Leonard Green
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3602541 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Leonard Green |
| PRENOMES | Leonard |
| SOBRENOME | Green |
| ASSINATURA | GREEN L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Washington University in St. Louis |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1555-5757 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 21 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 95 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 21 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1981 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Brief Assessments of Delay Discounting
Age, income, and the discounting of delayed monetary losses
Objectives Previous studies failed to find age-related differences in the discounting of delayed, monetary losses, potentially due to their failure to examine the effects of income and their use of relatively small loss amounts. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of age and income on the degree to which adults discount a broad range of loss amounts. Methods A total of 594 participants (age range: 20 to 80; income range: $100,000)…
Undiscounted costs and socially discounted benefits modulate cooperation in one‐shot and iterated prisoner's dilemma games
Cooperation involves an individual's choice that benefits both themself and others —in contrast to selfishness, which benefits the individual only—and has been suggested to be more likely when the benefit to others, discounted as a function of their social distance (i.e., social discounting), exceeds the undiscounted cost to the cooperator. To test this hypothesis, we exposed 126 participants to eight, one‐shot reward matrices of prisoner's dilem…
Discounting of probabilistic food reinforcement by pigeons
Two experiments examined pigeons' discounting of probabilistic food reinforcers using a concurrent‐chains procedure within sessions combined with an adjusting‐amount procedure across sessions. The study is the first to evaluate probability discounting functions in nonhuman animals in which the obtained probability equaled that programmed in each session. In Experiment 1, pigeons chose between a smaller, certain and a larger, but probabilistic foo…
A discounting framework for trade‐offs between risk and delay
Every day we encounter situations in which decisions require trade‐offs between the delay to one reward and the likelihood of receiving another reward. The current study was designed to extend a general discounting framework to gain insights into this fundamental trade‐off process. Forty‐three undergraduates adjusted the probability of receiving an immediate hypothetical monetary reward (either $200 or $10,000) until that probabilistic reward was…
Delay discounting, cognitive ability, and personality
Howard Rachlin (1935–2021)
Memorializes Howard Rachlin (1935-2021). Rachlin was born to Irving and Gussie Kugler Rachlin in New York City on March 10, 1935. He died 86 years later of cancer, leaving his wife Nahid, daughter Leila, and grandson Ethan. He received numerous recognitions: the Med Associates Distinguished Contributions to Basic Behavioral Research award from Division 25 of the American Psychological Association, the Impact of Science on Application award from t…
Is it time? Episodic imagining and the discounting of delayed and probabilistic rewards in young and older adults
Individual Differences in Delay Discounting
Research on delay discounting and inter‐temporal choice has yielded significant insights into decision making. Although research has focused on delayed gains, the discounting of losses is potentially important in precisely those areas where the discounting of gains has proved informative (e.g., substance use and abuse). Participants in the current study completed both a questionnaire consisting of choices between immediate and delayed gains and a…
Discounting by Probabilistic Waiting
In everyday life, many probabilistic situations may be characterized as probabilistic waiting. A gambler, for example, bets repeatedly at the racetrack, the casino, or the card table. The gambler may not win on the first try, but if a gamble is repeated enough times, a win is almost certain to occur eventually. If repeated gambles are structured as strings of losses ending in a win (probabilistic waiting) and the amount won is discounted by the d…
A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards
When choosing between delayed or uncertain outcomes, individuals discount the value of such outcomes on the basis of the expected time to or the likelihood of their occurrence. In an integrative review of the expanding experimental literature on discounting, the authors show that although the same form of hyperbola-like function describes discounting of both delayed and probabilistic outcomes, a variety of recent findings are inconsistent with a …
Discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Discounting Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards
Area Under the Curve as a Measure of Discounting
We describe a novel approach to the measurement of discounting based on calculating the area under the empirical discounting function. This approach avoids some of the problems associated with measures based on estimates of the parameters of theoretical discounting functions. The area measure may be easily calculated for both individual and group data collected using any of a variety of current delay and probability discounting procedures. The pr…
Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards
Economic Choice Theory
Journal Article Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour Get access Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour. By (John H.) Kagel, (Raymond C.) Battalio and Green(Leonard). (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xii + 230. £35.00 hardback, US $49.95 hardback. ISBN 0 521 45488 3.) Robert Sugden Robert Sugden University of East Anglia Search for other works by this autho…
