Avery M Guest
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3631284 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Avery M Guest |
| PRENOMES | Avery M |
| SOBRENOME | Guest |
| ASSINATURA | GUEST A M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Washington |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 85 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 846 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 85 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1969 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2008 |
| ÍNDICE H | 16 |
Fertility in New York state in the pre-civil war era
Knowledge is quite limited about the extent and social correlates of marital fertility decline for the United States in the early part of the nineteenth century. Manuscripts from the New York State census of 1865 indicate a very slow decline in marital fertility during the initial decades of the nineteenth century and more rapid decline as the Civil War approached. Little evidence of fertility control within marriage is found for the very oldest …
Heterogeneity and Harmony
Does ethnic heterogeneity in neighbourhoods create co-operative or conflict-oriented relationships among residents? Social theorists have long noted both the positive and negative aspects of heterogeneity, but the limited research on large samples of neighbourhoods documents ambiguous or weak effects. In this survey-based study of Seattle, it is found that ethnic heterogeneity is among the strongest community characteristics that negatively predi…
Neighborhood Context and Neighboring Ties
This article analyzes whether neighborhood context or environment in Seattle influences dimensions of social ties among neighbors, independent of the individual attributes of residents such as home ownership and socio‐economic status. Three dimensions of neighbor ties are examined: interaction, organizing collectively, and knowing about neighbors. A number of environmental attributes are considered, including the age of the housing, residential s…
Frontier and urban-industrial explanations of US occupational mobility in the late 1800s
From Persons to People
Community Lost or Transformed? Urbanization and Social Ties
Sociological theorists have generally emphasized the destructive effects of urbanization on social ties through the community lost perspective. A counterview, which we call the community transformed, has begun to emerge on the basis of other theorizing and empirical research. Yet the relationship of urbanization to social ties is still not well understood. In this article, we explore the total number of social ties, the number of kin and nonkin t…
Economic distress and cause-of-death patterns for black and non-black men in Chicago
The mortality disadvantage of African Americans is well documented, but previous studies have not considered its implications for population theory in the general case of industrialized nation states with high levels of income inequality. This paper examines the relevance of classic epidemiological theory to the extremes of income and mortality observed in Chicago, one of America's most racially divided cities. We analyze cause-specific death rat…
Some Evolving Thoughts on Leo F. Schnore as a Social Scientist
The Mediate Community
The author emphasizes the importance of studying both local and extralocal social ties found in community areas of the metropolis. Knowledge of temporal trends in these ties is limited, but both are important in the metropolis, leading to the mediate community: communities that often have many endogenous ties but also have strong links to the larger world. The author also suggests that local and extralocal ties should be subdivided on the basis o…
Social Ties at the Neighborhood Level
Using the General Social Survey, the authors analyze trends in socializing with neighbors and with friends outside the neighborhood from 1974 to 1996. Consistent with arguments about a declining attachment to neighborhood, results show a linear trend toward less socializing within the neighborhood and more outside it. In addition, the data suggest that people are increasingly specializing in either neighborhood or extra neighborhood social ties. …
The ecology of race and socioeconomic distress
We examine the effects of education, unemployment, and racial segregation on age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality rates in racially defined Chicago community areas from 1989 to 1991. Community socioeconomic factors account for large observed areal variations in infant and working-age mortality, but especially working-age mortality for the black population. For black men, the mortality consequences of living in economically distressed communiti…
Joblessness, Family Disruption, and Violent Death in Chicago, 1970-90
Violent deaths, defined as homicides, suicides, and accidents, are leading causes of death among working-age populations. While large-scale population studies and community case studies have established common linkages between race, sex, age, joblessness, and all three forms of violent death, they have tended to be cross-sectional and to be focused on one cause of violent death to the exclusion of others. Utilizing 1970 and 1990 census data and v…
Mobilizing Local Religious Markets
Recent theoretical developments propose that when the state deregulates religion pluralism and competition will emerge and overall levels of religious participation will be high. In this essay we return to nineteenth century America when a religious free market was first emerging to examine how pluralism generated higher levels of church attendance. We use data from the state census of 1865 to explore the religious situation in 942 towns and citi…
