Carl James
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3748518 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Carl James |
| PRENOMES | Carl |
| SOBRENOME | James |
| ASSINATURA | JAMES C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Bangor University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2099-5343 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 83 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1970 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Everyday racism experiences, healthcare access, and self-rated health
Disproportionate Rates of Covid-19 Among Black Canadian Communities
Background Racialized communities, including Black Canadians, have disproportionately higher COVID-19 cases. We examined the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 infection has affected the Black Canadian community and the factors associated with the infection. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in an area of Ontario (northwest Toronto/Peel Region) with a high proportion of Black residents along with 2 areas that have lower proportions of Black r…
What Did the Multicultural Policies of the Last Century Promise that Need to Be Re-Imagined in Today’s Dedi Post-Secondary World
This article is an expanded version of the 2023 Plenary Lecture at the Canadian Society for the Study of Education (CSSE) Conference held at the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences. This invited essay explores the extent to which the promise of DEDI’s (decolonization, equity, diversity, and inclusion) polices and initiatives might bring about the imagined institutional changes in today’s context. Contending that we have been here befor…
Regression Analysis of Perceived Stress among Elite Athletes from Changes in Diet, Routine and Well-Being
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lifestyles and training of elite athletes around the world. The detrimental effects of lockdown periods may vary among individuals, as well as among sports and sexes. This study investigated the changes in dietary habits, and the predictors of perceived stress during lockdown and a "bubble" training camp. This cross-sectional, online survey involved 76 elite and world-class athletes from six able-bodied spor…
Athlete's Perceptions of a "Quarantine" Training Camp During the Covid-19 Lockdown
Globally, COVID-19-related movement restrictions have caused significant disruption to athlete's training and sporting competitions. "Quarantine" camps are one approach to maintain sport-specific training, whilst minimizing the risk of COVID-19 transmission between athletes and society. This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of a "quarantine" training camp on athlete's routines and wellbeing, performance support, perceived stress and…
Volume and Intensity of Locomotor Activity in International Men's Field Hockey Matches Over a 2-Year Period
The locomotor demands of international men's field hockey matches were investigated across positions (DEF, MID, FWD) and playing quarters. Volume (i.e., total values) and intensity (i.e., relative to playing time) data were collected using 10-Hz GPS/100-Hz accelerometer units from the #11 world-ranked (WR) team, during 71 matches, against 24 opponents [WR 12 ± 11 (range, 1-60)]. Mean ± SD team total distance (TD) was 4,861 ± 871 m, with 25% (1,19…
In-Season Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in International Field Hockey Players
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) studies conducted "in-season" are scarce. This study investigated the effect of discontinuous, running-based RSH, on repeated-sprint treadmill performance in hypoxia in a team sport cohort, prior to international competition. Over a 6-week "in-season" period, 11 elite male players (Malaysia national team) completed eight multi-set RSH sessions on a non-motorized treadmill in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (…
Adapting, Disrupting, and Resisting
Studies of Black students’ schooling experiences and educational outcomes have consistently shown that compared to their peers, they – especially males – tend to underperform academically, be more athletically engaged, and be streamed into non-academic educational programs. These studies tend to focus on high school students, but what of middle school students: is the situation any different? Using a combination of critical race theory and positi…
Race, racialization and Indigeneity in Canadian universities
This article is based on data from a four-year national study of racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian universities. Its main conclusion is that whether one examines representation in terms of numbers of racialized and Indigenous faculty members and their positioning within the system, their earned income as compared to white faculty, their daily life experiences within the university as workplace, or interactions with colleagues and students…
Teachers’ Conceptions of Student Engagement in Learning
Although student engagement plays a central role in the education process, defining it is challenging. This study examines teachers’ conceptions of the social and cultural dimensions of student engagement in learning at three low-achieving schools located in a low socioeconomic status (SES) urban area. Sixteen teachers and administrators from the three schools participated in two focus group discussions about their definitions of student engageme…
