
Median Household Income and GDP
This chapter investigates the extent to which real income growth for households around the middle is seen to diverge from growth in national income per head—the most widely-used metric for assessing overall macroeconomic performance. While the concentration of income gains at the top of the distribution examined in Chapter 3 is one potential explanation, it is by no means the only one. A range of distinct factors that may contribute are described…
Generating Prosperity for Working Families in Affluent Countries
This book addresses the central challenge facing rich countries: how to ensure that ordinary working families see their living standards and the prospects for their children improve rather than stagnate over time. It presents the findings from a comprehensive analysis of performance over recent decades across the rich countries of the OECD, in terms of real income growth around and below the middle. It relates this performance to overall economic…
Sources of Household Income Growth in Rich Countries
This chapter seeks to capture what underpins patterns of real income growth versus stagnation for those around and below the middle by distinguishing the different sources of income they receive—in terms of the earnings of different household members, investment income, pensions, and social transfers, as well as the direct taxes and social insurance contributions deducted. The role each of these sources play in household income and its growth ove…
Impact of the Economic Crisis on Children in Rich Countries
This chapter provides an overview of how the Great Recession affected the economies of the industrialized world and fed through to social spending and to key indicators of child poverty and material deprivation. This sets the context for the in-depth case studies of eleven countries presented in the rest of this volume. The chapter describes macro-economic and labour market trends across forty-one rich countries, reviews changes in child poverty …
Social Investment
Social investment has come to play a major part in debates about the role of social spending and the future of welfare states in Europe, in part because it has significant appeal to different audiences. This chapter argues that social investment can be seen as a (new) paradigm for social policies and spending, as a conceptual base and framework for analysis, and as a basis for political or rhetorical advocacy. There may, however, be a tension bet…
Children of Austerity
The 2008 financial crisis triggered the worst global recession since the Great Depression. Many OECD countries responded to the crisis by reducing social spending. Through eleven diverse country case studies (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States), this volume describes the evolution of child poverty and material well-being during the crisis, and links these outcomes with th…
The Great Recession and the changing intergenerational distribution of economic stress across income classes in Ireland
In this paper we seek to bridge the gap between recent analysis relating to the distributional consequences of the Great Recession across the income distribution and more specific concerns relating to inter-generational outcomes. In Ireland in 2008 there was a clear age gradient in relation to economic stress. Over time the gradient became sharper with the relative position of younger groups deteriorating. The increased salience of age group diff…
Indicators for Social Inclusion
The European Union adopted in December 2001 a set of common indicators for social inclusion. This paper describes the background to the adoption of the indicators, and the work undertaken as part of the Belgian Presidency. It sets out principles for the construction of social indicators for this purpose, emphasising their role as performance indicators: the concern is with outputs not inputs. The principles apply to single indicators and to the p…
What use is ‘social investment’
The notion of ‘social investment’ has come to play a major part in debates about the role of social spending and the future of welfare states in Europe. This paper argues that social investment can be seen as a more or less detailed orientation or paradigm for social policies and spending or as a conceptual base and framework for analysis, and that it is also increasingly employed for political or rhetorical as well as academic purposes. It then …
Using non‐monetary deprivation indicators to analyze poverty and social exclusion
Non‐monetary indicators of deprivation are now widely used in studying poverty in Europe. While measuring financial resources remains central, having reliable information about material deprivation adds to the ability to capture poverty and social exclusion. Non‐monetary indicators can help improve the identification of those experiencing poverty and understand how it comes about. They are most productively used when multidimensionality is explic…
Poverty dynamics in eight countries
Intergenerational Class Mobility in Europe
Comparative research into intergenerational social mobility has been typically restricted to a relatively small number of countries. The aim of this paper is to widen the perspective, and to provide an up-to-date account of rates of intergenerational class mobility across 30 European countries, using a newly-constructed comparative data-set based on the European Social Survey. Absolute mobility rates are found to vary quite widely with national d…
Resources, Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty
Ringen has advocated the use of both income and deprivation criteria in identifying those excluded from society due to lack of resources, a widely accepted definition of poverty. We illustrate with Irish data how this might be done, paying particular attention to how appropriate indicators of deprivation are to be selected. The results show that employing both income and deprivation criteria rather than income alone can make a substantial differe…