After Ellis Island
Sociology and the New Systems Theory
Paths of Community Integration
This article raises new questions about the process of migration integration into a new community. What are the paths of integration?And what makes a difference in the paths that are taken? The major findings—that three major paths can be distinguished and that life cycle variables make the most diference in path taken—are interpreted in light of various theoretical explanations of the integration process. The predictions of other theoretical per…
Demography as an Interdiscipline
Situations and Strategies in American Land-Use Planning. Thomas K. Rudel The Capitalist Imperative
What Can We Learn About Fertility Transitions From the New York State Census of 1865
Aggregate variations in average children ever born and parity progression ratios across counties in New York, as reflected in the state census of 1865, show that while some of the inter-areal variation is due to differences in age structure and marital status, social characteristics of the counties are also quite important. In particular, housing values or living standards strongly depress the probability of additional births. This finding ties i…
Generation, Ethnicity, and Occupational Opportunity in Late 19th Century America
This paper investigates the influence of generation and country of origin on occupational mobility between 1880 and 1900 among a sample of U.S. white men. Father-to-son mobility is examined for males 5 to 14 years old in 1880, and career mobility is analyzed for men aged 25 to 34 in the same year. While generation and national-origin groups clearly differed in their occupational distributions at each date, we find minimal evidence of differences …
Community Context and Metropolitan Church Growth
A recurring issue in the urban literature is the degree to which individuals and institutions are influenced by their immediate environments. Church growth in Seattle-area churches is correlated with characteristics of the nearby area, such as spatial location, population composition, and social ties. Consistent with previous research, the "life cycle" stage of the surrounding neighborhood is an important predictor of growth but the social ties o…
The Moral Order of a Suburb
American Neighborhoods and Residential Differentiation. Michael J. White
Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in the Late 19th Century United States
Journal Article Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in the Late 19th Century United States Get access Avery M. Guest, Avery M. Guest University of Washington Direct correspondence to Avery M. Guest, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Nancy S. Landale, Nancy S. Landale University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxfor…
Coming of Age Among U.S. Farm Boys in the Late 1800s
Data from the National Panel Study are used to investigate occupational choices and migration status among a sample of U.S. white farm boys in the late 1800s. Originally sampled when 5 to 14 years old in 1880, these boys are traced to the 1900 census when they were young adults. In general, the decision to leave farming was related to the urban-industrial “pull” of the surrounding environment and the degree of farm mechanization of the community.…
Social Ties at the Neighborhood Level
Using the General Social Survey, the authors analyze trends in socializing with neighbors and with friends outside the neighborhood from 1974 to 1996. Consistent with arguments about a declining attachment to neighborhood, results show a linear trend toward less socializing within the neighborhood and more outside it. In addition, the data suggest that people are increasingly specializing in either neighborhood or extra neighborhood social ties. …
Constraints, Satisfaction and Residential Mobility
Our study has shown that the stress threshold model, as formulated by Speare, only works partially. Consistent with Speare's model, we have found that subjective satisfaction is a strong predictor of thoughts about moving. Thoughts about moving is a good predictor of actual mobility. There are, however, three major problems with the model: stress as measured by satisfaction is not a particularly good predictor of actual mobility, although it does…
Mobilizing Local Religious Markets
Recent theoretical developments propose that when the state deregulates religion pluralism and competition will emerge and overall levels of religious participation will be high. In this essay we return to nineteenth century America when a religious free market was first emerging to examine how pluralism generated higher levels of church attendance. We use data from the state census of 1865 to explore the religious situation in 942 towns and citi…
Sentiment and Evaluation as Ecological Variables
This article focuses on the different correlates of residents' evaluative and sentimental feelings toward local areas in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan area. Evaluation is measured by satisfaction with the residential environment, while sentiment is indicated by the degree to which respondents would miss an area after moving away from it. The two types of feelings about the local community are correlated positively, partly because they have…
Ethnic Residential Segregation
This study traces changes in patterns of ethnic residential segregation for Cleveland from 1930 to 1970 and for Boston and Seattle form 1960 to 1970. For Cleveland the data indicate some clear declines in residential segregation since 1930 for "new" southern and eastern European ethnic group; "old" groups, however, actually increased in segregation. Between 1960 and 1970, we could find few changes in patterns of ethnic segregation for Boston, Cle…
