James Hartley
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3655742 |
|---|---|
| NOME | James Hartley |
| PRENOMES | James |
| SOBRENOME | Hartley |
| ASSINATURA | HARTLEY J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Keele University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-6461-3266 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 40 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 45 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 40 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1965 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Student‐led ward rounds
Classic articles in Psychology in the Science Citation Index Expanded
Who today are the most highly cited psychologists listed in the Web of Science? This paper reports answers to this question by using the Science Citation Index Expanded to find out. This index covers over 280,350 documents in the Psychology category of the Web of Science from 1900 to 2013 and lists the most highly cited papers published between 1927 and 2012. For example, in 2013, an article published by Jacob Cohen in 1992 obtained (1) the highe…
The effects of changes in the order of verbal labels and numerical values on children's scores on attitude and rating scales
Research with adults has shown that variations in verbal labels and numerical scale values on rating scales can affect the responses given. However, few studies have been conducted with children. The study aimed to examine potential differences in children's responses to Likert‐type rating scales according to their anchor points and scale direction and to see whether or not such differences were stable over time. A total of 130 British children, …
A World Map of Knowledge in the Making
Analysis of Wikipedia's inter-language links provides insight into a new mechanism of knowledge sharing and linking worldwide
Publishing pedagogies for the doctorate and beyond
edited by Claire Aitchison, Barbara Kamler, and Alison Lee, London, Routledge, 2010, 159 pp., £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978‐0‐415‐48019‐2 Around the world the nature of the postgraduate experience i
Four layouts and a finding
There are numerous ways of displaying Likert‐type scales but only a few investigators have investigated these differences systematically. In this study we report the results that we found when we compared four different layouts: scales that went numerically from ‘0’ to ‘10’, or from ‘10’ to ‘0’, and scales that went verbally from ‘clear’ to ‘unclear’, or ‘unclear’ to ‘clear’. Over 450 participants rated each of seven aspects of a structured abstr…
Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening
In this paper I examine the citations in recent review articles in applied linguistics to point out that there appears to be a distinct lack of overlap between references to work in four inter-related areas—reading, writing, speaking, and listening. I then point to areas of research where I think it particularly important to consider these different facets of communication together, and I list one or two papers where this is done.
What price presentation? The effects of typographic variables on essay grades
The marks awarded to 130 second‐year undergraduate word‐processed essays were assessed in relation to their use of different typographic features. By and large most of these features had little effect on the essay grades. However, essays printed in 12‐point type gained significantly higher marks (mean = 56.8) than essays printed in 10‐point type (mean = 52.7), and essays using a combination of popular features (Times Roman, 12‐point, double‐space…
Teachers’ beliefs and intentions concerning teaching in higher education
Clarity Across the Disciplines
Computer-based readability measures were used to examine the clarity of texts written in the sciences, the social sciences, and the arts and humanities. Five studies examined texts that were written in these different disciplines for different audiences, moving from fellow researchers to students and the general public. Readability increased across these genres until it reached an asymptote. In several cases, the scientific texts used shorter sen…
Assessing the mock viva
Many postgraduate students in Britain experience a ‘mock’ viva some time before their ‘real’ one, but little has been published on this aspect of gaining a Ph.D. or professional doctorate. In this study questionnaire data on the experiences and feelings of 29 UK postgraduate students concerning their mock vivas are summarized. The results suggest that there are considerable disparities in procedures within and across institutions, and that studen…
Improving the Clarity of Journal Abstracts in Psychology
Background. Previous research with structured abstracts has taken place in mainly medical contexts. This research indicated that such abstracts are more informative, more readable, and more appreciated by readers than are traditional abstracts. Aim. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that structured abstracts might also be appropriate for a particular psychology journal. Method. Twenty-four traditional abstracts from the Journal of …
Style and Substance in Psychology
The results from four studies are reported separately to test the idea that influential articles in psychology will be more readable than less influential ones. This idea is upheld when the papers involved are ones that have been highly rated by fellow colleagues (Studies 1 and 2) but it is not supported when the papers involved are highly-cited journal articles (Studies 3 and 4)
On Choosing Typographic Settings for Reference Lists
On Choosing Typographic Settings for Reference Lists
References at the end of journal articles are typically printed in one of three or four major referencing styles, together with hundreds of different ways of presenting the elements within the references themselves. This paper suggests that greater clarity could be achieved by choosing between one of two major referencing styles, and using an agreed setting for the elements within both of them
