Mary Aiken Littauer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 367835 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Mary Aiken Littauer |
| PRENOMES | Mary Aiken |
| SOBRENOME | Littauer |
| ASSINATURA | LITTAUER M A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Syosset Hospital |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 37 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 60 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1968 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2003 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Harness and trappings
Chariot
Selected Writings on Chariots, Other Early Vehicles, Riding and Harness
The Earliest Evidence for Metal Bridle Parts
Recent discoveries in different parts of the Near East have led the authors to reconsider the early history of metal driving bits. These now seem to go back into the third millennium BC, which is much earlier that the evidence previously indicated. The paper also includes a brief discussion of the links – if these existed at all – with early bridle bits made of organic materials from the southern Urals–Volga area
Vorderasiatische Wagentypen im Spiegel der Terracottaplastik bis zur Altbabylonischen Zeit
Robert Drews and the Role of Chariotry in Bronze Age Greece
Chariots figure prominently in two recent books by Robert Drews. He considers these fast, horse‐drawn vehicles as having revolutionized warfare in Greece and the Near East in the second millennium B.C., with serious political and social implications. The present article, to a considerable extent based on earlier works by the authors, shows that several of Drews’ assertions are untenable and that chariots played a much less significant role than h…
The origin of the true chariot
New dates and new finds give cause to look again at that central issue in later European prehistory - the origin of wheeled light vehicles of battle
Assyrian Trigas and Russian Dvoikas
Much has been written about chariots with three-horse hitches in antiquity. Although the triga's use in racing is generally accepted, its suitability for the battlefield is more often questioned. Greek evidence for its use is found in the Iliad and in a few figured documents of the 8th century B.C. and later (Wiesner 1968, 20–2, 66; Chamoux 1975). In Italy the triga was known to both the Etruscans and the Romans (Bronson 1965; Humphrey 1985, 16 f…
The Trundholm horse's trappings
Issue is taken with the identification of marks on the Trundholm horse, from the later Bronze Age of Denmark, as depiction of a chamfrein
A Terracott a Wagon Model From Syria in Oxford
(1990). 3. A Terracott a Wagon Model From Syria in Oxford. Levant: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 160-162.
Ceremonial Threshing in the Ancient Near East
Quelques sources archeologiques montrent l'existence d'un battage ceremoniel au Proche-Orient : impression d'un sceau du style d'Uruk trouve a Arslan Tepe, une plaque de pierre du British Museum de provenance inconnue, un sceau conserve a New York dans le style Jemdet-Nasr
Chariots and Related Equipment from the Tomb of Tut'ankhamun
A Pair of Horse Bits of the Second Millennium B.C. from Iraq
This note concerns a pair of copper/bronze horse bits from recent excavations at Tell al-Haddad, a site in the region of the Hamrin Dam project in eastern Iraq. The bits were found in 1980 by Iraqi archaeologists in the course of the removal of a grave belonging to a modern cemetery that covered the whole of the mound. Nothing was found with the bits to fix their date, but pottery described by the excavators as Kassite was found over the tell, be…
New Type of Bit from Iran
A Near Eastern Bridle Bit of the Second Millennium b.c. In New York
In a recent issue of this journal we published a bronze horse bit with a solid bar mouthpiece and circular cheekpieces, pre~ently in the Israel Museum, j erusalem.1 Although the provenance and history of the object are unknown, it was presumably made during the second half of the second millennium B.C., somewhere in the Near East, and possibly in the Levant. Since then another cast bronze bit of related type has come to light in the collection of…
Chariots in late bronze age Greece
The long-standing debate on the military use of chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece was joined in 1973 by P. A. L. Greenhalgh. In his provocative book, he argued that Mycenaean warriors using thrusting spears had fought at speed from massed chariots. At the same time he rejected as unrealistic Homer's descriptions of chariots as conveyances for warriors who dismounted to fight on foot.These opinions were recently briefly restated in ANTIQUITY, whe…
Iii
"III: A Bridle Bit of the Second Millennium B.C. in Jerusalem." Levant, 14(1), p. 178
Early stirrups
The stirrup helped a more heavily armoured rider to mount a bigger horse; it is considered to have permitted the shock encounter with couched lance and, by offering lateral support, to have encouraged the development of the sabre; it provided a top-heavy armoured warrior with more stability in the saddle, and it gave archers the possibility to rise and turn in the saddle, as well as furnishing them with a firmer base from which to shoot
An Egyptian Wheel in Brooklyn
An Egyptian Wheel in Brooklyn
Rock Carvings of Chariots in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Outer Mongolia
Petroglyphs of light, spoked-wheeled chariots have recently been discovered in Armenia, in the Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan and in the western Gobi. These will have to be considered in any future general surveys of chariotry. Although some have not yet received full publication, and although not all publications have been accessible to the author, the carvings seem too important to wait longer before being brought to the…
Hipposandals again. Plus ça change