Multidimensional poverty measurement in Europe
As awareness of the limitations of relying solely on income to measure poverty has become more widespread, attention has been increasingly focused on multi-dimensional approaches, to the point where the European Union (EU) has adopted a multidimensional poverty and social exclusion target for 2020. The rationale advanced is that the computation of a multidimensional poverty index is an effective way of communicating in a political environment, an…
Occupational class and ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States and 11 European countries
OBJECTIVES: Twelve countries were compared with respect to occupational class differences in ischemic heart disease mortality in order to identify factors that are associated with smaller or larger mortality differences. METHODS: Data on mortality by occupational class among men aged 30 to 64 years were obtained from national longitudinal or cross-sectional studies for the 1980s. A common occupational class scheme was applied to most countries. P…
Explaining Levels of Deprivation in the European Union
In this paper we seek to explain variations in levels of deprivation between EU countries. The starting-point of our analysis is the finding that the relationship between income and life-style deprivation varies across countries. Given our understanding of the manner in which the income-deprivation mismatch may arise from the limitations of current income as a measure of command over resources, the pattern of variation seems to be consistent with…
Household joblessness and its impact on poverty and deprivation in Europe
Working-age households where no-one is in work have become an increasing focus of policy concern even before the economic crisis, and the European Union (EU) has included household joblessness in its new poverty reduction target for 2020. This paper focuses on the variation across EU countries in the prevalence of household joblessness and its impact on income poverty and deprivation, and on the implications for the new EU poverty reduction targe…
Rising income inequality and the relative decline in subjective social status of the working class
The declining ‘subjective social status’ of the low-educated working class has been advanced as a prominent explanation for right-wing populism. The working class has certainly been adversely affected by rising income inequality over the past decades, but we do not actually know if their perceived standing in the social hierarchy has declined correspondingly over time. This article examines trends in subjective social status in two ‘most likely c…
Housing Expenditures and Income Poverty in EU Countries
Previous research has suggested that hidden income arising from home ownership has important consequences for poverty measurement as it tends to favour certain low income groups, especially the elderly, and to have a moderating effect on poverty rates in countries with high levels of home ownership. This article explores both methodological and substantive aspects of this issue using data for 14 EU countries drawn from the European Community Hous…
Polarization or “Squeezed Middle” in the Great Recession
Welfare regimes and household income packaging in the European Union
This paper uses harmonized data for the member states of the European Union to analyse household income packaging from a ‘welfare regimes’ perspective. Using data from the third wave of the ECHP, it looks at how the role of welfare transfers in the income package varies across countries and welfare regimes, and assesses whether this is consistent with the predictions of welfare regime theory, having first elaborated some specific hypotheses in th…
Indicators and Targets for Social Inclusion in the European Union
In December 2001, the Laeken European Council adopted a set of commonly agreed and defined indicators for social inclusion. These should play a central role in monitoring the performance of Member States in making progress towards the key EU objectives in this area set by the Nice European Council in 2000, and represent a major step forward in the development of EU social policy. This article reviews the scientific and political basis on which th…
Poverty Within Households
Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are shared so that each individual in a household or family has the same standard of living. Nonmonetary indicators of living standards and deprivation are increasingly being used in measuring household poverty. This paper argues that such indicators can be used for a rather different purpose - the exploration of differences in living standards within households. It illustrates this by …
The impact of disability transitions on social inclusion
Dimensions of Housing Deprivation for Older People in Ireland
Targeting Poverty
In 1997 the Irish government adopted the National Anti-Poverty Strategy (NAPS), a global target for the reduction of poverty which illuminates a range of issues relating to official poverty targets. The Irish target is framed in terms of a relative poverty measure incorporating both relative income and direct measures of deprivation based on data on the extent of poverty from 1994. Since 1994 Ireland has experienced an unprecedented period of eco…
Has the middle secured its share of growth or been squeezed
In striking contrast to the notion that democracy is under threat because 'the middle' has been 'squeezed' over recent decades, Iversen and Soskice (2019 Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice (2019). Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]) in their book, Democracy and Prosperity, present an optimistic account about the future of democracy. This paper exami…
Occupational Social Class and Earnings Inequality in Europe