In memory of Prof. Leo van Lier
With great sadness, we have learned that Prof. Leo van Lier passed away on 23 December 2012. Prof. van Lier was one of the original members and founding fathers of the Association for Language Awar
Professor Eric William Hawkins (8 January 1915 – 31 October 2010)
Eric Hawkins
Talking about Identity
Opportunity and Uncertainty
Opportunity and Uncertainty
Language Awareness
The paper is in four parts. It first traces the history of the 'British' Language Awareness (LA) movement, from its grassroots origins, through its confrontation with the establishment, to its eventual academicisation. There follows an extended definition of LA, wherein LA is compared to congeners like Linguistic Awareness, Knowledge about Language and Metalinguistic Awareness. The third move involves a comparison of LA with the complementary and…
Errors in Language Learning and Use
General editor's preface Author's preface Abbreviations 1. Definition and Delimitation Human error Successive paradigms Interlanguage and the veto on comparison Learners and native speakers The heyday of Error Analysis Mounting criticism of Error Analysis Data collection for Error Analysis 2. The Scope of Error Analysis Good English for the English Good English for the L2 learner The native speaker and the power dimension The Incompleteness hypot…
A cross‐linguistic approach to language awareness
Although mother tongue (MT) and foreign language (FL) teaching and learning have much in common, there is little evidence that teachers exploit the relationship in any systematic way. This paper revives Eric Hawkins’ idea of a language studies trivium where Language Awareness activities should fill the ‘space between’ the learner's two languages. A distinction is drawn between awareness and consciousness of language, and cross‐linguistic relation…
Mother Tongue Use in Bilingual/Bidialectal Education
This paper is a balance-sheet that presents and evaluates the arguments and research evidence for and against mother tongue use in bilingual classrooms. I endorse the claim that MT use bolsters L2 development, cognitive development and content learning. Five recurrent arguments for MT use are outlined and their relevance for the Brunei Dwibahasa system of bilingual education are evaluated. It is suggested that the true MT of Bruneian children, Br…
Cross‐cultural correspondence
The letter of application is a widespread subgenre of persuasive discourse whereby access to certain social and material benefits is regulated. We define persuasive discourse in terms of Relevance and Test theory. In the international community, these letters are increasingly drafted in English, and we hypothesize that these nonnative English versions will tend to carry rhetorical and discoursal features transferred from the writer's first langua…
Use of the mother‐tongue in second language classrooms
Controversy continues to surround the use of the mother‐tongue in second language classrooms. While some argue that learning a second language is like learning the first, and that the mother‐tongue therefore has no place, others claim it has an important and positive role to play. The study reported here was conducted in primary schools in two different UK bilingual settings: North Wales (Welsh/English) and Lancashire (Mirpur Punjabi/English). Du…
What is applied linguistics
Applied linguistics in one of its manifestations can be defined as that knowledge of language that can be used to influence language performance. Yet it is an ill‐defined and underdefined discipline. Earlier definitions have been of two principal kinds: the ostensive and the expository. These are assessed here. The key to a meaningful definition lies in the dual articulation of applied linguistics: it is an interface between linguistics and pract…
Welsh bilinguals' English spelling
Prioritising communicativity has resulted in increased tolerance toward imperfections in second language users’ grammar and pronunciation. Imperfect spelling however can not be disregarded, and it incurs severe social penalties. In this paper we ask whether, to what extent, and in what respects the second language English spelling of young Welsh‐English bilinguals is systematically idiosyncratic. Data are from free compositions written by 10–11 y…
Differences and similarities between and within bilingual settings
Literature on bilingualism and bilingual education frequently emphasises the dangers of assuming that bilingual situations are much the same. Whilst not dismissing such caution, this study takes attitudinal and linguistic data from two bilingual situations (Welsh/English in North Wales, and Punjabi/English in the north of England) and reports on specific similarities and differences found both between and within these situations. On most variable…
Race, racialization and Indigeneity in Canadian universities
This article is based on data from a four-year national study of racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian universities. Its main conclusion is that whether one examines representation in terms of numbers of racialized and Indigenous faculty members and their positioning within the system, their earned income as compared to white faculty, their daily life experiences within the university as workplace, or interactions with colleagues and students…