Here's the Address
Here's the Address
Response Format in Writing Self-Efficacy Assessment
Writing self-efficacy scales differing in response format were compared. A scale with a 0-100 format was psychometrically stronger than a scale with a traditional Likert format
Where is the Address
Obtaining Reprints—Does Color Help
This article compares the response rates for obtaining journal reprints from colleagues when the requests were made using either a yellow or a white postcard. The color of the card had no significant effect on the response rates, which were similar to those obtained in an earlier study
An evaluation of structured abstracts in journals published by the British Psychological Society
Background. In 1997 four journals published by the British Psychological Society - the British Journal of Clinical Psychology, the British Journal of Educational Psychology, the British Journal of Health Psychology, and Legal and Criminological Psychology - began publishing structured abstracts.Aims. The aim of the studies reported here was to assess the effectiveness of these structured abstracts by comparing them with original versions written …
Divergent thinking in arts and science students
This study replicates, with some modifications, Hartley & Beasley's (1969) study that found that arts students at Keele University differed significantly from science students on two open-ended divergent thinking tests. Students were divided into four groups: those studying (i) pure arts, (ii) arts and social science, (iii) social science and science, and (iv) pure sciences. Weak support was found for the notion that divergent thinking test score…
Postcard, Letter, or E-Mail? What's the Best Way to Obtain a Reprint
This article compares the response rates and the average response times for three methods of obtaining journal reprints from colleagues. In the first study, requests for reprints were sent by postcard, letter, or a letter enclosing additional material for the reprint author. The response rates (approximately 66 percent) and the average times to reply did not differ significantly. In the second study, requests for reprints were sent by postcards o…
Three ways to improve the clarity of journal abstracts
Fourteen abstracts, taken from a recent issue of the British Journal of Educational Psychology, were printed in four different versions. Version 1 was the original format. Version 2 matched Version 1, but its type-size was increased to that of the corresponding article. Version 3 matched Version 2, but paragraphs were introduced to clarify the underlying structure. Version 4 matched Version 3, but the text of the abstract was rewritten in an atte…
"A Postscript to Wainer's "Understanding Graphs and Tables
First of all, tables appear hand in hand with text, and the text usually makes references to the tables at appropriate points. Thus Wainer starts, We begin with Table 1. Unfortunately many printers, when positioning tables in the text, do so without reference to this textual pointer. Tables are fitted to the top or the bottom of the page and within the column width(s). One consequence of this is that a table is often placed in the wrong place. In…
Response Format in Writing Self-Efficacy Assessment
Writing self-efficacy scales differing in response format were compared. A scale with a 0-100 format was psychometrically stronger than a scale with a traditional Likert format
Clarity Across the Disciplines
Computer-based readability measures were used to examine the clarity of texts written in the sciences, the social sciences, and the arts and humanities. Five studies examined texts that were written in these different disciplines for different audiences, moving from fellow researchers to students and the general public. Readability increased across these genres until it reached an asymptote. In several cases, the scientific texts used shorter sen…
Style and Substance in Psychology
The results from four studies are reported separately to test the idea that influential articles in psychology will be more readable than less influential ones. This idea is upheld when the papers involved are ones that have been highly rated by fellow colleagues (Studies 1 and 2) but it is not supported when the papers involved are highly-cited journal articles (Studies 3 and 4)
Four layouts and a finding
There are numerous ways of displaying Likert‐type scales but only a few investigators have investigated these differences systematically. In this study we report the results that we found when we compared four different layouts: scales that went numerically from ‘0’ to ‘10’, or from ‘10’ to ‘0’, and scales that went verbally from ‘clear’ to ‘unclear’, or ‘unclear’ to ‘clear’. Over 450 participants rated each of seven aspects of a structured abstr…
Improving the Clarity of Journal Abstracts in Psychology
Background. Previous research with structured abstracts has taken place in mainly medical contexts. This research indicated that such abstracts are more informative, more readable, and more appreciated by readers than are traditional abstracts. Aim. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that structured abstracts might also be appropriate for a particular psychology journal. Method. Twenty-four traditional abstracts from the Journal of …
Academic Motivation and Programmed Learning
S ummary . After discussion of the concept of academic motivation, the paper describes the development of a questionnaire designed to measure academic motivation in English secondary school children. The questionnaire having proved to be valid and reliable, scores were used as a basis for pairing pupils to work together through a programmed text. Pupils from four unstreamed classes were selected to form three sets of pairs—those with high motivat…
An evaluation of structured abstracts in journals published by the British Psychological Society
