Mark C Stafford
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3631468 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Mark C Stafford |
| PRENOMES | Mark C |
| SOBRENOME | Stafford |
| ASSINATURA | STAFFORD M C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Texas State University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 435 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1978 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Criminal legal sanctions and the false dichotomy between deterrence and rehabilitation
Objectives: Criminal justice policy has historically swung between punitive, deterrence-focused and rehabilitation-focused sentencing. Research has reinforced the notion that the two constitute polar ends of a spectrum. This paper seeks to contribute to sentencing scholarship aimed at understanding the nature and effects of legal sanctions. Specifically, we argue that the deterrence-rehabilitation dichotomy is false and that recognizing how the t…
Fear and perceived risk of personal and violent crime following the Boston Marathon bombing
Gauging the totality of criminal legal sanctions and punishment
Punishment—the pain and suffering associated with particular criminal legal sanctions-is central to criminal justice policy. Yet, there is a paucity of studies on the totality of legal sanctions, including the sum of all court-issued sentences, and the punishment that they produce. The gap is striking given that the totality of sanction-related punishment is central to crime and justice policy goals. These center around how society should respond…
A Reconceptualization of Social Bond Theory to Predict Change Sequences in Offending
We argue that reconceptualizing social bond theory (SBT) through incorporation of dual agency and change can identify unique causal change sequences, improve its ability to explain offending, and generate new questions about it. The reconceptualization recognizes that individuals and those with whom they interact play an ongoing role in contributing to the bond. It shows that changes in the bond can contribute to changes in delinquency through th…
The effects of Covid-19 stay-at-home orders on street and cybercrimes in a Brazilian city
A theoretical critique of deterrence-based policy
Successful' Offending
Drawing on prior work that views criminal behavior as potentially stemming from factors similar to those that influence conventional behavior, we argue that extant theories may provide a foundation for conceptualizing and explaining different dimensions of offending and that, at the same time, new theories may be needed to do so. In particular, we highlight that criminal behavior may be motivated by a variety of performance criteria similar to th…
Specific Deterrence
Specific deterrence occurs when people refrain completely from, or limit, their criminal behavior as a result of personally experiencing legal punishment, such as when an offender is arrested or imprisoned and fears further legal punishment. Specific deterrence is distinct from general deterrence which stems from vicarious experience of legal punishment, as when people observe or learn about the punishment experiences of others. Much of the relev…
Graffiti and crime in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Covid-19 and Academia
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken to mitigate its spread have presented numerous challenges for academia. Conferences are one challenge for academia in a COVID-19 environment. The present study discusses the purpose of academic conferences and provides a case study of a virtual conference in criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) that occurred in November 2020. We extracted data from the virtual conference program, from data public…
Advancing responses to mass shootings using a routine activity approach
Deterrence Theory
Deterrence is the omission or curtailment of a crime because of the fear of legal punishment. People may refrain entirely from crime because of the fear of legal punishment (absolute deterrence), or they may curtail or restrict their commission of it (restrictive deterrence). According to deterrence theory, people should be deterred (absolutely, restrictively, or both) if legal punishments are certain, severe, and swift. There are both objective …
New Call for Assessing the Effects of 21 st Century Juvenile Diversion
Causation, Theory, and Policy in the Social Sciences
Despite a penchant for constructing and testing causal theories, social scientists frequently avoid explicit discussion of causal issues. Illustrating with criminological literature, we argue that attention to particular causal issues will improve theory and theory testing and provide a more systematic basis for identifying policy applications. Our argument centers on a discussion of: (i) causal versus spurious effects, (ii) independent versus sh…
Deterrence Theory
Deterrence Theory
Deterrence theory can be traced to such early utilitarians as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham (Johnson & Wolfe 2003). The underlying idea is that people will commit crimes to the extent they are more pleasurable than painful. Certain, severe, and swift legal punishments increase the pain for crimes and, thereby, can deter people from committing them
The Management of Emotions in the Criminal Justice System
Much of the research on emotions in the workplace focuses on the management of happiness and anger, neglecting sadness. This study examines criminal justice workers' (e.g., detectives, prosecutors, and victim services counselors) management of their own and victims' sadness, and the focus is on a particular group of victims, people who have lost a loved one to murder (bereaved victims). The data come from in-depth interviews with 19 Union County …