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The origin and diffusion of the cross-bar wheel
The cross-bar wheel has never been completely legitimized in the history of draught, being alternately declared in direct line of descent or merely collateral. This wheel (PL. IXa and FIG. 7) is characterized by a single diametric bar, thick enough to accommodate the nave, and by two slender 'cross-bars' on either side of the nave which traverse the central bar at right angles to it, and the ends of which are mortised into the felloe. There may a…
A Bronze Chariot Group from the Levant in Paris
Terracotta Models as Evidence for Vehicles with Tilts in the Ancient Near East
In his important study of early wheeled vehicles from the Caucasus region, S. Piggott briefly considered two terracotta models of wagons with arched tilts from the Near East (Piggott 1968, 273). Following Speiser (1934), he argued that the actual wagons represented by these models had been introduced into the Near East from the Caucasus by the later 3rd millennium B.C. The present article aims at a more comprehensive review of the Near-Eastern ev…
Bits and Pieces
A number of relatively recent works concerned entirely or incidentally with early horse gear call attention to the fact that various features of this are still imperfectly understood. At the same time, new discoveries have shed new light (Anderson, 1961; Childe, 1954; Hančar, 1955; Jope, 1956; Karageorghis, 1962, 1965, 1967; Nagel, 1966; Potratz, 1966; Salonen, 1956). J. A. H. Potratz, notably, despite great familiarity with bit material, fails t…
Robert Drews and the Role of Chariotry in Bronze Age Greece
Chariots figure prominently in two recent books by Robert Drews. He considers these fast, horse‐drawn vehicles as having revolutionized warfare in Greece and the Near East in the second millennium B.C., with serious political and social implications. The present article, to a considerable extent based on earlier works by the authors, shows that several of Drews’ assertions are untenable and that chariots played a much less significant role than h…
The origin of the true chariot
New dates and new finds give cause to look again at that central issue in later European prehistory - the origin of wheeled light vehicles of battle
The Military Use of the Chariot in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age
The Function of the Yoke Saddle in Ancient Harnessing
Dr Watson's review of Dr von Dewall's Pferd und Wagen im Frühen China in your June issue raised a very interesting question, a hitherto unexplored aspect of which is indicated, if never developed, in the book.Dr Watson writes that the author 'Rather surprisingly, sees no problem in the perennial question of the plac-hest or neck-on which the yoked horses took the load, and assumes that the system of traces kept the point of draught low and protec…
On Upper Paleolithic Engraving
Chariots in late bronze age Greece
The long-standing debate on the military use of chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece was joined in 1973 by P. A. L. Greenhalgh. In his provocative book, he argued that Mycenaean warriors using thrusting spears had fought at speed from massed chariots. At the same time he rejected as unrealistic Homer's descriptions of chariots as conveyances for warriors who dismounted to fight on foot.These opinions were recently briefly restated in ANTIQUITY, whe…
Rock Carvings of Chariots in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Outer Mongolia
Petroglyphs of light, spoked-wheeled chariots have recently been discovered in Armenia, in the Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan and in the western Gobi. These will have to be considered in any future general surveys of chariotry. Although some have not yet received full publication, and although not all publications have been accessible to the author, the carvings seem too important to wait longer before being brought to the…
The origin and diffusion of the cross-bar wheel
The cross-bar wheel has never been completely legitimized in the history of draught, being alternately declared in direct line of descent or merely collateral. This wheel (PL. IXa and FIG. 7) is characterized by a single diametric bar, thick enough to accommodate the nave, and by two slender 'cross-bars' on either side of the nave which traverse the central bar at right angles to it, and the ends of which are mortised into the felloe. There may a…
The Earliest Evidence for Metal Bridle Parts
Recent discoveries in different parts of the Near East have led the authors to reconsider the early history of metal driving bits. These now seem to go back into the third millennium BC, which is much earlier that the evidence previously indicated. The paper also includes a brief discussion of the links – if these existed at all – with early bridle bits made of organic materials from the southern Urals–Volga area
The Trundholm horse's trappings
Issue is taken with the identification of marks on the Trundholm horse, from the later Bronze Age of Denmark, as depiction of a chamfrein
Early stirrups
The stirrup helped a more heavily armoured rider to mount a bigger horse; it is considered to have permitted the shock encounter with couched lance and, by offering lateral support, to have encouraged the development of the sabre; it provided a top-heavy armoured warrior with more stability in the saddle, and it gave archers the possibility to rise and turn in the saddle, as well as furnishing them with a firmer base from which to shoot
The Vulture Stela and an Early Type of Two-Wheeled Vehicle
Early Horseshoe Problems Again
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
A 19th and 20th Dynasty Heroic Motif on Attic Black-Figured Vases
The Function of the Yoke Saddle in Ancient Harnessing
