Ronald L Akers
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3630243 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Ronald L Akers |
| PRENOMES | Ronald L |
| SOBRENOME | Akers |
| ASSINATURA | AKERS R L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Florida |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 62 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 1210 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 61 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1966 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2017 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime
Social Learning and Social Structure
The social learning theory of crime integrates Edwin H. Sutherland's diff erential association theory with behavioral learning theory. It is a widely accepted and applied approaches to criminal and deviant behavior. However, it is also widely misinterpreted, misstated, and misapplied.This is the fi rst single volume, in-depth, authoritative discussion of the background, concepts, development, modifications, and empirical tests of social learning …
A Cross-Cultural Test of Social Structure and Social Learning
The main purpose of this study is to test the validity and cross-cultural generalizability of Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) model of crime and deviance. The test is done with data on substance use behavior among adolescents in South Korea utilizing a sample of 1,021 high school students. The data are taken from (1) a self-report survey of 1,021 high school students in Busan, South Korea and (2) district (Gu) level census repo…
Examining the Influence of Delinquent Peer Association on the Stability of Self-Control in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence
Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime and Akers' social learning theory (1998 ——— . 1998 . Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance . Boston : Northeastern University Press . [Google Scholar]) have been given considerable attention in the criminological literature. Despite the empirical support for these theories, it is commonplace to test these theories as competing or conflicting theoretica…
Is stalking a learned phenomenon? An empirical test of social learning theory
Attitude Transference and Deviant Behavior
Attitude transference is the term that has come to be used to refer to a key process by which one's personal attitudes approving or disapproving of certain behavior reflect those of his or her primary groups and in turn affect his or her conforming or deviant behavior. Cross-cultural comparisons on this and other issues afforded by previous studies, however, have been limited primarily to examining findings that have used different samples and in…
Commentary on Part I
Do perceptions of neighborhood disorganization predict crime or victimization? An examination of gang member versus non-gang member jail inmates
Companions in Crime
Criminologists often allude to 'peer influence' in explanations of crime and delinquency, but the meaning of that concept rarely receives careful attention. Companions in Crime organizes the extensive literature on peer influence and group delinquency into a coherent form for the first time. Chapters focus on the role of peers over the life course, the group nature of delinquent behavior, and the applicability of peer influence for explaining the…
Criminological Theories
In the Seventh Edition of Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , Ronald L. Akers, Christine S. Sellers and Wesley G. Jennings provide a concise but thorough review and appraisal of the leading theories of crime and criminal justice. Based on the widespread success of the first six editions, this landmark book keeps current with changes in the development, testing, integration, and application of important criminologi…
Social Learning and Social Structure
Social Learning and Social Structure
Social Learning and Social Structure
Drug Use and Ethnicity in Early Adolescence
Age, Social Learning, and Social Bonding in Adolescent Substance Use
We propose that social learning and social bonding theories are capable of accounting for the well-known relationship of crime and delinquency to age. Models incorporating age and variables derived from these two theories are tested with data on adolescent substance use among a large sample of Midwest adolescents in Grades 7 through 12. Older adolescents consume more marijuana than younger adolescents, and the age-use curve is matched by the rela…
A Longitudinal Test of Social Learning Theory
A general social learning theory of deviance is applied to adolescent smoking as a form of sustance use and tested with data from a 5-year longitudinal study of a panel (N=454) of respondents in grades 7 through 12 in an Iowa community. The major components of the process specified in the theory are differential association, differential reinforcement, definitions (attitudes), and modeling. The process is one in which the operation of these varia…
Is Differential Association/Social Learning Cultural Deviance Theory
Sutherland's differential association theory has long been criticized as a “cultural deviance” theory, and the critics have continued to apply this same designation to the theory's social‐learning reformulation by Akers. According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on the assumption that socialization is completely successful and that cultural variability is unlimited, cannot explain individual differences in …
Social Learning and Deviant Behavior
Criminological Theories
Types of Criminological Theories Theories of Making and Enforcing Criminal Law Theories of Criminal and Deviant Behavior Criteria for Evaluating Theory Logical Consistency, Scope, and Parsimony Testability Empirical Validity Empirical Validity and the Concept of Causality and Determinism Usefulness and Policy Implications Empirical Validity as the Primary Criterion Summary DETERRENCE AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORIES Classical Criminology and the Dete…
