Rosalind J Wright
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3774387 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Rosalind J Wright |
| PRENOMES | Rosalind J |
| SOBRENOME | Wright |
| ASSINATURA | WRIGHT R J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4262-2807 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 43 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 92 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 43 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1999 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Beyond Linear Risk
The goal of this study was to investigate the contextual nature of prenatal depression (PND) and postpartum depression (PPD). We report an investigation of maternal PND and PPD using nonrandomly clustered data from 8,936 mothers in 16 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort. We used a recursive partitioning algorithm (ctree) to account for differential effects arising from predictor and effect heterogeneity …
A descriptive examination of rurality in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort
PURPOSE: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort has enrolled over 60,000 children to examine how early environmental factors (broadly defined) are associated with key child health outcomes. The ECHO Cohort may be well-positioned to contribute to our understanding of rural environments and contexts, which has implications for rural health disparities research. The present study examined the outcome of child obesity to …
Associations among positive child health measures in the environmental influences on child health outcomes (Echo) cohort
Redlining in New York City
Background Evidence suggests historical redlining shaped the built environment and health outcomes in urban areas. Only a handful of studies have examined redlining’s association with air pollution and adverse birth outcomes in New York City (NYC). Additionally, no NYC-specific studies have examined the impact of redlining on birth weight. Methods This longitudinal cohort study analysed data from the National Institute of Health Environmental Inf…
Associations between a metal mixture and infant negative affectivity
In-utero exposures interact in complex ways that influence neurodevelopment. Animal research demonstrates that fetal sex moderates the impact of joint exposure to metals and prenatal stress measures, including cortisol, on offspring socioemotional outcomes. Further research is needed in humans. We evaluated the joint association of prenatal exposures to a metal mixture and cortisol with infant negative affectivity, considering sex differences. An…
Prenatal iodine intake and infant temperament in a multiethnic US cohort
Objective: Maternal iodine plays a central role in fetal neurodevelopment. It is recommended that pregnant women consume sufficient levels of iodine to accommodate increased need for mother and fetus. We examined associations among prenatal dietary and supplemental iodine intake and infant temperament. Design: The PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) study is an ongoing longitudinal pregnancy cohort. Data from 2011 to 2020 w…
Airborne Lead Exposure and Childhood Cognition
Objectives. To examine whether a previously reported association between airborne lead exposure and children’s cognitive function replicates across a geographically diverse sample of the United States. Methods. Residential addresses of children ( Results. An IQR increase in airborne lead was associated with a 0.74-point lower mean IQ score (b = −0.74; 95% confidence interval = −1.00, −0.48). The association between lead and EF was nonlinear and w…
Association of maternal education, neighborhood deprivation, and racial segregation with gestational age at birth by maternal race/ethnicity and United States Census region in the Echo cohorts
Background In the United States, disparities in gestational age at birth by maternal race, ethnicity, and geography are theorized to be related, in part, to differences in individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES). Yet, few studies have examined their combined effects or whether associations vary by maternal race and ethnicity and United States Census region. Methods We assembled data from 34 cohorts in the Environmental influ…
A short form of the Crisis in Family Systems (CRISYS) in a racially diverse sample of pregnant women
Assessing stressful life events in large-scale epidemiologic studies is challenged by the need to measure potential stressful events in a reasonably comprehensible manner balanced with burden on participants and research staff. The aim of this paper was to create a short form of the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised (CRISYS-R) plus 17 acculturation items, a measure that captures contemporary life stressors across 11 domains. Latent class analysis …
Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Perinatal Maternal Depression with Early Childhood Behavioral Problems
This study examined the association of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), prenatal, and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms with externalizing, internalizing, and autism spectrum problems on the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist in 2379 children aged 4.12 ± 0.60 (48% female; 47% White, 32% Black, 15% Mixed Race, 4% Asian, <2% American Indian/Alaskan Native, <2% Native Hawaiian; 23% Hispanic). Data were collected from the NIH Environmental i…
Developing a National-Scale Exposure Index for Combined Environmental Hazards and Social Stressors and Applications to the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (Echo) Cohort
Tools for assessing multiple exposures across several domains (e.g., physical, chemical, and social) are of growing importance in social and environmental epidemiology because of their value in uncovering disparities and their impact on health outcomes. Here we describe work done within the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide Cohort Study to build a combined exposure index. Our index considered both environmental hazards…