Talking about Identity
Learning strategies in second language acquisition
Adapting, Disrupting, and Resisting
Studies of Black students’ schooling experiences and educational outcomes have consistently shown that compared to their peers, they – especially males – tend to underperform academically, be more athletically engaged, and be streamed into non-academic educational programs. These studies tend to focus on high school students, but what of middle school students: is the situation any different? Using a combination of critical race theory and positi…
Athlete's Perceptions of a "Quarantine" Training Camp During the Covid-19 Lockdown
Globally, COVID-19-related movement restrictions have caused significant disruption to athlete's training and sporting competitions. "Quarantine" camps are one approach to maintain sport-specific training, whilst minimizing the risk of COVID-19 transmission between athletes and society. This cross-sectional study investigated the effects of a "quarantine" training camp on athlete's routines and wellbeing, performance support, perceived stress and…
Language Awareness
The paper is in four parts. It first traces the history of the 'British' Language Awareness (LA) movement, from its grassroots origins, through its confrontation with the establishment, to its eventual academicisation. There follows an extended definition of LA, wherein LA is compared to congeners like Linguistic Awareness, Knowledge about Language and Metalinguistic Awareness. The third move involves a comparison of LA with the complementary and…
Welsh foreigner talk
Proficient native speakers of a language have at their disposal a simple form of that code (or an ability to produce a simplified form thereof). This simple code has several uses, one of which is to facilitate communication between the native speaker of the full code and non‐proficient learners of the same code. When so used the simple code is called ‘foreigner talk’. Prior research suggests the processes of simplification underlying ‘foreigner t…
Disproportionate Rates of Covid-19 Among Black Canadian Communities
Background Racialized communities, including Black Canadians, have disproportionately higher COVID-19 cases. We examined the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 infection has affected the Black Canadian community and the factors associated with the infection. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in an area of Ontario (northwest Toronto/Peel Region) with a high proportion of Black residents along with 2 areas that have lower proportions of Black r…
Mother Tongue Use in Bilingual/Bidialectal Education
This paper is a balance-sheet that presents and evaluates the arguments and research evidence for and against mother tongue use in bilingual classrooms. I endorse the claim that MT use bolsters L2 development, cognitive development and content learning. Five recurrent arguments for MT use are outlined and their relevance for the Brunei Dwibahasa system of bilingual education are evaluated. It is suggested that the true MT of Bruneian children, Br…
Cross‐cultural correspondence
The letter of application is a widespread subgenre of persuasive discourse whereby access to certain social and material benefits is regulated. We define persuasive discourse in terms of Relevance and Test theory. In the international community, these letters are increasingly drafted in English, and we hypothesize that these nonnative English versions will tend to carry rhetorical and discoursal features transferred from the writer's first langua…
Learner language
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Volume and Intensity of Locomotor Activity in International Men's Field Hockey Matches Over a 2-Year Period
The locomotor demands of international men's field hockey matches were investigated across positions (DEF, MID, FWD) and playing quarters. Volume (i.e., total values) and intensity (i.e., relative to playing time) data were collected using 10-Hz GPS/100-Hz accelerometer units from the #11 world-ranked (WR) team, during 71 matches, against 24 opponents [WR 12 ± 11 (range, 1-60)]. Mean ± SD team total distance (TD) was 4,861 ± 871 m, with 25% (1,19…
In-Season Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in International Field Hockey Players
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) studies conducted "in-season" are scarce. This study investigated the effect of discontinuous, running-based RSH, on repeated-sprint treadmill performance in hypoxia in a team sport cohort, prior to international competition. Over a 6-week "in-season" period, 11 elite male players (Malaysia national team) completed eight multi-set RSH sessions on a non-motorized treadmill in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (…
Opportunity and Uncertainty
Opportunity and Uncertainty
Use of the mother‐tongue in second language classrooms
Controversy continues to surround the use of the mother‐tongue in second language classrooms. While some argue that learning a second language is like learning the first, and that the mother‐tongue therefore has no place, others claim it has an important and positive role to play. The study reported here was conducted in primary schools in two different UK bilingual settings: North Wales (Welsh/English) and Lancashire (Mirpur Punjabi/English). Du…