Discounting of Delayed Rewards
The present paper addresses the question of the form of the mathematical relation between the time until a delayed reward and its present value. Data are presented from an experiment in which subjects chose between hypothetical amounts of money available either immediately or after a delay (Green, Fry, & Myerson, 1994). Analyses of the behavior of individual young adults demonstrated that temporal discounting is better described by hyperbola‐like…
Discounting of Delayed Rewards
In this study, children, young adults, and older adults chose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary rewards The amount of the delayed reward was held constant while its delay was varied All three age groups showed delay discounting, that is, the amount of an immediate reward judged to be of equal value to the delayed reward decreased as a function of delay The rate of discounting was highest for children and lowest for older adults,…
Advances in Behavioral Economics, Volume I
Journal Article Advances in Behavioral Economics, Volume I Get access Advances in Behavioral Economics, Volume I. Edited by LEONARD GREEN and JOHN H. KAGEL. (Norwood, USA: Ablex Publishing, 1987. Pp. ix + 307. US$47.50 hardback, US$27.50 paperback.) John D. Hey John D. Hey University of York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 98, Issue 391, 1 June 1988, Pages 547–548, https://doi.…
Interview
Commodity-Choice Behavior with Pigeons as Subjects
Starting from an initial (baseline) budget line, income-compensated price changes always resulted in substitution effects consistent with the Slutsky-Hicks theory. This behavior cannot be explained by a simple random-behavior model. Similar changes in relative prices that did not originate from the initial (baseline) budget line resulted in "undersubstitution effects": The composition of consumption changed in the expected direction, but the magn…
A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards
When choosing between delayed or uncertain outcomes, individuals discount the value of such outcomes on the basis of the expected time to or the likelihood of their occurrence. In an integrative review of the expanding experimental literature on discounting, the authors show that although the same form of hyperbola-like function describes discounting of both delayed and probabilistic outcomes, a variety of recent findings are inconsistent with a …
Discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards
Commodity-Choice Behavior with Pigeons as Subjects
Starting from an initial (baseline) budget line, income-compensated price changes always resulted in substitution effects consistent with the Slutsky-Hicks theory. This behavior cannot be explained by a simple random-behavior model. Similar changes in relative prices that did not originate from the initial (baseline) budget line resulted in "undersubstitution effects": The composition of consumption changed in the expected direction, but the magn…
Discounting by Probabilistic Waiting
In everyday life, many probabilistic situations may be characterized as probabilistic waiting. A gambler, for example, bets repeatedly at the racetrack, the casino, or the card table. The gambler may not win on the first try, but if a gamble is repeated enough times, a win is almost certain to occur eventually. If repeated gambles are structured as strings of losses ending in a win (probabilistic waiting) and the amount won is discounted by the d…
Economic Choice Theory
Journal Article Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour Get access Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour. By (John H.) Kagel, (Raymond C.) Battalio and Green(Leonard). (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xii + 230. £35.00 hardback, US $49.95 hardback. ISBN 0 521 45488 3.) Robert Sugden Robert Sugden University of East Anglia Search for other works by this autho…
Commodity-Choice Behavior with Pigeons as Subjects
Starting from an initial (baseline) budget line, income-compensated price changes always resulted in substitution effects consistent with the Slutsky-Hicks theory. This behavior cannot be explained by a simple random-behavior model. Similar changes in relative prices that did not originate from the initial (baseline) budget line resulted in "undersubstitution effects": The composition of consumption changed in the expected direction, but the magn…
Interview
Advances in Behavioral Economics, Volume I
Journal Article Advances in Behavioral Economics, Volume I Get access Advances in Behavioral Economics, Volume I. Edited by LEONARD GREEN and JOHN H. KAGEL. (Norwood, USA: Ablex Publishing, 1987. Pp. ix + 307. US$47.50 hardback, US$27.50 paperback.) John D. Hey John D. Hey University of York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 98, Issue 391, 1 June 1988, Pages 547–548, https://doi.…
Discounting of Delayed Rewards
In this study, children, young adults, and older adults chose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary rewards The amount of the delayed reward was held constant while its delay was varied All three age groups showed delay discounting, that is, the amount of an immediate reward judged to be of equal value to the delayed reward decreased as a function of delay The rate of discounting was highest for children and lowest for older adults,…
Discounting of Delayed Rewards
The present paper addresses the question of the form of the mathematical relation between the time until a delayed reward and its present value. Data are presented from an experiment in which subjects chose between hypothetical amounts of money available either immediately or after a delay (Green, Fry, & Myerson, 1994). Analyses of the behavior of individual young adults demonstrated that temporal discounting is better described by hyperbola‐like…
Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards
Economic Choice Theory
Journal Article Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour Get access Economic Choice Theory: An Experimental Analysis of Animal Behaviour. By (John H.) Kagel, (Raymond C.) Battalio and Green(Leonard). (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xii + 230. £35.00 hardback, US $49.95 hardback. ISBN 0 521 45488 3.) Robert Sugden Robert Sugden University of East Anglia Search for other works by this autho…
Area Under the Curve as a Measure of Discounting
We describe a novel approach to the measurement of discounting based on calculating the area under the empirical discounting function. This approach avoids some of the problems associated with measures based on estimates of the parameters of theoretical discounting functions. The area measure may be easily calculated for both individual and group data collected using any of a variety of current delay and probability discounting procedures. The pr…
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Discounting Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards
Discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards
A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards
When choosing between delayed or uncertain outcomes, individuals discount the value of such outcomes on the basis of the expected time to or the likelihood of their occurrence. In an integrative review of the expanding experimental literature on discounting, the authors show that although the same form of hyperbola-like function describes discounting of both delayed and probabilistic outcomes, a variety of recent findings are inconsistent with a …
Discounting by Probabilistic Waiting
In everyday life, many probabilistic situations may be characterized as probabilistic waiting. A gambler, for example, bets repeatedly at the racetrack, the casino, or the card table. The gambler may not win on the first try, but if a gamble is repeated enough times, a win is almost certain to occur eventually. If repeated gambles are structured as strings of losses ending in a win (probabilistic waiting) and the amount won is discounted by the d…
Individual Differences in Delay Discounting
Research on delay discounting and inter‐temporal choice has yielded significant insights into decision making. Although research has focused on delayed gains, the discounting of losses is potentially important in precisely those areas where the discounting of gains has proved informative (e.g., substance use and abuse). Participants in the current study completed both a questionnaire consisting of choices between immediate and delayed gains and a…
Is it time? Episodic imagining and the discounting of delayed and probabilistic rewards in young and older adults
Delay discounting, cognitive ability, and personality
Howard Rachlin (1935–2021)
Memorializes Howard Rachlin (1935-2021). Rachlin was born to Irving and Gussie Kugler Rachlin in New York City on March 10, 1935. He died 86 years later of cancer, leaving his wife Nahid, daughter Leila, and grandson Ethan. He received numerous recognitions: the Med Associates Distinguished Contributions to Basic Behavioral Research award from Division 25 of the American Psychological Association, the Impact of Science on Application award from t…
Brief Assessments of Delay Discounting
Age, income, and the discounting of delayed monetary losses
Objectives Previous studies failed to find age-related differences in the discounting of delayed, monetary losses, potentially due to their failure to examine the effects of income and their use of relatively small loss amounts. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of age and income on the degree to which adults discount a broad range of loss amounts. Methods A total of 594 participants (age range: 20 to 80; income range: $100,000)…
Undiscounted costs and socially discounted benefits modulate cooperation in one‐shot and iterated prisoner's dilemma games
Cooperation involves an individual's choice that benefits both themself and others —in contrast to selfishness, which benefits the individual only—and has been suggested to be more likely when the benefit to others, discounted as a function of their social distance (i.e., social discounting), exceeds the undiscounted cost to the cooperator. To test this hypothesis, we exposed 126 participants to eight, one‐shot reward matrices of prisoner's dilem…
Discounting of probabilistic food reinforcement by pigeons
Two experiments examined pigeons' discounting of probabilistic food reinforcers using a concurrent‐chains procedure within sessions combined with an adjusting‐amount procedure across sessions. The study is the first to evaluate probability discounting functions in nonhuman animals in which the obtained probability equaled that programmed in each session. In Experiment 1, pigeons chose between a smaller, certain and a larger, but probabilistic foo…
A discounting framework for trade‐offs between risk and delay
Every day we encounter situations in which decisions require trade‐offs between the delay to one reward and the likelihood of receiving another reward. The current study was designed to extend a general discounting framework to gain insights into this fundamental trade‐off process. Forty‐three undergraduates adjusted the probability of receiving an immediate hypothetical monetary reward (either $200 or $10,000) until that probabilistic reward was…
Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics (15 obras) · Discounting (15 obras) · Delay discounting (13 obras) · Psychology (12 obras) · Economics (11 obras) · Econometrics (8 obras) · Impulsivity (8 obras) · Mathematics (8 obras) · Statistics (8 obras) · Developmental psychology (7 obras)