It's a white thing
Although there has been an increase in black suicides in the past decades the white suicide rate is still nearly double the black suicide rate for men and women. The question asked is, Why is there relatively little black suicide? One persuasive answer proposed in the literature is that major social institutions, particularly religion and family, in the African‐American community provide amelioration or buffering of social forces that would other…
Linking Sociology and Its Specialties
Journal Article Linking Sociology and Its Specialties: The Case of Criminology Get access Ronald L. Akers Ronald L. Akers University of Florida Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 71, Issue 1, September 1992, Pages 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.1.1 Published: 01 September 1992
Social Contexts and Social Learning in Sexual Coercion and Aggression
Scot B. Boeringer, Constance L. Shehan, Ronald L. Akers, Social Contexts and Social Learning in Sexual Coercion and Aggression: Assessing the Contribution of Fraternity Membership, Family Relations, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 58-64
Self-control as a general theory of crime
Reintegrative Shaming
Beyond Hellfire
Since its original formulation in 1969 by Hirschi and Stark, the Hellfire hypothesis has undergone several significant revisions. This hypothesis asserts that involvement in deviant behavior is inversely related to religiosity. Early revisions of this hypothesis stressed the importance of religiosity on violations of ascetic norms over violations of secular norms. More recent revisions have stressed the interactive effects of religiosity and cont…
Social Learning and Deviant Behavior
A Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior
The Child Savers
Age, Social Learning, and Social Bonding in Adolescent Substance Use
We propose that social learning and social bonding theories are capable of accounting for the well-known relationship of crime and delinquency to age. Models incorporating age and variables derived from these two theories are tested with data on adolescent substance use among a large sample of Midwest adolescents in Grades 7 through 12. Older adolescents consume more marijuana than younger adolescents, and the age-use curve is matched by the rela…
Adolescent marijuana use
Social learning theory, social bonding theory, and anomie (strain) theory are tested with survey data on adolescent drug use. Social learning theory is strongly supported, social bonding bonding theory receives some support, and anomie receives little support. Types of theoretical integration are reviewed, and the conceptual overlap between social learning and bonding theories is shown
Social Learning Theory and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking
We specify causal models of the learning process implied in Akers’ (1977) social learning theory for the initiation and maintenance of adolescent cigarette smoking. Path analyses of data from a three-year panel study of junior and senior high school students indicate that the theory is more effective in accounting for maintenance (or cessation) of cigarette smoking than in explaining initiation to cigarette smoking. Most important, our measures o…
Community Context and Theories of Deviant Behavior
The social learning and social bonding theories of deviant behavior were investigated in four community contexts: farm, rural-nonfarm, suburban, and urban. The mean differences across these contexts on pertinant variables did not form a continuum from rural to urban. Rather, the farm and suburban areas were similar, and the rural-nonfarm and urban areas were more alike than either of the other two contexts. A number of the social bonding variable…
Is Differential Association/Social Learning Cultural Deviance Theory
Sutherland's differential association theory has long been criticized as a “cultural deviance” theory, and the critics have continued to apply this same designation to the theory's social‐learning reformulation by Akers. According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on the assumption that socialization is completely successful and that cultural variability is unlimited, cannot explain individual differences in …
It's a white thing
Although there has been an increase in black suicides in the past decades the white suicide rate is still nearly double the black suicide rate for men and women. The question asked is, Why is there relatively little black suicide? One persuasive answer proposed in the literature is that major social institutions, particularly religion and family, in the African‐American community provide amelioration or buffering of social forces that would other…
Prisonization in Five Countries Type of Prison and Inmate Characteristics
Interorganizational and cross‐cultural comparisons are made among different types of prisons located in five countries‐the United States, Mexico, England, West Germany, and Spain‐as a test of the relative importance of functional and importation variables in prisonization. A normative orientation among inmates which is in opposition to staff expectations is found in all prisons in all countries. Adherence to this orientation by individual inmates…
Fear of Crime and Victimization Among the Elderly in Different Types of Communities
The central issue examined here is the effect that community setting, relative to other factors, has on victimization and fear of crime among the elderly. Findings are from 1,410 in‐home interviews in two retirement communities (age homogeneous) and two age‐heterogeneous communities. Victimization of elderly is low in all communities, and although nearly half of the respondents have some fear of crime, the percentage reporting great fear of crime…
