Sheela Patel
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3697157 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Sheela Patel |
| PRENOMES | Sheela |
| SOBRENOME | Patel |
| ASSINATURA | PATEL S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Sun Pharma Advanced Research (India) |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 30 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 298 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 30 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1990 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Pathways to urban equality
The actions of diverse urban reform coalitions, driven by grassroots organizations, federated networks and social movements, have generated new articulations of urban knowledge and practice. Working collaboratively across urban stakeholders, movements have negotiated diverse forms of expertise, highlighting the contested epistemologies at the heart of urban interventions. This paper explores the work of one such urban reform coalition operating a…
Building Resilience to Climate Change in Informal Settlements
Slum Health
The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent. Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely. Residents of informal se…
From taking money to making money
In India, a new approach to finance has been transforming shelter options for low-income households and supporting community-led development over recent decades. This paper examines the financial architecture developed to support hundreds of community-driven efforts by grassroots groups working in alliance with the Mumbai-based NGO SPARC. Much has been written about this Alliance’s work, but its financial architecture has had little attention. Th…
We beat the path by walking” Part II
This paper continues the story of the Indian Alliance (the partnership of SPARC, Mahila Milan and the National Slum Dwellers’ Federation), as it designed and built housing with urban poor communities from 1986 to 1995. It focuses on three cases in Mumbai, where communities with precarious housing developed alternatives to resettlement and redevelopment. The housing solutions they developed were the product of negotiation with local authorities an…
We beat the path by walking”
This paper considers the collective knowledge about housing design and construction that was developed over 30 years by the Indian Alliance of the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC), Mahila Milan and the National Slum Dwellers’ Federation (NSDF) in its pursuit of secure shelter for the pavement dwellers in Mumbai, the most vulnerable people in the city. It traces the learning and innovations developed by these women paveme…
The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance
Mumbai is well-known for the scale of the community toilet programme supported by local government, much of it undertaken in partnership with community-based organizations, including the National Slum Dwellers Federation, Mahila Milan (a federation of women’s savings groups) and SPARC (a local NGO), together known as the Alliance. After describing how this community toilet programme developed over the last 20 years and sought city-wide scale, thi…
Upgrade, rehouse or resettle? An assessment of the Indian government’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) programme
This paper assesses progress in the government of India’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) programme in 11 cities in India. It draws primarily on responses to a common set of questions asked of government officials, residents and a range of other actors, and on visits to two or more BSUP project sites in each city. In the majority of the 11 cities, much of the building subsidy money still remains unutilized. But the paper suggests that th…
Knowledge is power – informal communities assert their right to the city through SDI and community-led enumerations
This paper provides an introduction to the practice of community-led enumerations as conducted by Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI). It sets out the historical context for enumerations, which came out of a need in India in 1975 to find a more long-term solution to evictions, and charts its subsequent evolution and spread throughout other countries. Enumerations can help to build a community, define a collective identity, facilitate developm…
Recent developments in plans for Dharavi and for the airport slums in Mumbai
This is the fourth in a series of papers chronicling the negotiations over plans to redevelop Dharavi, Mumbai’s vast informal settlement. It also describes current plans to redevelop land beside Mumbai’s international airport, where more than 85,000 households live on a 110-hectare (275 acres) site. In both these settlements, each with populations equivalent to a sizeable city, the government plans appear to be driven more by an intent to support…
Getting the information base for Dharavi's redevelopment
This is the third in a series of papers chronicling the evolution of negotiations on plans to redevelop Dharavi, Mumbai's vast informal settlement, from the perspective of practitioners supporting Dharavi's residents in their struggle for inclusive development. This paper highlights progress that took place during 2008, including the completion of a baseline survey, constructive engagement with the government and positive amendments to the plan t…
Reflections on innovation, assessment, and social change
This article challenges the terms on which donor agencies evaluate development success, drawing on a particular case to make its point. It describes the resettlement of 60, 000 people squatting along the railway tracks in Mumbai, a process planned and carried out by a federation of the railway dwellers themselves, with support from the NGO SPARC (the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres). The article argues that this effort, which m…
Plans for Dharavi
This paper describes and discusses the changes in the government's plans to redevelop Dharavi in Mumbai in response to pressure and protest by Dharavi residents, grassroots organizations and a local group of eminent citizens (Concerned Citizens for Dharavi), and as a result of international pressure
The Design of Housing and Shelter Programs
Both developed and less developed countries are becoming increasingly urbanized. The earlier industrialized countries have developed more infrastructure to support the building of healthy housing, in neighborhoods that are strongly linked to municipal and global health initiatives, but to some degree housing and neighborhood issues vary only in degree between the developing and developed worlds. Overall, a billion people, a third of people living…