Childrens Legal Rights in the U.S
No abstract available for this article
Inequality, Crime, and Social Control
A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence
The distinction between general and specific deterrence is widely recognized and accepted by deterrence researchers, and is used commonly to classify deterrence studies. However, the logical and empirical grounds for the distinction are not as clear as they might appear, and the conventional conception has done more to obfuscate than to clarify the deterrence process. Following a discussion of these issues, the authors propose a reconceptualizati…
A Theory of Problem-Solving Behavior
In this paper we develop a formal, testable theory of problem-solving behavior with special relevance to individuals and small groups. The theory is consistent with principles drawn from operant behavior and social exchange theories but also incorporates elements of cognitive psychology. Problem solving is defined as a nonroutine activity oriented toward changing an undersirable state of affairs. The focus on change differentiates problem solving…
Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence
Journal Article Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence Get access Charles R. Tittle, Charles R. Tittle Washington State University Direct correspondence to Charles R. Tittle, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mark C. Stafford Mark C. Stafford Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic G…
Rewards and Punishments in Complex Human Choices
Building on work on the matching law, this paper proposes a model of choice behavior that includes costs and benefits. We compare our model with alternative models in the behavioral literature, and use the results of two experiments with human subjects to assess the predictive accuracy of the various models
The Influence of Delinquent Peers
Although the association between delinquent friends and delinquent behavior is well established, the mechanism by which delinquency is socially transmitted remains unclear. Sutherlands theory of differential association holds that delinquency is a consequence of attitudes favorable to the violation of the law, attitudes that are acquired through intimate social interaction with peers. An analysis of data from the National Youth Survey indicates t…
Sociology
The Influence of Delinquent Peers
Although the association between delinquent friends and delinquent behavior is well established, the mechanism by which delinquency is socially transmitted remains unclear. Sutherlands theory of differential association holds that delinquency is a consequence of attitudes favorable to the violation of the law, attitudes that are acquired through intimate social interaction with peers. An analysis of data from the National Youth Survey indicates t…
Social Differentiation in Criminal Victimization
Recent theories posit that social differentiation in the risks of criminal victimization is due to variation in routine activities/lifestyles which place some persons or their property in proximity to motivated offenders. For a sample of 107,678 residents in thirteen U.S. cities, measures of the nature and quantity of routine activities outside the home (major daytime activity, frequency of nighttime activity) are introduced to assess the mediati…
Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk, and Fear of Crime
Studies of fear of crime repeatedly point to an apparent paradox: fear of crime and risk of victimization are related inversely among demographic groups (i.e., age, race, and sex groups). However, data from surveys of Chicago residents show that fear of crime is related positively to victimization rates once they are adjusted for exposure to risk. When demographic variables are included with the adjusted rates as predictors of fear of crime, age …
Fear of Victimization
Research on fear of victimization continues to overlook the proximate causes of fear, relying instead on tacit and untested assumptions about those causes. For example, it is widely accepted that Americans are most afraid of violent or personal crimes, as if the perceived seriousness of offenses were the only determinant of fear. Were that true, fear would almost certainly be immutable (how does one reduce the perceived seriousness of crimes?). D…
The Management of Emotions in the Criminal Justice System
Much of the research on emotions in the workplace focuses on the management of happiness and anger, neglecting sadness. This study examines criminal justice workers' (e.g., detectives, prosecutors, and victim services counselors) management of their own and victims' sadness, and the focus is on a particular group of victims, people who have lost a loved one to murder (bereaved victims). The data come from in-depth interviews with 19 Union County …
On Social Learning and Deviant Behavior
Modeling the Deterrent Effects of Punishment
Nonexperimental (homicide) and experimental data are used to study the effects of the certainty and severity of punishment. Many deterrence researchers, working without systematic theory of how punishments should operate to influence behavior, have opted for a simple additive model of certainty and severity. However, a satisfaction balance model-a social psychological theory representing a modification of the matching equation and positing intera…
Sanctions, modeling, and deviant behavior
The Normative Erosion Hypothesis