Problems in the Sociology of Deviance
Journal Article Problems in the Sociology of Deviance: Social Definitions and Behavior Get access Ronald L. Akers Ronald L. Akers University of Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 46, Issue 4, June 1968, Pages 455–465, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/46.4.455 Published: 01 June 1968
Homosexual and Drug Behavior in Prison
Which of the two major models of the inmate system, the importation or the functional, better accounts for two forms of in-prison behavior of inmates, drug use and homosexual behavior, is tested in a sample of inmates from seven U.S. prisons. The prisons were classified into three types along a custody-treatment continuum. The reported levels of these two kinds of behavior in the different types of prisons are examined against their relationship …
Behind the Shield
The Professional Association and the Legal Regulation of Practice
The political ideologies, identifications, affiliations, participation, contribution to campaign funds, government employment, seeking and holding office, and other aspects of the political behavior of incumbents of various occupations, professions and strata have been investigated. There are also some discussions of the political power of professions, almost exclusively concerned with the legal and medical groups. But the study of professional a…
Social Learning Theory and Alcohol Behavior Among the Elderly
Research directly testing Akers's social learning theory has been thus far confined to teenage drug, drinking, and smoking behavior. This study extends the application of social learning theory to older adults' alcohol behavior. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews of 1,410 people sixty years of age or over living in New Jersey and Florida in either retirement (age homogeneous) or age-integrated communities. A social learning model …
Social Status and Deviance
The relationship between social class and four measures of deviance was examined within the context of schools with predominantly upper‐middleclass. middle‐class, and working‐class populations. The hypothesis that there would be significant inverse relationships between social class and rates of deviant behavior within working‐class but not upper‐middle‐ or middle‐class schools was not supported by our data. There also was no consistent support f…
Do perceptions of neighborhood disorganization predict crime or victimization? An examination of gang member versus non-gang member jail inmates
Cessation of alcohol and drug use among adolescents
This investigation tests the ability of Akers’ (1977) social learning theory of deviance to account for the cessation of alcohol or drug use among adolescents. For each of five substances, two‐group discriminant function analyses showed that social learning variables were successful in discriminating adolescents who ceased using from their counterparts who continued to use. Peer associations were generally most discriminating with normative defin…
Examining the Influence of Delinquent Peer Association on the Stability of Self-Control in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence
Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime and Akers' social learning theory (1998 ——— . 1998 . Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance . Boston : Northeastern University Press . [Google Scholar]) have been given considerable attention in the criminological literature. Despite the empirical support for these theories, it is commonplace to test these theories as competing or conflicting theoretica…
Social Learning and Social Structure
Opiate Use, Addiction, and Relapse
An attempt is made (l) to isolate the critical variables, and (2) to specify the behavioral processes and principles by which these variables operate to produce opiate use, addiction, and relapse. The analysis is an extension of the “differential association-reinforcement” theory, presented previously in this journal, to the drug use-addiction-relapse process. The analysis describes how positive and negative reinforcement, both physiological and …
A Cross-Cultural Test of Social Structure and Social Learning
The main purpose of this study is to test the validity and cross-cultural generalizability of Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) model of crime and deviance. The test is done with data on substance use behavior among adolescents in South Korea utilizing a sample of 1,021 high school students. The data are taken from (1) a self-report survey of 1,021 high school students in Busan, South Korea and (2) district (Gu) level census repo…
Are Self-Reports of Adolescent Deviance Valid? Biochemical Measures, Randomized Response, and the Bogus Pipeline in Smoking Behavior
Two measures of questionnaire response validity were used in a survey of teenage smoking (student respondents in grades 7–12) in a midwest community. Responses to a confidential questionnaire were validated by responses to an anonymous “randomized response” instrument and a biochemical measure of smoking (salivary thiocyanate). Both measures support the validity of questionnaire responses. The randomized response measure is an anonymous self-repo…
Differential Organization of Health Professions
A Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior
Differential Organization of Health Professions
The Professional Association and the Legal Regulation of Practice
The political ideologies, identifications, affiliations, participation, contribution to campaign funds, government employment, seeking and holding office, and other aspects of the political behavior of incumbents of various occupations, professions and strata have been investigated. There are also some discussions of the political power of professions, almost exclusively concerned with the legal and medical groups. But the study of professional a…