While there is renewed interest in earnings differentials between social classes, the contribution of social class to overall earnings inequality across countries and net of compositional effects remains largely uncharted territory. This paper uses data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions to assess earnings differentials between social classes (as measured by ESeC) and the role of between-class inequality in overall…
Urban housing and the role of 'underclass' processes
Rising levels of urban deprivation and a perception that poverty has become more concentrated in such areas and has taken on a qualitatively different character have provoked a variety of popular and academic responses. The potentially most fruitful set of hypotheses focuses on the unintended consequences of social change. A combination of weak labour force attachment and social isolation is perceived to lead to behaviour and orientations that co…
Reducing poverty and inequality through tax-benefit reform and the minimum wage
Atkinson’s book Inequality: What Can Be Done? (Harvard University Press, 2015) sets out a range of concrete proposals aimed at reducing income inequality, which cover a very broad span but include major changes to the income tax and social transfers system and the minimum wage. These are framed with specific reference to the UK but have much broader relevance in demonstrating how substantial the impact on inequality of such measures could be. Thi…
Poverty Dynamics
Recent poverty research based on analyses of panel data have highlighted the importance of income dynamics. In this paper we study mobility into and out of relative income poverty from one year to the next using data for twelve countries from the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP). The ECHP has unique potential as a harmonized data set to serve as the basis for comparisons of income and poverty dynamics across EU countries, and here…
Are Married Women More Deprived Than Their Husbands
Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are shared so that each individual in a household/family has the same standard of living. This article measures differences between spouses in a large sample in indicators of deprivation of the type used in recent studies of poverty at household level. The quite limited overall imbalance in measured deprivation in favour of husbands suggests that applying such indicators to individuals …
General practitioner utilisation in Ireland
Aggregate Supply, Aggregate Demand and Income Distribution in Ireland
A study of the type we have undertaken here incurs an enormous debt of gratitude to a very large number of persons.Our first expression of this must be to the authors of the extensive range of published and unpublished studies on the Irish economy and its various aspects.Because of the numbers involved the reference list citation has to suffice as an inadequate expression of the fact that whatever little we have added to Irish economic studies by…
Unemployment and the Size Distribution of Income
The impact of changes in the level of unemployment on the U.K. size distribution of annual income is examined using cross-section data. Increased unemployment is shown to have a discernible regressive effect. However, reductions in shares were not highly concentrated at the very bottom of the distribution. Many individuals affected by unemployment during the year are in households/families, not at the bottom of the distribution, particularly beca…
The Distribution of Social Security Transfers in the UK
The distributional impact of different transfer programmes is one of the basic criteria on which decisions such as those on resource allocation may be based. This paper examines the spread over the UK size distribution of different transfers, using data from the Family Expenditure Survey (FES). In addition to analysing the distribution of current transfer receipts by actual current income, estimates are developed which allow the spread of annual …
Income Distribution and the Macroeconomy
Journal Article Income Distribution and the Macroeconomy Get access Income Distribution and the Macroeconomy. By BRIAN NOLAN. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp. xiii + 208. £25.00, US $39.50 hardback. ISBN 0 521 32612 5.) Charles M. Beach Charles M. Beach Queen's University, Kingston, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 98, Issue 393, 1 December 1988, Pages 12…
Income Distribution and the Macroeconomy
Poverty dynamics in eight countries
Resources, Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty
Ringen has advocated the use of both income and deprivation criteria in identifying those excluded from society due to lack of resources, a widely accepted definition of poverty. We illustrate with Irish data how this might be done, paying particular attention to how appropriate indicators of deprivation are to be selected. The results show that employing both income and deprivation criteria rather than income alone can make a substantial differe…
General practitioner utilisation in Ireland
Resources, Deprivation, And Poverty
Poverty is a notoriously ill-defined term, both in common usage and in academic application. Empirical research on poverty has to deal first of all with the ambiguities and confusions associated with the term and concept: what is it that one is actually trying to measure? It then has to address the problem that the various approaches to measuring poverty that are used in practice may not adequately implement the underlying concept: they may not c…
The Relationship Between Income and Deprivation
Les analyses fondées sur un seuil monétaire de pauvreté ne permettent pas toujours de repérer les ménages atteints par la privation ou l'exclusion. L'analyse d'une enquête irlandaise de grande taille a permis de montrer que le revenu courant des ménages influence fortement les niveaux de privation, mais on y décèle également d'autres aspects importants de la situation courante des ménages et du cheminement antérieur qui les y a amenés. Il semble…