Suburban Social Status
This paperfocuses on changes in socioeconomic structure of U.S. suburbs between 1920, 1950, and 1970. Persistence in suburban socioeconomic structure has been important in both time periods, but particularly so in the post-World War II period. Moderate evidence of suburban status evolution is found in the period between World War I and 1950. In the earlier time period, evolution was explained by characteristics of both the metropolitan area and t…
Determinants of Neighborhood Satisfaction
Students of neighborhood satisfaction have traditionally regarded the individual as the appropriate unit of analysis. In this present paper we break with tradition proposing that satisfaction can also be viewed as a property of populations. Data from the 1974–76 U.S. Annual Housing Surveys are employed to test three alternative explanations of variation in aggregate levels of satisfaction across 60 metropolitan areas. Consistent with the urban-sc…
Neighborhood Context and Neighboring Ties
This article analyzes whether neighborhood context or environment in Seattle influences dimensions of social ties among neighbors, independent of the individual attributes of residents such as home ownership and socio‐economic status. Three dimensions of neighbor ties are examined: interaction, organizing collectively, and knowing about neighbors. A number of environmental attributes are considered, including the age of the housing, residential s…
The ecology of race and socioeconomic distress
We examine the effects of education, unemployment, and racial segregation on age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality rates in racially defined Chicago community areas from 1989 to 1991. Community socioeconomic factors account for large observed areal variations in infant and working-age mortality, but especially working-age mortality for the black population. For black men, the mortality consequences of living in economically distressed communiti…
Social Structure and U.S. Inter-State Fertility Differentials in 1900
This paper investigates the importance of agricultural land shortages versus modernization of the society in influencing inter-state differentials in fertility in 1900, when the United States was in midtransition. Urbanization and manufacturing characteristics of states were the strongest correlates of variations in the index of total fertility because urban-industrialism depressed both the probability of marriage and marital fertility. Other mod…
How urbanites define their neighborhoods
Own-child estimates of U.S. white fertility, 1886–99
Uses data from a 1/750 household sample of the 1900 census manuscripts to make own-child estimates of fertility behavior among American white women in the years between 1886 and 1899. Fertility behavior is estimated by linking children's records with those of their mothers. New estimates of American total fertility rates for each year are provided separately for native and foreign-born whites. The degree of conscious control of fertility at this …
Community Lost or Transformed? Urbanization and Social Ties
Sociological theorists have generally emphasized the destructive effects of urbanization on social ties through the community lost perspective. A counterview, which we call the community transformed, has begun to emerge on the basis of other theorizing and empirical research. Yet the relationship of urbanization to social ties is still not well understood. In this article, we explore the total number of social ties, the number of kin and nonkin t…
The Mediate Community
The author emphasizes the importance of studying both local and extralocal social ties found in community areas of the metropolis. Knowledge of temporal trends in these ties is limited, but both are important in the metropolis, leading to the mediate community: communities that often have many endogenous ties but also have strong links to the larger world. The author also suggests that local and extralocal ties should be subdivided on the basis o…
Joblessness, Family Disruption, and Violent Death in Chicago, 1970-90
Violent deaths, defined as homicides, suicides, and accidents, are leading causes of death among working-age populations. While large-scale population studies and community case studies have established common linkages between race, sex, age, joblessness, and all three forms of violent death, they have tended to be cross-sectional and to be focused on one cause of violent death to the exclusion of others. Utilizing 1970 and 1990 census data and v…
Urban growth and population densities
Differences in the distribution of population within and across metropolitan areas are seen as a product of the development of the metropolis during different transportation epochs. Age cohorts of census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, may be split into three groups of development patterns based on the time of their early development: (1) before the development of the automobile, (2) during the early period of the auto’s diffusion to the population, a…
American Family Building Strategies in 1900
Contemporary populations frequently space the births of children, and also attempt to stop childbearing after achieving a desired family size. While stopping behavior was evident in European populations in the late nineteenth century, little is known about the degree to which they attempted to space their children at specific interval lengths. This paper compares spacing patterns among various groups of white U.S. women in 1900, who were distingu…
Heterogeneity and Harmony