Background. In 1997 four journals published by the British Psychological Society - the British Journal of Clinical Psychology, the British Journal of Educational Psychology, the British Journal of Health Psychology, and Legal and Criminological Psychology - began publishing structured abstracts.Aims. The aim of the studies reported here was to assess the effectiveness of these structured abstracts by comparing them with original versions written …
Three ways to improve the clarity of journal abstracts
Fourteen abstracts, taken from a recent issue of the British Journal of Educational Psychology, were printed in four different versions. Version 1 was the original format. Version 2 matched Version 1, but its type-size was increased to that of the corresponding article. Version 3 matched Version 2, but paragraphs were introduced to clarify the underlying structure. Version 4 matched Version 3, but the text of the abstract was rewritten in an atte…
Academics and their writing
This paper presents the results from a questionnaire on academic writing which was sent to a representative sample of 75 academics at the University of Keele, England, and 100 academics at the University of Waterloo, Canada. The response rate from each institution was low (41 and 34% respectively) but higher than that reported in earlier research. An analysis of the results obtained, comparing arts, social science and science faculties is present…
A World Map of Knowledge in the Making
Analysis of Wikipedia's inter-language links provides insight into a new mechanism of knowledge sharing and linking worldwide
Assessing the mock viva
Many postgraduate students in Britain experience a ‘mock’ viva some time before their ‘real’ one, but little has been published on this aspect of gaining a Ph.D. or professional doctorate. In this study questionnaire data on the experiences and feelings of 29 UK postgraduate students concerning their mock vivas are summarized. The results suggest that there are considerable disparities in procedures within and across institutions, and that studen…
Where is the Address
The Effects of Headings in Text on Recall, Search and Retrieval
S ummary . This paper summarises the results from nine experiments on headings. The experiments centre on three main variables (i) the purpose of the task (recall, search or retrieval from familiar and unfamiliar text); (ii) the position of the headings (marginal or embedded); and (iii) the nature of the headings (statements or questions). The results showed that headings aided recall, search and retrieval from the text used in these experiments,…
Linear and Skip‐branching Programmes
S ummary . The results of a comparison between a skip‐branching and a linear programme designed to teach logarithms to secondary modern school pupils, indicated an initial superiority for the branching programme which disappeared on retest, two weeks later. The test and retest results of the branching programme correlated significantly with intelligence; those of the linear programme did not. Analysis showed that the branching programme catered a…
Some Learning Models for Arithmetic Tasks and Their Use in Computer Based Learning
S ummary . There are many advantages in having the computer individualise instruction by generating teaching material when it is needed, at a level which suits a pupil's particular competence. This requires valid models of task difficulty, and this paper describes such models and the experiments to validate them, for practice tasks in arithmetic computation. Using criteria of probability of success and rate of working for each column of an additi…
Academic Motivation and Programmed Learning
S ummary . After discussion of the concept of academic motivation, the paper describes the development of a questionnaire designed to measure academic motivation in English secondary school children. The questionnaire having proved to be valid and reliable, scores were used as a basis for pairing pupils to work together through a programmed text. Pupils from four unstreamed classes were selected to form three sets of pairs—those with high motivat…
Feedback Procedures in Computer‐assisted Arithmetic Instruction
S ummary . A computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) system can provide detailed and immediate feedback following every student response. Two such procedures, labelled ‘active’ and ‘passive’ were designed for helping children to multiply two‐ and three‐digit numbers by one‐digit numbers. The active feedback procedure required an overt response to be given to each element in the procedure for computing the answer. The ‘passive’ procedure merely printe…
Alternatives in the typographic design of questionnaires
Four layouts for a questionnaire were designed and a comparison made between them in terms of cost of production, ease of completion, and speed of data retrieval and coding. The results indicated no significant differences in terms of speed of completion and coding, but that cost‐benefits would emerge for different layouts, particularly if traditional printing methods of production were employed
The Effect of Headings on Children's Recall From Prose Text
S ummary . One hundred and seventy‐five children studied a short passage in one of four conditions—control, passage with title, passage with headings in the form of statements, and passage with headings in the form of questions. The results showed that the passages with headings were recalled significantly better than the control passage or the passage with a title, on both immediate and long‐term recall (14 days later). In addition, low ability …
Sir Cyril Burt and typography
Sir Cyril Burt contributed to five main areas of typographical research: spacing words and text; the use of serifs; the effects of typefaces, typesizes and line‐lengths on reading comprehension; and aesthetic preferences. Hearnshaw (1979) assessed this contribution as worthy of ‘well‐merited acclaim’. In this article we examine what Burt had to say on each of these issues, and how far what is said is applicable to typographic practice today. It a…