Envisioning the Future Welfare State
Measuring Poverty
Journal Article Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Get access Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Edited by Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael. (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995. Pp. xviii + 501. £36.00 hardback. ISBN o 309 05128 2.) Brian Nolan Brian Nolan Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 107, Issue 440, 1 January …
Are Married Women More Deprived Than Their Husbands
Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are shared so that each individual in a household/family has the same standard of living. This article measures differences between spouses in a large sample in indicators of deprivation of the type used in recent studies of poverty at household level. The quite limited overall imbalance in measured deprivation in favour of husbands suggests that applying such indicators to individuals …
Income Inequality in Ireland in the 1980s and 1990s
The 1980s and 1990s have seen Ireland on a macroeconomic roller-coaster ride, as described and analysed in other papers in this volume, with stagnation through much of the 1980s, economic growth accelerating from 1987, stop-starting in the early 1990s, and then reaching and sustaining exceptionally high levels each year from 1994. Recent research internationally has highlighted the fact that income and earnings inequality increased very sharply d…
Equity in the finance of health care
Returns to education in the Irish youth labour market
Occupational class and ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States and 11 European countries
OBJECTIVES: Twelve countries were compared with respect to occupational class differences in ischemic heart disease mortality in order to identify factors that are associated with smaller or larger mortality differences. METHODS: Data on mortality by occupational class among men aged 30 to 64 years were obtained from national longitudinal or cross-sectional studies for the 1980s. A common occupational class scheme was applied to most countries. P…
Equity in the delivery of health care in Europe and the US
The Changing Effects of Social Protection on Poverty
One of the principal concerns of this volume is the extent to which institutional differences across countries with respect to the labour market and social protection are a significant factor mediating the relationship between labour market precocity and social exclusion. This chapter focuses on the effectiveness of cash transfers, the central element of social protection systems, in alleviating the effects of unemployment on income poverty.
Poverty Dynamics
Recent poverty research based on analyses of panel data have highlighted the importance of income dynamics. In this paper we study mobility into and out of relative income poverty from one year to the next using data for twelve countries from the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP). The ECHP has unique potential as a harmonized data set to serve as the basis for comparisons of income and poverty dynamics across EU countries, and here…
Urban housing and the role of 'underclass' processes
Rising levels of urban deprivation and a perception that poverty has become more concentrated in such areas and has taken on a qualitatively different character have provoked a variety of popular and academic responses. The potentially most fruitful set of hypotheses focuses on the unintended consequences of social change. A combination of weak labour force attachment and social isolation is perceived to lead to behaviour and orientations that co…
Bad Times and Good
It may not be war, but it sure as Hell ain't peace.'1 Thus did Major-General S.L. Arnold, the commander of all United States Army forces in the Unified Task Force, describe the situation in Somalia in January 1993. Sadly, those words have a certain resonance for the entire 1990s, arguably the most challenging period in United Nations history. Over the past decade the organization has been extremely busy
Targeting Poverty
In 1997 the Irish government adopted the National Anti-Poverty Strategy (NAPS), a global target for the reduction of poverty which illuminates a range of issues relating to official poverty targets. The Irish target is framed in terms of a relative poverty measure incorporating both relative income and direct measures of deprivation based on data on the extent of poverty from 1994. Since 1994 Ireland has experienced an unprecedented period of eco…
The Dynamics of Child Poverty in Industrialised Countries
A child poverty rate of ten percent could mean that every tenth child is always poor, or that all children are in poverty for one month in every ten. Knowing where reality lies between these extremes is vital to understanding the problem facing many countries of poverty among the young. This unique study goes beyond the standard analysis of child poverty based on poverty rates at one point in time and documents how much movement into and out of p…
Poverty Within Households
Conventional methods of analysis of poverty assume resources are shared so that each individual in a household or family has the same standard of living. Nonmonetary indicators of living standards and deprivation are increasingly being used in measuring household poverty. This paper argues that such indicators can be used for a rather different purpose - the exploration of differences in living standards within households. It illustrates this by …
Economics (77 obras) · Economic growth (47 obras) · Demographic economics (40 obras) · Poverty (40 obras) · Political science (38 obras) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (35 obras) · Development economics (34 obras) · Income, Poverty, and Inequality (33 obras) · Inequality (32 obras) · Sociology (27 obras)