Prenatal trace elements mixture is associated with learning deficits on a behavioral acquisition task among young children
Children are exposed to many trace elements throughout their development. Given their ubiquity and potential to have effects on children's neurodevelopment, these exposures are a public health concern. This study sought to identify trace element mixture-associated deficits in learning behavior using operant testing in a prospective cohort. We included 322 participants aged 6-7 years recruited in Mexico City with complete data on prenatal trace el…
Associations between combined exposure to environmental hazards and social stressors at the neighborhood level and individual perinatal outcomes in the Echo-wide cohort
Early Adverse Experiences and Repeated Wheezing From 6 to 30 Months of Age
This study examined associations among early adversity, diurnal cortisol, child sex, and caregiver sensitivity at age 6 months in relation to wheezing in children (47% male) followed to 30 months. Analyses included 676 mother-child dyads, 393 of whom completed an observational caregiver sensitivity measure. Participants were primarily ethnic minorities (42.7% Black, 25.4% Hispanic); 22.1% of children had ≥ 1 wheezing episode. Higher adversity was…
Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the Covid-19 Pandemic
The aim of this study was to examine changes in depression, stress and social support levels before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in women living in Mexico City. We studied 466 women enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors (PROGRESS) study who completed the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) questionnaire prior (2018-2019) and during the lockdown period of the pandemic (May-November 2020). Psycho…
Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Adaptation as a Biological Response Derived from an Earthquake at Intrauterine Stage
An altered mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) at birth can be a marker of increased disease susceptibility later in life. Gestational exposure to acute stress, such as that derived from the earthquake experienced on 19 September 2017 in Mexico City, could be associated with changes in mtDNAcn at birth. Our study used data from the OBESO (Biochemical and Epigenetic Origins of Overweight and Obesity) perinatal cohort in Mexico City. We compare…
Disentangling Associations Among Maternal Lifetime and Prenatal Stress, Psychological Functioning During Pregnancy, Maternal Race/Ethnicity, and Infant Negative Affectivity at Age 6 Months
Purpose: Maternal stress and psychological dysfunction in pregnancy are independently linked with fetal neurodevelopment. Stress encompasses environmental stressors and psychological and physiological responses. Stressors and psychopathology co-occur with patterns differing by race/ethnicity. We aimed to extend environmental mixtures methodology to elucidate prenatal stress associations with infant negative affectivity (NA) in a racially/ethnical…
Associations of Maternal Trait Anger Expression and Lifetime Traumatic and Non-traumatic Experiences with Preterm Birth
Prenatal Stress, Methylation in Inflammation-Related Genes, and Adiposity Measures in Early Childhood
OBJECTIVE: Maternal stress during pregnancy may influence childhood growth and adiposity, possibly through immune/inflammatory programming. We investigated whether exposure to prenatal stress and methylation in inflammation-related genes were associated with childhood adiposity in 424 mother-child pairs in Mexico City, Mexico. METHODS: A stress index was created based on four prenatally administered stress-related scales (Exposure to Violence, Cr…
Early maternal perceived stress and children’s BMI
While different stressors contribute to maternal stress, the perceived stress level - rather than the stressors themselves - is strongly positively associated with BMI z-score development in girls
Impact of Maternal Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma on Children's Asthma
OBJECTIVE: Traumatic stressors, including child abuse and/or interpersonal violence over a woman's lifecourse, can affect the health of her children. This study examines the associations between maternal lifetime interpersonal trauma (IPT) and children's asthma by age 6 years (n = 857). METHODS: Pregnant women completed the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale; IPT exposure was categorized as unexposed (55%), early (childhood and/or teen years only, 25…
Maternal Lifetime Trauma Exposure, Prenatal Cortisol, and Infant Negative Affectivity
Little research has examined the impact of maternal lifetime trauma exposure on infant temperament. We examined associations between maternal trauma history and infant negative affectivity and modification by prenatal cortisol exposure in a sociodemographically diverse sample of mother–infant dyads. During pregnancy, mothers completed measures of lifetime trauma exposure and current stressors. Third‐trimester cortisol output was assessed from mat…
Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Estimating Micronutrient Intakes in an Urban US Sample of Multi-Ethnic Pregnant Women
Childhood abuse is associated with increased hair cortisol levels among urban pregnant women
BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is known to be altered following events such as childhood abuse. However, despite potential adverse consequences for the offspring of women who have experienced abuse, very little is known about altered HPA axis activity during pregnancy. METHODS: During pregnancy, 180 women from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds reported on their exposure to emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse be…
Racial/ethnic and sociodemographic factors associated with micronutrient intakes and inadequacies among pregnant women in an urban US population