Does ethnic heterogeneity in neighbourhoods create co-operative or conflict-oriented relationships among residents? Social theorists have long noted both the positive and negative aspects of heterogeneity, but the limited research on large samples of neighbourhoods documents ambiguous or weak effects. In this survey-based study of Seattle, it is found that ethnic heterogeneity is among the strongest community characteristics that negatively predi…
Testing the Decline-of-Community Thesis
Although the decline-of-community thesis has received considerable attention from urban sociologists, most of the empirical evidence brought to bear on the thesis has been cross-sectional rather than longitudinal. In the present study this deficiency is overcome. The characteristics of neighborhood organizations in Seattle, Washington, in 1929 and in 1979 are compared, focusing on the neighborhood level and taking an institutional approach. Two s…
Notes from the National Panel Study
Some methodological and substantive issues concerning record linkage in historical research are explored through an analysis of linkage rates in the first known national U.S. sample of white males in the nineteenth century the National Panel Study developed at the University of Washington. In this study the 1880 and 1900 census manuscripts were used to link two relatively equal samples of birth cohorts aged 5-14 and 25-34 in 1880. Some 39.4 perce…
Components of Satisfaction with Local Areas in the Metropolis
Using individuals' subjective evaluations, this paper investigates the specific features of local areas in the Seattle, Washington metropolitan region which are most strongly related to overall satisfaction with the community. On the whole, the data support the view that the contemporary local area serves important but limited functions for metropolitan dwellers. The strongest correlates of overall evaluation are related to the evaluation of the …
Childlessness in a Transitional Population
Most analyses of white childless ness in the United States before 1920 have perceived it as being primarily due to in voluntary factors, such as poor health and nutrition. This paper analyzes childless ness across various geographic areas at the turn of the century. It shows that the sub stantial variations in childlessness were due largely to voluntary choice on the part of many American women, particularly in the North Atlantic region. In other…
Patterns of family location
Theoretical propositions from human ecology are used to develop a model that explains the centralization or decentralization of various types of families, such as married couples with children, in the Cleveland, Ohio, Metropolitan Area. The model shows how proximity to the Central Business District affects neighborhoods in terms of three characteristics: Age or period of development, both internal and external housing Space, and Site features suc…
Problem-Solving Strategies of Local Areas in the Metropolis
This paper investigates two aspects of how local areas in the metropolis deal with their problems-the institutional means of representation which are used and the effectiveness of those means. In the Seattle metropolitan region, residents of 20 different local areas recognize three different means as relatively equal in importance. These include neighbors, community clubs, and representatives of the society's authority structure such as governmen…
Generation, Ethnicity, and Occupational Opportunity in Late 19th Century America
This paper investigates the influence of generation and country of origin on occupational mobility between 1880 and 1900 among a sample of U.S. white men. Father-to-son mobility is examined for males 5 to 14 years old in 1880, and career mobility is analyzed for men aged 25 to 34 in the same year. While generation and national-origin groups clearly differed in their occupational distributions at each date, we find minimal evidence of differences …
The applicability of the burgess zonal hypothesis to urban Canada
A replication for Canada of Schnore’s studies of socio-economic differentiation between United States central cities and suburbs produces generally similar results, although the Canadian patterns are by no means as pronounced or conclusive. Older, larger and highly suburbanized Canadian areas are most apt to have high-status groups over-represented in the suburbs and low-status groups over-represented in the central city. Furthermore, this patter…
Another Look at Residential Turnover in Urban Neighborhoods
Evidence has indicated that property turnovers in a racially changing area are a function of the structural conditions of the housing and demographic characteristics fo the white residents in a Chicago community. Analysis of the Chicago case study raises questions about the validity of the evidence. A test of the hypothesis in Cleveland subareas revealed that, in some racially changing areas, the high turnover can be explained by the housing and …
Retesting the Burgess Zonal Hypothesis
Seventeen U.S. metropolitan areas are analyzed individually to determine support for two pricipal propositions of the well-known Burgess hypothesis: White-collar persons are decentralized in American cities, and the decetralization is greatest in the largest and oldest places. Only a slight tendency is found for the proportion of white-collar workers to increase with linear distance from the central business district in most metropolitan areas. M…
Patterns of family location
Theoretical propositions from human ecology are used to develop a model that explains the centralization or decentralization of various types of families, such as married couples with children, in the Cleveland, Ohio, Metropolitan Area. The model shows how proximity to the Central Business District affects neighborhoods in terms of three characteristics: Age or period of development, both internal and external housing Space, and Site features suc…
