Christopher Spencer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3794170 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Christopher Spencer |
| PRENOMES | Christopher |
| SOBRENOME | Spencer |
| ASSINATURA | SPENCER C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Sheffield |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2446-2114 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 30 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 185 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 29 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1965 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Church Leaders Share and Implement Solution-Focused Health Strategies During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Rural Alabama
Modelling Category Inflation with Multiple Inflation Processes
Zero‐inflated ordered probit ( ZIOP ) and middle‐inflated ordered probit ( MIOP ) models are finding increasing favour in the discrete choice literature. We propose generalizations to these models – which collapse to their ZIOP / MIOP counterparts under a set of simple parameter restrictions – with respect to the inflation process. These generalizations form the basis of a new specification test of the inflation process in ZIOP and MIOP models. S…
Standards, learning, and growth inBritain, 1901-2009
This article considers the model of voluntary, consensus based standardization as developed through theBritishStandardsInstitution (BSI) and its contribution to learning and productivity growth. It discusses the significant role played by professional engineers in the model's introduction, its extension at home, and its imitation overseas. It is argued that by 1931 theBSIcatalogue of standards represented a considerable stock of codified knowledg…
The politics of the chancel screen
The 1630s was a decade of dramatic and often controversial change within the Church of England, as innovatory standards of ceremonial conformity and for the maintenance and appearance of church buildings were imposed upon the Church. This article will examine the imposition of so-called Laudian policies in the Yorkshire parish of Slaidburn. Despite a growing interest in Laudianism amongst historians in recent decades, little work has attempted to…
A decade of dissent
Children and their Environments
This fascinating book examines theories of children's perceptions of space and place and explores how these theories are applied to the world of children. The focus is on children in large real world spaces; places that children live in, explore and learn from. These include classrooms, playgrounds, homes and yards, towns, communities, countryside, natural environments, and the wider world. An international team of authors compare the experiences…
How can we give ‘Children's Geographies’ away
Children's Understanding of Aerial Photographs
As aerial photographs are widely used in geography education, it is important to know how children's understanding of these representations develops through the school years. We review research that has addressed children's understanding of the content of aerial photographs, and we describe a series of studies in which children used information from aerial photographs to carry out spatial tasks in a large space. We demonstrate that using an aeria…
Mapping as a Cultural and Cognitive Universal
We hypothesize that nearly all humans, in all cultures, acquire the ability to read and use map-like models in very early childhood, and that this ability is a fundamental part of human ecological adaptation, comparable in many ways to tool use. Evidence pertaining to this theory should be sought in three kinds of research: studies in differing cultures of the development of young children's ability to use map-like models; studies probing for evi…
Can Blaming Victims of Rape be Logical? Attribution Theory and Discourse Analytic Perspectives
While it is frequently assumed that blaming the victims rather than the perpetrators of rape is the result of biases in causal reasoning, one rape perception study (Calhoun et al., 1976) suggests that blame attributions directed at the victim can occur as a result of logical attributional processes through the systematic and rational application of the covariational rules of inductive reasoning. The aim of the present study was to investigate thi…
Children describe their experiences of the city centre
A large‐scale qualitative study of the views of British 10–12 years olds is reported. The focus is on children's perceptions of their local urban centres, and in particular on the concerns and fears that they have about using the centres. It is argued that, in the context of the debate about such centres retaining business in the face of the challenge from out‐of‐town malls, designers should be more aware of the comparisons that such children dra…
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Young Children's Mapping Abilities
The mapping abilities of four‐year‐old children in York, England, Durban, South Africa, Tehran, Iran, Mexico City, Mexico and Evanston, Illinois, USA were investigated, using a methodology involving air‐photo identification and simulated navigation on an air photo. The results show that essential mapping abilities (perspective and scale transformations) are well developed by the age of four in these cultures, and provide some evidence in support …
Young Children's Use of Spatial Relationships in Tasks with Maps and Models
In this paper, we consider two issues: first, the age when children can first understand that a map or a model is a representation of space; and second, how children's early map abilities can be encouraged and stimulated. There have been recent proposals that children can start to understand maps from 2Â1⁄2 years of age. The research supporting these proposals is discussed, and it is argued that there is little evidence that children can apprecia…
A Comparison Of Two Types Of Tactile Maps For Blind Children
Tactile maps produced on microcapsule paper are a comparatively recent innovation. Previous research has indicated that visually impaired adults find such maps easier to use than the longer established thermoform tactile maps. But previous studies have not considered whether microcapsule maps are also suitable for visually impaired children. Therefore, this experiment compared the effectiveness of thermoform and microcapsule maps designed for chi…
Developing the blind child's cognition of the environment
International Preferences in Selecting Mates