Problems in the Sociology of Deviance
Journal Article Problems in the Sociology of Deviance: Social Definitions and Behavior Get access Ronald L. Akers Ronald L. Akers University of Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 46, Issue 4, June 1968, Pages 455–465, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/46.4.455 Published: 01 June 1968
Opiate Use, Addiction, and Relapse
An attempt is made (l) to isolate the critical variables, and (2) to specify the behavioral processes and principles by which these variables operate to produce opiate use, addiction, and relapse. The analysis is an extension of the “differential association-reinforcement” theory, presented previously in this journal, to the drug use-addiction-relapse process. The analysis describes how positive and negative reinforcement, both physiological and …
Size and the Administrative Component in Occupational Associations
Framework for the Comparative Study of Group Cohesion
The Child Savers
Behind the Shield
Organizational Size, Complexity, and the Administrative Component in Occupational Associations
(1970). Organizational Size, Complexity, and the Administrative Component in Occupational Associations. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 435-451
Comment on Gove's Evaluation of Societal Reaction as an Explanation of Mental Illness
Crimes against Bureaucracy. Erwin O. Smigel , H. Laurence Ross
Research on Deviance
Homosexual and Drug Behavior in Prison
Which of the two major models of the inmate system, the importation or the functional, better accounts for two forms of in-prison behavior of inmates, drug use and homosexual behavior, is tested in a sample of inmates from seven U.S. prisons. The prisons were classified into three types along a custody-treatment continuum. The reported levels of these two kinds of behavior in the different types of prisons are examined against their relationship …
Law and Control in Society
Deviant Behavior
Prisonization in Five Countries Type of Prison and Inmate Characteristics
Interorganizational and cross‐cultural comparisons are made among different types of prisons located in five countries‐the United States, Mexico, England, West Germany, and Spain‐as a test of the relative importance of functional and importation variables in prisonization. A normative orientation among inmates which is in opposition to staff expectations is found in all prisons in all countries. Adherence to this orientation by individual inmates…
An Alternative View of the Labelling versus Psychiatric Perspectives on Societal Reaction to Mental Illness
The relative explanatory power of psychiatric and social variables in the decision to hospitalize and retain mental health patients has been debated primarily by those committed to either the psychiatric (medical) or the labelling model. The issue is considered here through a critical review of the research literature with a commitment to neither model. The research does not allow for unequivocal conclusions, but there is a clear tendency for adm…
Type of Leadership in Prison
(1977). Type of Leadership in Prison: a Structural Approach to Testing the Functional and Importation Models. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 378-383
The sociology of adolescent drug and drinking behavior
This is the first of two parts in which we assess the "state of the field" of adolescent substance use. In this part, we critically analyze the methodological issues of sampling, measurement, reliability, and validity of survey research on adolescent drinking and drug use. We also conduct a substantial review of the findings of research in this field concentrating on recent surveys, particularly those drawing on national samples among the general…
Theory and Ideology in Marxist Criminology
Marxist criminology can be analyzed both as a theory of what is and as an ideology of what ought to be. theory must be examined by logic and empirical evidence. An ideology and its vision of the good society must be examined by comparison with other ideologies and real societies based on competing ideologies. Such comparisons would reveal that societies based on Marxist ideology have been unjust and repressive and do not represent a future for wh…
Social Learning and Deviant Behavior
The sociology of adolescent drug and drinking behavior
This is Part II of our general assessment of the state of sociological research on adolescent substance use. In Part I, presented in the previous issue of this journal, we analyzed the methodological issues in the field and summarized findings on extent and trends of use. Here, we summarize structural, interactional, and attitudinal correlates of teenage drinking and drug behavior. We characterize the field as being theoretically underdeveloped a…
Evaluating Criminology
Social Status and Deviance
The relationship between social class and four measures of deviance was examined within the context of schools with predominantly upper‐middleclass. middle‐class, and working‐class populations. The hypothesis that there would be significant inverse relationships between social class and rates of deviant behavior within working‐class but not upper‐middle‐ or middle‐class schools was not supported by our data. There also was no consistent support f…
Psychology (48 obras) · Sociology (42 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (37 obras) · Criminology (35 obras) · Social Psychology (34 obras) · Political science (21 obras) · Social Psychology (17 obras) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (16 obras) · Developmental psychology (16 obras) · Social learning (13 obras)