Reply to Felson
Urban History, Population Densities, and Higher Status Residential Location
THIS PAPER SHOWS HOW POPULATION GROWTH IN VARIOUS TRANSPORTATION EPOCHS - THE PRESTREETCAR, THE STREETCAR, AND AUTOMOBILE - HAS PRODUCED DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCENTRIC DISTRIBUTION OF HIGHER STATUS NEIGHBORHOODS. THE IDEAS IN THIS PAPER ARE PARTICULARLY DRAWN FROM THE HUMAN ECOLOGY TRADITION IN SOCIOLOGY. THE HUMAN ECOLOGISTS HAVE EMPHASIZED THE ROLE OF URBAN HISTORY AND TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY IN DETERMINING LAND USE PATTERNS IN THE MODERN AMER…
Urban growth and population densities
Differences in the distribution of population within and across metropolitan areas are seen as a product of the development of the metropolis during different transportation epochs. Age cohorts of census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, may be split into three groups of development patterns based on the time of their early development: (1) before the development of the automobile, (2) during the early period of the auto’s diffusion to the population, a…
Class Consciousness and American Political Attitude
The arguments of Richard Centers and Philip Converse about the relationship of subjective class consciousness to political attitudes are reanalyzed with the use of longitudinal survey data from 1956 to 1968. Respondents may be split into four groups based on identification with the working class versus the middle class and on admitting awareness of social class membership as opposed to unawareness. Consistent with previous research, working-class…
Metropolitan Retail Nucleation
We argue that U.S. metropolitan retail nucleation, as represented by sales in the Central Business District and in retail centers, is a consequence of population growth in at least three transportation epochs, the walking and horse era, the electric streetcar era, and the automobile period. Population growth in each epoch has had a different effect on retail nucleation, with the most recent growth having had a pronounced positive effect on develo…
The Relationship of the Crude Birth Rate and its Components to Social and Economic Development
Using well-known techniques of regression analysis, we decompose the crude birth rate into six analytical components, indicating illegitimacy, the marriage rate, legitimate fertility, and sex and age composition. All the components except sex structure are important in determining differences in crude birth rates across countries of the world. The model is elaborated by showing how economic development affects the crude birth rate through its bas…
Neighborhood Life Cycles and Social Status
clearly indicated that older metropolitan areas are most apt to have higher suburban than central city status and have distance from the CBD covarying positively with census tract status. Age of metropolitan areas has been melasured several ways, including the census year that the central city reached 50,000 population [18; 9] and the amount of metropolitan population growth in various historical-transportation periods such as the electric street…
Class Consciousness and American Political Attitudes
Congestion, Concentration and Behavior
This paper first reviews the descriptions and structural explanations for variations in urban population densities in the United States over several decades. The research reviewed focuses on shifts in the technology and economics of travel as being the major influences on urban density distributions. These variables appear to be somewhat less adequate as explanations of the process in recent decades. After reviewing these findings and suggesting …
Population, Environment, and Social Organization
Journey to Work, 1960-70
In general, most metropolitan dwellers continue both to work and live within either central city or suburban rings of metropolitan areas. Nevertheless, travel across central city boundaries, inward and outward, was increasing slightly in the 1960–70 decade. And tendencies to live and work in central city or suburban rings vary clearly by the age and population size of the metropolitan area
Embourgeoisement among Blue-collar Workers
This paper examines the notion that blue-collar workers have been converting from working-class to middle-class orientations as a consequence of gains in income and education over the past few decades. Cross-sectional analysis of survey data for white workers and spouses reveals that a considerable manual-nonmanual subjective class schism persists when remaining differences in income and education are taken into account. The gap is maintained bot…
Nighttime and Daytime Populations of Large American Suburbs
Population Distribution in American Cities
Ethnic Residential Segregation
This study traces changes in patterns of ethnic residential segregation for Cleveland from 1930 to 1970 and for Boston and Seattle form 1960 to 1970. For Cleveland the data indicate some clear declines in residential segregation since 1930 for "new" southern and eastern European ethnic group; "old" groups, however, actually increased in segregation. Between 1960 and 1970, we could find few changes in patterns of ethnic segregation for Boston, Cle…
On House and Mason's Study of Alienation
Occupation and the Journey to Work
Migration and City-Suburb Status Differences
Ecological Succession in the Puget Sound Region
The Functional Reorganization of the Metropolis
The Changing Face of the Suburbs
Sociology (73 obras) · Geography (51 obras) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (41 obras) · Demography (38 obras) · Population (34 obras) · Economics (27 obras) · Political science (26 obras) · Economic geography (23 obras) · Demographic economics (20 obras) · Demography (20 obras)