What is applied linguistics
Applied linguistics in one of its manifestations can be defined as that knowledge of language that can be used to influence language performance. Yet it is an ill‐defined and underdefined discipline. Earlier definitions have been of two principal kinds: the ostensive and the expository. These are assessed here. The key to a meaningful definition lies in the dual articulation of applied linguistics: it is an interface between linguistics and pract…
Welsh bilinguals' English spelling
Prioritising communicativity has resulted in increased tolerance toward imperfections in second language users’ grammar and pronunciation. Imperfect spelling however can not be disregarded, and it incurs severe social penalties. In this paper we ask whether, to what extent, and in what respects the second language English spelling of young Welsh‐English bilinguals is systematically idiosyncratic. Data are from free compositions written by 10–11 y…
Differences and similarities between and within bilingual settings
Literature on bilingualism and bilingual education frequently emphasises the dangers of assuming that bilingual situations are much the same. Whilst not dismissing such caution, this study takes attitudinal and linguistic data from two bilingual situations (Welsh/English in North Wales, and Punjabi/English in the north of England) and reports on specific similarities and differences found both between and within these situations. On most variable…
Welsh Bilingualism - Fact and Friction
La Kimra Dulingveco - Faktoj kaj Konfliktoj Ekzistas pluraj konceptoj pri la kimra nacia idento. Ne plu ekzistas unulingvaj kimre parolantoj, sed la naciistoj inter la 25 procentoj da kimroj, kiuj scipovas kaj la kimran kaj la anglan, foje nomas sin 'kimraj kimroj'. Laŭ ili, do, tri kvaronoj de la enlogantaro estas fremduloj! Aktivas kampanjoj pri soseaj sildoj, kontrau la angla acetado de feriaj domoj, kaj por kimra televidokanalo. Ciuj kampanjo…
The Applied Linguistics of Pedagogic Dialogues
The tenets of audiolingualism are being challenged by those who subscribe to the cognitive-centered views of language-learning implicit in Transformational-Generative Grammar. The proposed move is from a teacher-centered to a learner-centered methodology, owing to the belief that the learner will acquire the L2 on condition that he is exposed to many representative instances thereof. The dialogue has been proposed as a medium for such exposure. I…
Welsh Bilingualism - Fact and Friction
La Kimra Dulingveco - Faktoj kaj Konfliktoj Ekzistas pluraj konceptoj pri la kimra nacia idento. Ne plu ekzistas unulingvaj kimre parolantoj, sed la naciistoj inter la 25 procentoj da kimroj, kiuj scipovas kaj la kimran kaj la anglan, foje nomas sin 'kimraj kimroj'. Laŭ ili, do, tri kvaronoj de la enlogantaro estas fremduloj! Aktivas kampanjoj pri soseaj sildoj, kontrau la angla acetado de feriaj domoj, kaj por kimra televidokanalo. Ciuj kampanjo…
Foreign Language Teaching
Welsh foreigner talk
Proficient native speakers of a language have at their disposal a simple form of that code (or an ability to produce a simplified form thereof). This simple code has several uses, one of which is to facilitate communication between the native speaker of the full code and non‐proficient learners of the same code. When so used the simple code is called ‘foreigner talk’. Prior research suggests the processes of simplification underlying ‘foreigner t…
Learner language
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Learning strategies in second language acquisition
Differences and similarities between and within bilingual settings
Literature on bilingualism and bilingual education frequently emphasises the dangers of assuming that bilingual situations are much the same. Whilst not dismissing such caution, this study takes attitudinal and linguistic data from two bilingual situations (Welsh/English in North Wales, and Punjabi/English in the north of England) and reports on specific similarities and differences found both between and within these situations. On most variable…
What is applied linguistics
Applied linguistics in one of its manifestations can be defined as that knowledge of language that can be used to influence language performance. Yet it is an ill‐defined and underdefined discipline. Earlier definitions have been of two principal kinds: the ostensive and the expository. These are assessed here. The key to a meaningful definition lies in the dual articulation of applied linguistics: it is an interface between linguistics and pract…
Welsh bilinguals' English spelling
Prioritising communicativity has resulted in increased tolerance toward imperfections in second language users’ grammar and pronunciation. Imperfect spelling however can not be disregarded, and it incurs severe social penalties. In this paper we ask whether, to what extent, and in what respects the second language English spelling of young Welsh‐English bilinguals is systematically idiosyncratic. Data are from free compositions written by 10–11 y…
Cross‐cultural correspondence
The letter of application is a widespread subgenre of persuasive discourse whereby access to certain social and material benefits is regulated. We define persuasive discourse in terms of Relevance and Test theory. In the international community, these letters are increasingly drafted in English, and we hypothesize that these nonnative English versions will tend to carry rhetorical and discoursal features transferred from the writer's first langua…