Dr Watson's review of Dr von Dewall's Pferd und Wagen im Frühen China in your June issue raised a very interesting question, a hitherto unexplored aspect of which is indicated, if never developed, in the book.Dr Watson writes that the author 'Rather surprisingly, sees no problem in the perennial question of the plac-hest or neck-on which the yoked horses took the load, and assumes that the system of traces kept the point of draught low and protec…
Early Horseshoe Problems Again
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Bits and Pieces
A number of relatively recent works concerned entirely or incidentally with early horse gear call attention to the fact that various features of this are still imperfectly understood. At the same time, new discoveries have shed new light (Anderson, 1961; Childe, 1954; Hančar, 1955; Jope, 1956; Karageorghis, 1962, 1965, 1967; Nagel, 1966; Potratz, 1966; Salonen, 1956). J. A. H. Potratz, notably, despite great familiarity with bit material, fails t…
The Figured Evidence for a Small Pony in the Ancient Near East
Dr. P. R. S. Moorey has recently established the identity of a ridden animal on terracotta relief plaques of early 2nd-millennium B.C. Mesopotamia as a true, if very small, Equus caballus . The presence of this species in this region at so early a date has, until now, often been seriously doubted. Also quite recently, a distinct strain of small-pony-sized horse (of 1.20m or under at the withers) has been identified in Iran. The slenderness index …
The Military Use of the Chariot in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age
Early Metal Models of Wagons from the Levant
The Dating of a Chariot Ivory from Nimrud Considered Once Again
Evidence for Horse Bits from Shaft Grave IV at Mycenae
The Vulture Stela and an Early Type of Two-Wheeled Vehicle
Terracotta Models as Evidence for Vehicles with Tilts in the Ancient Near East
In his important study of early wheeled vehicles from the Caucasus region, S. Piggott briefly considered two terracotta models of wagons with arched tilts from the Near East (Piggott 1968, 273). Following Speiser (1934), he argued that the actual wagons represented by these models had been introduced into the Near East from the Caucasus by the later 3rd millennium B.C. The present article aims at a more comprehensive review of the Near-Eastern ev…
An element of Egyptian horse harness
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button
On Upper Paleolithic Engraving
A Bronze Chariot Group from the Levant in Paris
Rock Carvings of Chariots in Transcaucasia, Central Asia and Outer Mongolia
Petroglyphs of light, spoked-wheeled chariots have recently been discovered in Armenia, in the Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan and in the western Gobi. These will have to be considered in any future general surveys of chariotry. Although some have not yet received full publication, and although not all publications have been accessible to the author, the carvings seem too important to wait longer before being brought to the…
Hipposandals again. Plus ça change
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The origin and diffusion of the cross-bar wheel
The cross-bar wheel has never been completely legitimized in the history of draught, being alternately declared in direct line of descent or merely collateral. This wheel (PL. IXa and FIG. 7) is characterized by a single diametric bar, thick enough to accommodate the nave, and by two slender 'cross-bars' on either side of the nave which traverse the central bar at right angles to it, and the ends of which are mortised into the felloe. There may a…
An Egyptian Wheel in Brooklyn
An Egyptian Wheel in Brooklyn
Early stirrups
The stirrup helped a more heavily armoured rider to mount a bigger horse; it is considered to have permitted the shock encounter with couched lance and, by offering lateral support, to have encouraged the development of the sabre; it provided a top-heavy armoured warrior with more stability in the saddle, and it gave archers the possibility to rise and turn in the saddle, as well as furnishing them with a firmer base from which to shoot
Iii
"III: A Bridle Bit of the Second Millennium B.C. in Jerusalem." Levant, 14(1), p. 178
Chariots in late bronze age Greece
The long-standing debate on the military use of chariots in Late Bronze Age Greece was joined in 1973 by P. A. L. Greenhalgh. In his provocative book, he argued that Mycenaean warriors using thrusting spears had fought at speed from massed chariots. At the same time he rejected as unrealistic Homer's descriptions of chariots as conveyances for warriors who dismounted to fight on foot.These opinions were recently briefly restated in ANTIQUITY, whe…
A Near Eastern Bridle Bit of the Second Millennium b.c. In New York
In a recent issue of this journal we published a bronze horse bit with a solid bar mouthpiece and circular cheekpieces, pre~ently in the Israel Museum, j erusalem.1 Although the provenance and history of the object are unknown, it was presumably made during the second half of the second millennium B.C., somewhere in the Near East, and possibly in the Levant. Since then another cast bronze bit of related type has come to light in the collection of…
A Pair of Horse Bits of the Second Millennium B.C. from Iraq
This note concerns a pair of copper/bronze horse bits from recent excavations at Tell al-Haddad, a site in the region of the Hamrin Dam project in eastern Iraq. The bits were found in 1980 by Iraqi archaeologists in the course of the removal of a grave belonging to a modern cemetery that covered the whole of the mound. Nothing was found with the bits to fix their date, but pottery described by the excavators as Kassite was found over the tell, be…
New Type of Bit from Iran
History (28 obras) · Archaeology (24 obras) · Art (16 obras) · Ancient history (15 obras) · Ancient Near East History (14 obras) · Computer Science (12 obras) · Geography (11 obras) · History (8 obras) · Chariot (7 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (6 obras)