An offer of partnership or a promise of conflict in Dharavi, Mumbai
The first part of this paper, by Sheela Patel, provides a backdrop to Jockin's letter about the current government plans to redevelop Dharavi, a large inner-city township within Mumbai with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants and tens of thousands of enterprises. The second part is the text of an open letter by Jockin Arputham from the National Slum Dwellers Federation to the government and private developers that was released to the press in Ju…
How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) in Urban Areas
WHY HAS 50 years of development cooperation failed to address the needs of much of the population in lowand middle-income nations? Among the many competing explanations, one of the most plausible for urban areas is the failure of most development initiatives to consult and work with “the urban poor” in devising locally appropriate solutions – even though these people’s “needs” are the justification for the development initiatives and for all the …
How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (mdgs) in Urban Areas
Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities
Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities
This paper describes the ten-year programme of communitydesigned, built and managed toilet blocks undertaken by urban poor federations and women’s cooperatives, with support from the Indian NGO SPARC. This programme has reached hundreds of thousands of poor urban dwellers with much improved sanitation and facilities for washing; it has also demonstrated how such provision is affordable and manageable for all Indian cities. But this programme has …
Beyond evictions in a global city
This paper describes a resettlement programme in which 60,000 people moved without coercion to make way for improvements in Mumbai’s railway system. It also describes the resettlement sites and the attention given to minimizing the costs for those who were relocated. This resettlement programme was underpinned by strong levels of community organization among the population that was to be relocated; their involvement in the whole process included …
Beyond evictions in a global city
This paper describes a resettlement programme in which 60,000 people moved without coercion to make way for improvements in Mumbai’s railway system. It also describes the resettlement sites and the attention given to minimizing the costs for those who were relocated. This resettlement programme was underpinned by strong levels of community organization among the population that was to be relocated; their involvement in the whole process included …
Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops
This paper describes the formation and development of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), an international people’s organization which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also describes the evolution of these national federations and how they grew to challenge conventional development thinking and to develop new, community-directed precedents for poverty redu…
Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops
This paper describes the formation and development of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), an international people’s organization which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also describes the evolution of these national federations and how they grew to challenge conventional development thinking and to develop new, community-directed precedents for poverty redu…
One David and three Goliaths
The paper describes how community organizations representing the inhabitants of “slum” communities living along Mumbai's railway tracks and supportive Indian NGOs demonstrated effective and propoor solutions to the need to move people to increase the speed of Mumbai's overloaded commuter rail system. In so doing, it discusses the slow and often difficult negotiations they had in seeking such solutions with the three Goliaths – the state governmen…
Reducing urban poverty; some lessons from experience
Many donor agencies are recognizing the need to address the growing levels of urban poverty in Africa, Latin America and much of Asia. Many also acknowledge that they had under-estimated the scale of urban poverty. As they develop or expand programmes on poverty reduction in urban areas, there are many remarkable initiatives on whose experience they can draw. This paper reflects on the lessons from seven of these: three from Asia, three from Lati…
Slum Health
The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent. Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely. Residents of informal se…
Beyond evictions in a global city
This paper describes a resettlement programme in which 60,000 people moved without coercion to make way for improvements in Mumbai’s railway system. It also describes the resettlement sites and the attention given to minimizing the costs for those who were relocated. This resettlement programme was underpinned by strong levels of community organization among the population that was to be relocated; their involvement in the whole process included …
Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities
This paper describes the ten-year programme of communitydesigned, built and managed toilet blocks undertaken by urban poor federations and women’s cooperatives, with support from the Indian NGO SPARC. This programme has reached hundreds of thousands of poor urban dwellers with much improved sanitation and facilities for washing; it has also demonstrated how such provision is affordable and manageable for all Indian cities. But this programme has …
Knowledge is power – informal communities assert their right to the city through SDI and community-led enumerations
This paper provides an introduction to the practice of community-led enumerations as conducted by Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI). It sets out the historical context for enumerations, which came out of a need in India in 1975 to find a more long-term solution to evictions, and charts its subsequent evolution and spread throughout other countries. Enumerations can help to build a community, define a collective identity, facilitate developm…
Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops
This paper describes the formation and development of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), an international people’s organization which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also describes the evolution of these national federations and how they grew to challenge conventional development thinking and to develop new, community-directed precedents for poverty redu…
Upgrade, rehouse or resettle? An assessment of the Indian government’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) programme
This paper assesses progress in the government of India’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) programme in 11 cities in India. It draws primarily on responses to a common set of questions asked of government officials, residents and a range of other actors, and on visits to two or more BSUP project sites in each city. In the majority of the 11 cities, much of the building subsidy money still remains unutilized. But the paper suggests that th…
The Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme
The Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme describes a crisis fund set up by women pavement dwellers in Bombay, on which they can draw in emergencies; Mahila Milan is a federation of women's collectives. The article also describes the search for credit from formal financial institutions which can meet their additional credit needs, including permanent housing
Recent developments in plans for Dharavi and for the airport slums in Mumbai
This is the fourth in a series of papers chronicling the negotiations over plans to redevelop Dharavi, Mumbai’s vast informal settlement. It also describes current plans to redevelop land beside Mumbai’s international airport, where more than 85,000 households live on a 110-hectare (275 acres) site. In both these settlements, each with populations equivalent to a sizeable city, the government plans appear to be driven more by an intent to support…
Street Children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay - how they meet their daily needs
Street children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay-how they meet their daily needs describes their situation. For instance, where they wash, defecate, sleep and who helps them when they are ill. It describes the circumstances which lead to children being in such a situation and the inadequacies of public provision in meeting their needs; and how involving these children in the survey became a means of…
Plans for Dharavi
This paper describes and discusses the changes in the government's plans to redevelop Dharavi in Mumbai in response to pressure and protest by Dharavi residents, grassroots organizations and a local group of eminent citizens (Concerned Citizens for Dharavi), and as a result of international pressure
An offer of partnership or a promise of conflict in Dharavi, Mumbai
The first part of this paper, by Sheela Patel, provides a backdrop to Jockin's letter about the current government plans to redevelop Dharavi, a large inner-city township within Mumbai with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants and tens of thousands of enterprises. The second part is the text of an open letter by Jockin Arputham from the National Slum Dwellers Federation to the government and private developers that was released to the press in Ju…
Reducing urban poverty; some lessons from experience
Many donor agencies are recognizing the need to address the growing levels of urban poverty in Africa, Latin America and much of Asia. Many also acknowledge that they had under-estimated the scale of urban poverty. As they develop or expand programmes on poverty reduction in urban areas, there are many remarkable initiatives on whose experience they can draw. This paper reflects on the lessons from seven of these: three from Asia, three from Lati…
Getting the information base for Dharavi's redevelopment
This is the third in a series of papers chronicling the evolution of negotiations on plans to redevelop Dharavi, Mumbai's vast informal settlement, from the perspective of practitioners supporting Dharavi's residents in their struggle for inclusive development. This paper highlights progress that took place during 2008, including the completion of a baseline survey, constructive engagement with the government and positive amendments to the plan t…
How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) in Urban Areas
WHY HAS 50 years of development cooperation failed to address the needs of much of the population in lowand middle-income nations? Among the many competing explanations, one of the most plausible for urban areas is the failure of most development initiatives to consult and work with “the urban poor” in devising locally appropriate solutions – even though these people’s “needs” are the justification for the development initiatives and for all the …
We beat the path by walking” Part II
This paper continues the story of the Indian Alliance (the partnership of SPARC, Mahila Milan and the National Slum Dwellers’ Federation), as it designed and built housing with urban poor communities from 1986 to 1995. It focuses on three cases in Mumbai, where communities with precarious housing developed alternatives to resettlement and redevelopment. The housing solutions they developed were the product of negotiation with local authorities an…
We beat the path by walking”
This paper considers the collective knowledge about housing design and construction that was developed over 30 years by the Indian Alliance of the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC), Mahila Milan and the National Slum Dwellers’ Federation (NSDF) in its pursuit of secure shelter for the pavement dwellers in Mumbai, the most vulnerable people in the city. It traces the learning and innovations developed by these women paveme…
The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance
Mumbai is well-known for the scale of the community toilet programme supported by local government, much of it undertaken in partnership with community-based organizations, including the National Slum Dwellers Federation, Mahila Milan (a federation of women’s savings groups) and SPARC (a local NGO), together known as the Alliance. After describing how this community toilet programme developed over the last 20 years and sought city-wide scale, thi…
Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities
One David and three Goliaths