Use of the mother‐tongue in second language classrooms
Controversy continues to surround the use of the mother‐tongue in second language classrooms. While some argue that learning a second language is like learning the first, and that the mother‐tongue therefore has no place, others claim it has an important and positive role to play. The study reported here was conducted in primary schools in two different UK bilingual settings: North Wales (Welsh/English) and Lancashire (Mirpur Punjabi/English). Du…
A cross‐linguistic approach to language awareness
Although mother tongue (MT) and foreign language (FL) teaching and learning have much in common, there is little evidence that teachers exploit the relationship in any systematic way. This paper revives Eric Hawkins’ idea of a language studies trivium where Language Awareness activities should fill the ‘space between’ the learner's two languages. A distinction is drawn between awareness and consciousness of language, and cross‐linguistic relation…
Mother Tongue Use in Bilingual/Bidialectal Education
This paper is a balance-sheet that presents and evaluates the arguments and research evidence for and against mother tongue use in bilingual classrooms. I endorse the claim that MT use bolsters L2 development, cognitive development and content learning. Five recurrent arguments for MT use are outlined and their relevance for the Brunei Dwibahasa system of bilingual education are evaluated. It is suggested that the true MT of Bruneian children, Br…
Language Awareness
The paper is in four parts. It first traces the history of the 'British' Language Awareness (LA) movement, from its grassroots origins, through its confrontation with the establishment, to its eventual academicisation. There follows an extended definition of LA, wherein LA is compared to congeners like Linguistic Awareness, Knowledge about Language and Metalinguistic Awareness. The third move involves a comparison of LA with the complementary and…
Errors in Language Learning and Use
General editor's preface Author's preface Abbreviations 1. Definition and Delimitation Human error Successive paradigms Interlanguage and the veto on comparison Learners and native speakers The heyday of Error Analysis Mounting criticism of Error Analysis Data collection for Error Analysis 2. The Scope of Error Analysis Good English for the English Good English for the L2 learner The native speaker and the power dimension The Incompleteness hypot…
Opportunity and Uncertainty
Talking about Identity
Opportunity and Uncertainty
Eric Hawkins
Professor Eric William Hawkins (8 January 1915 – 31 October 2010)
In memory of Prof. Leo van Lier
With great sadness, we have learned that Prof. Leo van Lier passed away on 23 December 2012. Prof. van Lier was one of the original members and founding fathers of the Association for Language Awar
Teachers’ Conceptions of Student Engagement in Learning
Although student engagement plays a central role in the education process, defining it is challenging. This study examines teachers’ conceptions of the social and cultural dimensions of student engagement in learning at three low-achieving schools located in a low socioeconomic status (SES) urban area. Sixteen teachers and administrators from the three schools participated in two focus group discussions about their definitions of student engageme…
Race, racialization and Indigeneity in Canadian universities
This article is based on data from a four-year national study of racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian universities. Its main conclusion is that whether one examines representation in terms of numbers of racialized and Indigenous faculty members and their positioning within the system, their earned income as compared to white faculty, their daily life experiences within the university as workplace, or interactions with colleagues and students…
Adapting, Disrupting, and Resisting
Studies of Black students’ schooling experiences and educational outcomes have consistently shown that compared to their peers, they – especially males – tend to underperform academically, be more athletically engaged, and be streamed into non-academic educational programs. These studies tend to focus on high school students, but what of middle school students: is the situation any different? Using a combination of critical race theory and positi…
In-Season Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in International Field Hockey Players
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) studies conducted "in-season" are scarce. This study investigated the effect of discontinuous, running-based RSH, on repeated-sprint treadmill performance in hypoxia in a team sport cohort, prior to international competition. Over a 6-week "in-season" period, 11 elite male players (Malaysia national team) completed eight multi-set RSH sessions on a non-motorized treadmill in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (…
Psychology (23 obras) · Linguistics (15 obras) · Mathematics education (12 obras) · Philosophy (12 obras) · Sociology (12 obras) · Computer Science (11 obras) · Philosophy (8 obras) · Multilingual Education and Policy (7 obras) · Political science (7 obras) · First language (6 obras)