The normative erosion hypothesis is that nonpunitive reactions by legal officials will erode offenders' normative evaluations of delinquency. Consistent with the hypothesis, survey data from Arizon
A Major Problem with the Theory of Status Integration and Suicide
Data from the 1970 U.S. census permit the most complete test of status integration theory ever undertaken, one based on four sets of achieved statuses (employment, household, marital, and residential) and three sets of ascribed statuses (age, race, and sex). A series of “between-columns” tests does not support the theory; and, contrary to expectations, simultaneous measures of status integration (i.e., measures based on a cross-classification of …
Gauging the totality of criminal legal sanctions and punishment
Punishment—the pain and suffering associated with particular criminal legal sanctions-is central to criminal justice policy. Yet, there is a paucity of studies on the totality of legal sanctions, including the sum of all court-issued sentences, and the punishment that they produce. The gap is striking given that the totality of sanction-related punishment is central to crime and justice policy goals. These center around how society should respond…
A Theory of Problem-Solving Behavior
In this paper we develop a formal, testable theory of problem-solving behavior with special relevance to individuals and small groups. The theory is consistent with principles drawn from operant behavior and social exchange theories but also incorporates elements of cognitive psychology. Problem solving is defined as a nonroutine activity oriented toward changing an undersirable state of affairs. The focus on change differentiates problem solving…
Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence
Journal Article Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence Get access Charles R. Tittle, Charles R. Tittle Washington State University Direct correspondence to Charles R. Tittle, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mark C. Stafford Mark C. Stafford Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic G…
Change in the Relation between Marital Integration and Suicide Rates
Journal Article Change in the Relation Between Marital Integration and Suicide Rates Get access Mark C. Stafford, Mark C. Stafford Washington State University Address correspondence to Mark Stafford, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jack P. Gibbs Jack P. Gibbs Vanderbilt University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Acade…
Successful' Offending
Drawing on prior work that views criminal behavior as potentially stemming from factors similar to those that influence conventional behavior, we argue that extant theories may provide a foundation for conceptualizing and explaining different dimensions of offending and that, at the same time, new theories may be needed to do so. In particular, we highlight that criminal behavior may be motivated by a variety of performance criteria similar to th…
New Call for Assessing the Effects of 21 st Century Juvenile Diversion
Rewards and Punishments in Complex Human Choices
Building on work on the matching law, this paper proposes a model of choice behavior that includes costs and benefits. We compare our model with alternative models in the behavioral literature, and use the results of two experiments with human subjects to assess the predictive accuracy of the various models
On Choice Behavior in Individual and Social Situations
Gray and Tallman's (1984) model of individual choice is extended to explain the choice behavior of groups. Experimental data on dyads tend to support the model and, when compared to comparable data on individuals, show how group choice behavior differs from individual choice behavior. Groups are less likely than individuals to choose a behavior whose relative worth is low, and are more likely to engage in a behavior if its relative worth is high.…
Criminology
Love and the American Delinquent
Juvenile Justice
Social Sources of Delinquency
On Social Learning and Deviant Behavior
Fear of Victimization
Research on fear of victimization continues to overlook the proximate causes of fear, relying instead on tacit and untested assumptions about those causes. For example, it is widely accepted that Americans are most afraid of violent or personal crimes, as if the perceived seriousness of offenses were the only determinant of fear. Were that true, fear would almost certainly be immutable (how does one reduce the perceived seriousness of crimes?). D…
Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk, and Fear of Crime
Studies of fear of crime repeatedly point to an apparent paradox: fear of crime and risk of victimization are related inversely among demographic groups (i.e., age, race, and sex groups). However, data from surveys of Chicago residents show that fear of crime is related positively to victimization rates once they are adjusted for exposure to risk. When demographic variables are included with the adjusted rates as predictors of fear of crime, age …
The Normative Erosion Hypothesis
The normative erosion hypothesis is that nonpunitive reactions by legal officials will erode offenders' normative evaluations of delinquency. Consistent with the hypothesis, survey data from Arizon
Observational and Experiential Effects in Probability Learning
Louis N. Gray, David A. Ward, Mark C. Stafford, Ben A. Menke, Observational and Experiential Effects in Probability Learning: The Case of a Deviant Behavior, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), pp. 78-85
A Major Problem with the Theory of Status Integration and Suicide