Objective To assess sociodemographic correlates of micronutrient intakes from food and dietary supplements in an urban, ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women in the USA. Design Cross-sectional analyses of data collected using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Associations between racial, ethnic and sociodemographic factors and micronutrient intakes were examined using logistic regression controlling for pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age and …
Witnessing Community Violence in Residential Neighborhoods
Community Violence and Asthma Morbidity
Objectives. We examined the association between exposure to violence and asthma among urban children. Methods. We obtained reports from caretakers (n = 851) of violence, negative life events, unwanted memories (rumination), caretaker-perceived stress, and caretaker behaviors (keeping children indoors, smoking, and medication adherence). Outcomes included caretaker-reported wheezing, sleep disruption, interference with play because of asthma, and …
Social and environmental stressors in the home and childhood asthma
BACKGROUND: Both physical environmental factors and chronic stress may independently increase susceptibility to asthma; however, little is known on how these different risks may interact. The authors examined the relationship between maternal intimate partner violence (IPV), housing quality and asthma among children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2013). METHODS: Maternal reports of IPV were obtained after the child's birth a…
Influence of experiences of racial discrimination and ethnic identity on prenatal smoking among urban black and Hispanic women
These are the first data in pregnant minority women showing an association between discrimination and increased risk of smoking particularly among black women. Ethnic identity and nativity status were also associated with smoking risk. Smoking cessation programmes should consider such factors among childbearing minority women
War-related stressors are associated with asthma risk among older Kuwaitis following the 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation
BACKGROUND: Contemporary warfare involving civilian populations is a growing public health concern. In addition to the psychological impact, war-related trauma may result in physiological alterations and even broader health effects. Associations were examined between war-related stressors and incident asthma in elderly Kuwaiti civilians following the Iraqi invasion. METHODS: A random sample of all Kuwaiti nationals aged 50-69 years on the day pri…
Contribution of Race/Ethnicity and Country of Origin to Variations in Lifetime Reported Asthma
Objectives. We assessed the relative contribution of Hispanic ethnicity, country of origin, and nativity to lifetime prevalence of asthma among mothers and children enrolled in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Methods. We used multilevel models to analyze data from wave 3 of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods study (2000 to 2001). Mothers reported physician-diagnosed asthma for themselves and their…
Intimate Partner Violence and Cigarette Smoking
Objectives. We examined the association between psychological abuse in a current relationship and current cigarette smoking among women, with and without the co-occurrence of physical or sexual abuse. Methods. Women’s experience of psychological abuse, experience of physical or sexual abuse, and smoking status were ascertained through a survey of female nurses. A score of 20 or more on the Women’s Experience With Battering scale defined psycholog…
Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years
BACKGROUND: Childhood trauma exposure has been associated with deficits in cognitive functioning. The influence of timing of exposure on the magnitude and persistence of deficits is not well understood. The impact of exposure in early development has been especially under-investigated. This study examined the impact of interpersonal trauma exposure (IPT) in the first years of life on childhood cognitive functioning. METHODS: Children (N=206) part…
Growing up in a domestic violence environment
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the relationship between growing up in a violent home and developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI) in a cohort of adolescents followed longitudinally from 1996 to 2003-4. METHODS: 6043 girls and 4934 boys aged 9-14 years in 1996 who reported height and weight at least two times and whose mothers completed intimate partner violence (IPV) questions at the 2001 Nurses' Health Study. Main exposure was ex…
Association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning in an urban primary care clinic
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning. METHODS: Data were collected in an urban primary care clinic from 3650 children aged 9 to 48 months. Iron deficiency was defined as a red cell mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of less than 70 fL and a red cell distribution width (RDW) of more than 14.5 in children younger than 2 years, and an MCV of less than 73 fL and RDW of mo…
Airborne Lead Exposure and Childhood Cognition
Objectives. To examine whether a previously reported association between airborne lead exposure and children’s cognitive function replicates across a geographically diverse sample of the United States. Methods. Residential addresses of children ( Results. An IQR increase in airborne lead was associated with a 0.74-point lower mean IQ score (b = −0.74; 95% confidence interval = −1.00, −0.48). The association between lead and EF was nonlinear and w…
Association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning in an urban primary care clinic
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between iron deficiency and low-level lead poisoning. METHODS: Data were collected in an urban primary care clinic from 3650 children aged 9 to 48 months. Iron deficiency was defined as a red cell mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of less than 70 fL and a red cell distribution width (RDW) of more than 14.5 in children younger than 2 years, and an MCV of less than 73 fL and RDW of mo…