The paper describes how community organizations representing the inhabitants of “slum” communities living along Mumbai's railway tracks and supportive Indian NGOs demonstrated effective and propoor solutions to the need to move people to increase the speed of Mumbai's overloaded commuter rail system. In so doing, it discusses the slow and often difficult negotiations they had in seeking such solutions with the three Goliaths – the state governmen…
Access to housing finance for the urban poor
Reflections on innovation, assessment, and social change
This article challenges the terms on which donor agencies evaluate development success, drawing on a particular case to make its point. It describes the resettlement of 60, 000 people squatting along the railway tracks in Mumbai, a process planned and carried out by a federation of the railway dwellers themselves, with support from the NGO SPARC (the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres). The article argues that this effort, which m…
The Design of Housing and Shelter Programs
Both developed and less developed countries are becoming increasingly urbanized. The earlier industrialized countries have developed more infrastructure to support the building of healthy housing, in neighborhoods that are strongly linked to municipal and global health initiatives, but to some degree housing and neighborhood issues vary only in degree between the developing and developed worlds. Overall, a billion people, a third of people living…
From taking money to making money
In India, a new approach to finance has been transforming shelter options for low-income households and supporting community-led development over recent decades. This paper examines the financial architecture developed to support hundreds of community-driven efforts by grassroots groups working in alliance with the Mumbai-based NGO SPARC. Much has been written about this Alliance’s work, but its financial architecture has had little attention. Th…
How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (mdgs) in Urban Areas
Street Children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay - how they meet their daily needs
Street children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay-how they meet their daily needs describes their situation. For instance, where they wash, defecate, sleep and who helps them when they are ill. It describes the circumstances which lead to children being in such a situation and the inadequacies of public provision in meeting their needs; and how involving these children in the survey became a means of…
The search for sustainable funding systems for community initiatives
The search for sustainable funding systems for community initiatives reports on the discussions and conclusions of a workshop on loan finance for community level initiatives in land acquisition, housing construction or improvement and infrastructure and service provision. The paper also discusses the most appropriate terms and conditions for loan finance and the broader financial and institutional issues involved in its provision; and how NGOs' w…
The Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme
The Mahila Milan crisis credit scheme describes a crisis fund set up by women pavement dwellers in Bombay, on which they can draw in emergencies; Mahila Milan is a federation of women's collectives. The article also describes the search for credit from formal financial institutions which can meet their additional credit needs, including permanent housing
Access to housing finance for the urban poor
One David and three Goliaths
The paper describes how community organizations representing the inhabitants of “slum” communities living along Mumbai's railway tracks and supportive Indian NGOs demonstrated effective and propoor solutions to the need to move people to increase the speed of Mumbai's overloaded commuter rail system. In so doing, it discusses the slow and often difficult negotiations they had in seeking such solutions with the three Goliaths – the state governmen…
Reducing urban poverty; some lessons from experience
Many donor agencies are recognizing the need to address the growing levels of urban poverty in Africa, Latin America and much of Asia. Many also acknowledge that they had under-estimated the scale of urban poverty. As they develop or expand programmes on poverty reduction in urban areas, there are many remarkable initiatives on whose experience they can draw. This paper reflects on the lessons from seven of these: three from Asia, three from Lati…
One David and three Goliaths
The paper describes how community organizations representing the inhabitants of “slum” communities living along Mumbai's railway tracks and supportive Indian NGOs demonstrated effective and propoor solutions to the need to move people to increase the speed of Mumbai's overloaded commuter rail system. In so doing, it discusses the slow and often difficult negotiations they had in seeking such solutions with the three Goliaths – the state governmen…
Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops
This paper describes the formation and development of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), an international people’s organization which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also describes the evolution of these national federations and how they grew to challenge conventional development thinking and to develop new, community-directed precedents for poverty redu…
Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops
This paper describes the formation and development of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), an international people’s organization which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also describes the evolution of these national federations and how they grew to challenge conventional development thinking and to develop new, community-directed precedents for poverty redu…
Beyond evictions in a global city
This paper describes a resettlement programme in which 60,000 people moved without coercion to make way for improvements in Mumbai’s railway system. It also describes the resettlement sites and the attention given to minimizing the costs for those who were relocated. This resettlement programme was underpinned by strong levels of community organization among the population that was to be relocated; their involvement in the whole process included …
Beyond evictions in a global city
This paper describes a resettlement programme in which 60,000 people moved without coercion to make way for improvements in Mumbai’s railway system. It also describes the resettlement sites and the attention given to minimizing the costs for those who were relocated. This resettlement programme was underpinned by strong levels of community organization among the population that was to be relocated; their involvement in the whole process included …
Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities
Community-designed, built and managed toilet blocks in Indian cities
This paper describes the ten-year programme of communitydesigned, built and managed toilet blocks undertaken by urban poor federations and women’s cooperatives, with support from the Indian NGO SPARC. This programme has reached hundreds of thousands of poor urban dwellers with much improved sanitation and facilities for washing; it has also demonstrated how such provision is affordable and manageable for all Indian cities. But this programme has …
How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) in Urban Areas
WHY HAS 50 years of development cooperation failed to address the needs of much of the population in lowand middle-income nations? Among the many competing explanations, one of the most plausible for urban areas is the failure of most development initiatives to consult and work with “the urban poor” in devising locally appropriate solutions – even though these people’s “needs” are the justification for the development initiatives and for all the …
How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (mdgs) in Urban Areas
The Design of Housing and Shelter Programs
Both developed and less developed countries are becoming increasingly urbanized. The earlier industrialized countries have developed more infrastructure to support the building of healthy housing, in neighborhoods that are strongly linked to municipal and global health initiatives, but to some degree housing and neighborhood issues vary only in degree between the developing and developed worlds. Overall, a billion people, a third of people living…
An offer of partnership or a promise of conflict in Dharavi, Mumbai
The first part of this paper, by Sheela Patel, provides a backdrop to Jockin's letter about the current government plans to redevelop Dharavi, a large inner-city township within Mumbai with hundreds of thousands of inhabitants and tens of thousands of enterprises. The second part is the text of an open letter by Jockin Arputham from the National Slum Dwellers Federation to the government and private developers that was released to the press in Ju…
Plans for Dharavi
This paper describes and discusses the changes in the government's plans to redevelop Dharavi in Mumbai in response to pressure and protest by Dharavi residents, grassroots organizations and a local group of eminent citizens (Concerned Citizens for Dharavi), and as a result of international pressure
Getting the information base for Dharavi's redevelopment
This is the third in a series of papers chronicling the evolution of negotiations on plans to redevelop Dharavi, Mumbai's vast informal settlement, from the perspective of practitioners supporting Dharavi's residents in their struggle for inclusive development. This paper highlights progress that took place during 2008, including the completion of a baseline survey, constructive engagement with the government and positive amendments to the plan t…
Reflections on innovation, assessment, and social change
This article challenges the terms on which donor agencies evaluate development success, drawing on a particular case to make its point. It describes the resettlement of 60, 000 people squatting along the railway tracks in Mumbai, a process planned and carried out by a federation of the railway dwellers themselves, with support from the NGO SPARC (the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres). The article argues that this effort, which m…
Recent developments in plans for Dharavi and for the airport slums in Mumbai
This is the fourth in a series of papers chronicling the negotiations over plans to redevelop Dharavi, Mumbai’s vast informal settlement. It also describes current plans to redevelop land beside Mumbai’s international airport, where more than 85,000 households live on a 110-hectare (275 acres) site. In both these settlements, each with populations equivalent to a sizeable city, the government plans appear to be driven more by an intent to support…
Knowledge is power – informal communities assert their right to the city through SDI and community-led enumerations
This paper provides an introduction to the practice of community-led enumerations as conducted by Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI). It sets out the historical context for enumerations, which came out of a need in India in 1975 to find a more long-term solution to evictions, and charts its subsequent evolution and spread throughout other countries. Enumerations can help to build a community, define a collective identity, facilitate developm…
Upgrade, rehouse or resettle? An assessment of the Indian government’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) programme
This paper assesses progress in the government of India’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) programme in 11 cities in India. It draws primarily on responses to a common set of questions asked of government officials, residents and a range of other actors, and on visits to two or more BSUP project sites in each city. In the majority of the 11 cities, much of the building subsidy money still remains unutilized. But the paper suggests that th…
We beat the path by walking”
This paper considers the collective knowledge about housing design and construction that was developed over 30 years by the Indian Alliance of the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC), Mahila Milan and the National Slum Dwellers’ Federation (NSDF) in its pursuit of secure shelter for the pavement dwellers in Mumbai, the most vulnerable people in the city. It traces the learning and innovations developed by these women paveme…
The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance
Mumbai is well-known for the scale of the community toilet programme supported by local government, much of it undertaken in partnership with community-based organizations, including the National Slum Dwellers Federation, Mahila Milan (a federation of women’s savings groups) and SPARC (a local NGO), together known as the Alliance. After describing how this community toilet programme developed over the last 20 years and sought city-wide scale, thi…
Economics (27 obras) · Economic growth (25 obras) · Urban and Rural Development Challenges (23 obras) · Political science (22 obras) · Business (19 obras) · Geography (19 obras) · Sociology (17 obras) · Engineering (11 obras) · Public Administration (11 obras) · Slum (11 obras)