Data from the 1970 U.S. census permit the most complete test of status integration theory ever undertaken, one based on four sets of achieved statuses (employment, household, marital, and residential) and three sets of ascribed statuses (age, race, and sex). A series of “between-columns” tests does not support the theory; and, contrary to expectations, simultaneous measures of status integration (i.e., measures based on a cross-classification of …
Stigma, Deviance, and Social Control
Modeling the Deterrent Effects of Punishment
Nonexperimental (homicide) and experimental data are used to study the effects of the certainty and severity of punishment. Many deterrence researchers, working without systematic theory of how punishments should operate to influence behavior, have opted for a simple additive model of certainty and severity. However, a satisfaction balance model-a social psychological theory representing a modification of the matching equation and positing intera…
Sanctions, modeling, and deviant behavior
Social Differentiation in Criminal Victimization
Recent theories posit that social differentiation in the risks of criminal victimization is due to variation in routine activities/lifestyles which place some persons or their property in proximity to motivated offenders. For a sample of 107,678 residents in thirteen U.S. cities, measures of the nature and quantity of routine activities outside the home (major daytime activity, frequency of nighttime activity) are introduced to assess the mediati…
On Choice Behavior in Individual and Social Situations
Gray and Tallman's (1984) model of individual choice is extended to explain the choice behavior of groups. Experimental data on dyads tend to support the model and, when compared to comparable data on individuals, show how group choice behavior differs from individual choice behavior. Groups are less likely than individuals to choose a behavior whose relative worth is low, and are more likely to engage in a behavior if its relative worth is high.…
Change in the Relation between Marital Integration and Suicide Rates
Journal Article Change in the Relation Between Marital Integration and Suicide Rates Get access Mark C. Stafford, Mark C. Stafford Washington State University Address correspondence to Mark Stafford, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jack P. Gibbs Jack P. Gibbs Vanderbilt University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Acade…
Sociology
Rewards and Punishments in Complex Human Choices
Building on work on the matching law, this paper proposes a model of choice behavior that includes costs and benefits. We compare our model with alternative models in the behavioral literature, and use the results of two experiments with human subjects to assess the predictive accuracy of the various models
The Influence of Delinquent Peers
Although the association between delinquent friends and delinquent behavior is well established, the mechanism by which delinquency is socially transmitted remains unclear. Sutherlands theory of differential association holds that delinquency is a consequence of attitudes favorable to the violation of the law, attitudes that are acquired through intimate social interaction with peers. An analysis of data from the National Youth Survey indicates t…
Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence
Journal Article Urban Theory, Urbanism, and Suburban Residence Get access Charles R. Tittle, Charles R. Tittle Washington State University Direct correspondence to Charles R. Tittle, Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mark C. Stafford Mark C. Stafford Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic G…
A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence
The distinction between general and specific deterrence is widely recognized and accepted by deterrence researchers, and is used commonly to classify deterrence studies. However, the logical and empirical grounds for the distinction are not as clear as they might appear, and the conventional conception has done more to obfuscate than to clarify the deterrence process. Following a discussion of these issues, the authors propose a reconceptualizati…
A Theory of Problem-Solving Behavior
In this paper we develop a formal, testable theory of problem-solving behavior with special relevance to individuals and small groups. The theory is consistent with principles drawn from operant behavior and social exchange theories but also incorporates elements of cognitive psychology. Problem solving is defined as a nonroutine activity oriented toward changing an undersirable state of affairs. The focus on change differentiates problem solving…
Childrens Legal Rights in the U.S
No abstract available for this article
Inequality, Crime, and Social Control
The Management of Emotions in the Criminal Justice System
Much of the research on emotions in the workplace focuses on the management of happiness and anger, neglecting sadness. This study examines criminal justice workers' (e.g., detectives, prosecutors, and victim services counselors) management of their own and victims' sadness, and the focus is on a particular group of victims, people who have lost a loved one to murder (bereaved victims). The data come from in-depth interviews with 19 Union County …
Psychology (28 obras) · Criminology (23 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (20 obras) · Social Psychology (20 obras) · Sociology (20 obras) · Political science (17 obras) · Law (14 obras) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (12 obras) · Social Psychology (12 obras) · Computer Science (11 obras)