Community Violence and Asthma Morbidity
Objectives. We examined the association between exposure to violence and asthma among urban children. Methods. We obtained reports from caretakers (n = 851) of violence, negative life events, unwanted memories (rumination), caretaker-perceived stress, and caretaker behaviors (keeping children indoors, smoking, and medication adherence). Outcomes included caretaker-reported wheezing, sleep disruption, interference with play because of asthma, and …
Population Disparities in Asthma
The prevalence of asthma in the United States is higher than in many other countries in the world. Asthma, the most common chronic disease of childhood in the United States, disproportionately burdens many socioeconomically disadvantaged urban communities. In this review we discuss hypotheses for between-country disparities in asthma prevalence, including differences in “hygiene” (e.g., family size, use of day care, early-life respiratory infecti…
Witnessing Community Violence in Residential Neighborhoods
Transdisciplinary research strategies for understanding socially patterned disease
As we have seen a global increase in asthma in the past three decades it has also become clear that it is a socially patterned disease, based on demographic and socioeconomic indicators clustered by areas of residence. This trend is not readily explained by traditional genetic paradigms or physical environmental exposures when considered alone. This has led to consideration of the interplay among physical and psychosocial environmental hazards an…
Violence Exposure, A Chronic Psychosocial Stressor, and Childhood Lung Function
OBJECTIVE: Chronic psychosocial stressors, including violence, and neuropsychological and behavioral development in children as well as physiologic alterations that may lead to broader health effects. METHODS: We studied the relationship between violence and childhood lung function in a prospective birth cohort of 313 urban children (age range = 6-7 years). Mothers reported on their child's lifetime exposure to community violence (ETV) and interp…
Association Between Lung Function and Cognition Among Children in a Prospective Birth Cohort Study
OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between lung function and cognition among children in the Maternal-Infant Smoking Study of East Boston, a prospective cohort of women and children enrolled before 20 weeks of gestation. A number of studies have demonstrated a relationship between lung function and cognition among adults, but this relationship has not been studied among children. METHODS: At 6 years of age, children completed lung function t…
Intimate Partner Violence and Cigarette Smoking
Objectives. We examined the association between psychological abuse in a current relationship and current cigarette smoking among women, with and without the co-occurrence of physical or sexual abuse. Methods. Women’s experience of psychological abuse, experience of physical or sexual abuse, and smoking status were ascertained through a survey of female nurses. A score of 20 or more on the Women’s Experience With Battering scale defined psycholog…
Associations of Maternal Lifetime Trauma and Perinatal Traumatic Stress Symptoms With Infant Cardiorespiratory Reactivity to Psychological Challenge
Objective: To examine associations of maternal lifetime trauma and related psychological symptoms in the perinatal period with infant cardiorespiratory reactivity and behavioral distress in response to a laboratory stressor, using a novel advanced system recently adapted for infants. Methods: Participants were mothers and their 6-month-old infants. Assessments included mothers’ self-reported lifetime exposure to trauma, perinatal traumatic stress…
Why old soldiers cannot be allowed to simply fade away
Ikin and colleagues’1 research findings published in this issue of JECH demonstrate all too clearly why old soldiers cannot be allowed to simply fade away ( see page 359 ). As these authors summarise in their introduction, the public health literature has increasingly documented both the short- and long-term effects of war on mental and physical disorders in military veterans. Their current work highlights how the impact of war may be even greate…
Contribution of Race/Ethnicity and Country of Origin to Variations in Lifetime Reported Asthma
Objectives. We assessed the relative contribution of Hispanic ethnicity, country of origin, and nativity to lifetime prevalence of asthma among mothers and children enrolled in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Methods. We used multilevel models to analyze data from wave 3 of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods study (2000 to 2001). Mothers reported physician-diagnosed asthma for themselves and their…
Cumulative stress and cortisol disruption among Black and Hispanic pregnant women in an urban cohort
While adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis functioning is thought to be altered by traumatic experiences, little data exist on the effects of cumulative stress on HPA functioning among pregnant women or among specific racial and ethnic groups. Individuals may be increasingly vulnerable to physiological alterations when experiencing cumulative effects of multiple stressors. These effects may be particularly relevant in urban poor…
Social and environmental stressors in the home and childhood asthma
BACKGROUND: Both physical environmental factors and chronic stress may independently increase susceptibility to asthma; however, little is known on how these different risks may interact. The authors examined the relationship between maternal intimate partner violence (IPV), housing quality and asthma among children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2013). METHODS: Maternal reports of IPV were obtained after the child's birth a…