The Effects of Headings in Text on Recall, Search and Retrieval
S ummary . This paper summarises the results from nine experiments on headings. The experiments centre on three main variables (i) the purpose of the task (recall, search or retrieval from familiar and unfamiliar text); (ii) the position of the headings (marginal or embedded); and (iii) the nature of the headings (statements or questions). The results showed that headings aided recall, search and retrieval from the text used in these experiments,…
Academics and their writing
This paper presents the results from a questionnaire on academic writing which was sent to a representative sample of 75 academics at the University of Keele, England, and 100 academics at the University of Waterloo, Canada. The response rate from each institution was low (41 and 34% respectively) but higher than that reported in earlier research. An analysis of the results obtained, comparing arts, social science and science faculties is present…
Improving Study‐skills
This article considers four areas of research on study‐skills. The article begins by documenting the development of interest in study‐skills courses in British secondary and primary schools. It continues by examining some of the research on study‐skills courses and their components—most of which has been carried out in the context of higher education. A third section contrasts individualised study‐skills courses developing in Britain with more di…
A code of practice for refereeing journal articles
A code of practice for refereeing journal articles
Tabling information
Tabling information
Sex Differences in Handwriting
Margaret Spear suggests either that there are differences between the handwriting of boys and girls or that teachers are operating with popular cultural stereotypes. This paper presents evidence to show that there are indeed substantial differences between the handwriting of boys and girls and that this difference is clearly recognised by seven to eight year‐olds
"A Postscript to Wainer's "Understanding Graphs and Tables
First of all, tables appear hand in hand with text, and the text usually makes references to the tables at appropriate points. Thus Wainer starts, We begin with Table 1. Unfortunately many printers, when positioning tables in the text, do so without reference to this textual pointer. Tables are fitted to the top or the bottom of the page and within the column width(s). One consequence of this is that a table is often placed in the wrong place. In…
Three ways to improve the clarity of journal abstracts
Fourteen abstracts, taken from a recent issue of the British Journal of Educational Psychology, were printed in four different versions. Version 1 was the original format. Version 2 matched Version 1, but its type-size was increased to that of the corresponding article. Version 3 matched Version 2, but paragraphs were introduced to clarify the underlying structure. Version 4 matched Version 3, but the text of the abstract was rewritten in an atte…
Divergent thinking in arts and science students
This study replicates, with some modifications, Hartley & Beasley's (1969) study that found that arts students at Keele University differed significantly from science students on two open-ended divergent thinking tests. Students were divided into four groups: those studying (i) pure arts, (ii) arts and social science, (iii) social science and science, and (iv) pure sciences. Weak support was found for the notion that divergent thinking test score…
Postcard, Letter, or E-Mail? What's the Best Way to Obtain a Reprint
This article compares the response rates and the average response times for three methods of obtaining journal reprints from colleagues. In the first study, requests for reprints were sent by postcard, letter, or a letter enclosing additional material for the reprint author. The response rates (approximately 66 percent) and the average times to reply did not differ significantly. In the second study, requests for reprints were sent by postcards o…
An evaluation of structured abstracts in journals published by the British Psychological Society
Background. In 1997 four journals published by the British Psychological Society - the British Journal of Clinical Psychology, the British Journal of Educational Psychology, the British Journal of Health Psychology, and Legal and Criminological Psychology - began publishing structured abstracts.Aims. The aim of the studies reported here was to assess the effectiveness of these structured abstracts by comparing them with original versions written …
Obtaining Reprints—Does Color Help
This article compares the response rates for obtaining journal reprints from colleagues when the requests were made using either a yellow or a white postcard. The color of the card had no significant effect on the response rates, which were similar to those obtained in an earlier study
Response Format in Writing Self-Efficacy Assessment
Writing self-efficacy scales differing in response format were compared. A scale with a 0-100 format was psychometrically stronger than a scale with a traditional Likert format
Where is the Address
Style and Substance in Psychology
The results from four studies are reported separately to test the idea that influential articles in psychology will be more readable than less influential ones. This idea is upheld when the papers involved are ones that have been highly rated by fellow colleagues (Studies 1 and 2) but it is not supported when the papers involved are highly-cited journal articles (Studies 3 and 4)
On Choosing Typographic Settings for Reference Lists
Psychology (32 obras) · Computer Science (17 obras) · Mathematics education (13 obras) · Social Psychology (11 obras) · Mathematics (9 obras) · Linguistics (7 obras) · Philosophy (7 obras) · Sociology (7 obras) · Academic Writing and Publishing (6 obras) · Developmental psychology (6 obras)