War-related stressors are associated with asthma risk among older Kuwaitis following the 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation
BACKGROUND: Contemporary warfare involving civilian populations is a growing public health concern. In addition to the psychological impact, war-related trauma may result in physiological alterations and even broader health effects. Associations were examined between war-related stressors and incident asthma in elderly Kuwaiti civilians following the Iraqi invasion. METHODS: A random sample of all Kuwaiti nationals aged 50-69 years on the day pri…
Influence of experiences of racial discrimination and ethnic identity on prenatal smoking among urban black and Hispanic women
These are the first data in pregnant minority women showing an association between discrimination and increased risk of smoking particularly among black women. Ethnic identity and nativity status were also associated with smoking risk. Smoking cessation programmes should consider such factors among childbearing minority women
Association between local indoor smoking ordinances in Massachusetts and cigarette smoking during pregnancy
Preventing smoking among women of reproductive age is a public health priority. This study suggests that indoor smoking ordinances were associated with lower prenatal smoking prevalence and the favourable effect increased over time. Findings highlight the public health benefit of tobacco control policies
Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8 years
BACKGROUND: Childhood trauma exposure has been associated with deficits in cognitive functioning. The influence of timing of exposure on the magnitude and persistence of deficits is not well understood. The impact of exposure in early development has been especially under-investigated. This study examined the impact of interpersonal trauma exposure (IPT) in the first years of life on childhood cognitive functioning. METHODS: Children (N=206) part…
Growing up in a domestic violence environment
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the relationship between growing up in a violent home and developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI) in a cohort of adolescents followed longitudinally from 1996 to 2003-4. METHODS: 6043 girls and 4934 boys aged 9-14 years in 1996 who reported height and weight at least two times and whose mothers completed intimate partner violence (IPV) questions at the 2001 Nurses' Health Study. Main exposure was ex…
Racial/ethnic and sociodemographic factors associated with micronutrient intakes and inadequacies among pregnant women in an urban US population
Objective To assess sociodemographic correlates of micronutrient intakes from food and dietary supplements in an urban, ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women in the USA. Design Cross-sectional analyses of data collected using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Associations between racial, ethnic and sociodemographic factors and micronutrient intakes were examined using logistic regression controlling for pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age and …
Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Estimating Micronutrient Intakes in an Urban US Sample of Multi-Ethnic Pregnant Women
Childhood abuse is associated with increased hair cortisol levels among urban pregnant women
BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is known to be altered following events such as childhood abuse. However, despite potential adverse consequences for the offspring of women who have experienced abuse, very little is known about altered HPA axis activity during pregnancy. METHODS: During pregnancy, 180 women from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds reported on their exposure to emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse be…
Impact of Maternal Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma on Children's Asthma
OBJECTIVE: Traumatic stressors, including child abuse and/or interpersonal violence over a woman's lifecourse, can affect the health of her children. This study examines the associations between maternal lifetime interpersonal trauma (IPT) and children's asthma by age 6 years (n = 857). METHODS: Pregnant women completed the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale; IPT exposure was categorized as unexposed (55%), early (childhood and/or teen years only, 25…
Maternal Lifetime Trauma Exposure, Prenatal Cortisol, and Infant Negative Affectivity
Little research has examined the impact of maternal lifetime trauma exposure on infant temperament. We examined associations between maternal trauma history and infant negative affectivity and modification by prenatal cortisol exposure in a sociodemographically diverse sample of mother–infant dyads. During pregnancy, mothers completed measures of lifetime trauma exposure and current stressors. Third‐trimester cortisol output was assessed from mat…
Prenatal Stress, Methylation in Inflammation-Related Genes, and Adiposity Measures in Early Childhood
OBJECTIVE: Maternal stress during pregnancy may influence childhood growth and adiposity, possibly through immune/inflammatory programming. We investigated whether exposure to prenatal stress and methylation in inflammation-related genes were associated with childhood adiposity in 424 mother-child pairs in Mexico City, Mexico. METHODS: A stress index was created based on four prenatally administered stress-related scales (Exposure to Violence, Cr…
Early maternal perceived stress and children’s BMI
While different stressors contribute to maternal stress, the perceived stress level - rather than the stressors themselves - is strongly positively associated with BMI z-score development in girls
Medicine (38 obras) · Environmental health (22 obras) · Demography (18 obras) · Psychology (18 obras) · Pregnancy (17 obras) · Psychiatry (17 obras) · Internal Medicine (16 obras) · Clinical Psychology (13 obras) · Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum (13 obras) · Child Abuse and Trauma (12 obras)