This study sought to identify the effects of culture and sex on mate preferences using samples drawn world-wide. Thirty-seven samples were obtained from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (N = 9,474). Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed strong effects of both culture and sex, moderated by specific mate characteristics. Chastity proved to be the mate characteristic on which cultures varied the most. The preference order…
The Child in the Physical Environment
Part 1 Processes of environmental cognition: environmental cognition - a conceptual and methodological review routes, directions and action planning. Part 2 The development of environmental cognition - from body-image onwards: the location of objects and self in space the child in geographical space investigating the child's cognitive map the role of direct experience of the environment in the development of cognitive representations maps and the…
The Implications of Psychological Theory and Methodology for Cognitive Cartography
Contemporary debate and research in cartography has stressed the role of the map reader in the process of cartographic communication, and cartographic experiments have been carried out to examine the cognitive processes involved in map interpretation. Some of the issues raised by such studies arc discussed with particular reference to how methods from recent psychological research can be applied to these cartographic studies. It is also emphasize…
Pattern and Process
Tradition, Cultural Patterns and Drug Availability as Predictors of Youthful Drug Abuse
Reply to D. C. D. Pocock
Understanding seat‐belt use
It is shown that Fishbein's ‘theory of reasoned action’ can be used to explain people's intentions to wear seat belts. As Bentler and Speckart (1979) have proposed, a self‐report measure of past behaviour is shown to significantly improve the model's power; this extended Fishbein model being capable of accounting for the majority of the effects that extraneous variables, which are known to influence seat‐belt use, have upon a person's behavioural…
Poppies, Pipes, and People. Opium and Its Use in Laos
Mapping the Development of Feelings about the City
Christopher Spencer, Jill Dixon, Mapping the Development of Feelings about the City: A Longitudinal Study of New Residents' Affective Maps, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1983), pp. 373-383
Social stereotypes held by different occupational groups in post‐revolutionary Iran
Studied how level of education and degree of contact with target groups affect stereotypes held by different occupational groups in post‐revolutionary Iran. Male university lecturers, taxi drivers and factory workers from Isfahan—25 of each—rated target groups (Americans, English, Arabs, Iranians) on 22 seven‐point trait scales. Fifteen subjects rated trait favourability. Results were analysed descriptively and by Spearman rank correlations of tr…
International Preferences in Selecting Mates
This study sought to identify the effects of culture and sex on mate preferences using samples drawn world-wide. Thirty-seven samples were obtained from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (N = 9,474). Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed strong effects of both culture and sex, moderated by specific mate characteristics. Chastity proved to be the mate characteristic on which cultures varied the most. The preference order…
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Young Children's Mapping Abilities
The mapping abilities of four‐year‐old children in York, England, Durban, South Africa, Tehran, Iran, Mexico City, Mexico and Evanston, Illinois, USA were investigated, using a methodology involving air‐photo identification and simulated navigation on an air photo. The results show that essential mapping abilities (perspective and scale transformations) are well developed by the age of four in these cultures, and provide some evidence in support …
Can Blaming Victims of Rape be Logical? Attribution Theory and Discourse Analytic Perspectives
While it is frequently assumed that blaming the victims rather than the perpetrators of rape is the result of biases in causal reasoning, one rape perception study (Calhoun et al., 1976) suggests that blame attributions directed at the victim can occur as a result of logical attributional processes through the systematic and rational application of the covariational rules of inductive reasoning. The aim of the present study was to investigate thi…
Mapping as a Cultural and Cognitive Universal
We hypothesize that nearly all humans, in all cultures, acquire the ability to read and use map-like models in very early childhood, and that this ability is a fundamental part of human ecological adaptation, comparable in many ways to tool use. Evidence pertaining to this theory should be sought in three kinds of research: studies in differing cultures of the development of young children's ability to use map-like models; studies probing for evi…
The Microgenesis of Cognitive Maps
Christopher Spencer, Marie Weetman, The Microgenesis of Cognitive Maps: A Longitudinal Study of New Residents of an Urban Area, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 6, No. 3 (1981), pp. 375-384
Personal constructs and friendship formation
The Child in the Physical Environment
Part 1 Processes of environmental cognition: environmental cognition - a conceptual and methodological review routes, directions and action planning. Part 2 The development of environmental cognition - from body-image onwards: the location of objects and self in space the child in geographical space investigating the child's cognitive map the role of direct experience of the environment in the development of cognitive representations maps and the…
Individual Differences in the Drawing of Cognitive Maps
Debra Murray, Christopher Spencer, Individual Differences in the Drawing of Cognitive Maps: The Effects of Geographical Mobility, Strength of Mental Imagery and Basic Graphic Ability, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1979), pp. 385-391
Mapping the Development of Feelings about the City
Christopher Spencer, Jill Dixon, Mapping the Development of Feelings about the City: A Longitudinal Study of New Residents' Affective Maps, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1983), pp. 373-383
Understanding seat‐belt use
It is shown that Fishbein's ‘theory of reasoned action’ can be used to explain people's intentions to wear seat belts. As Bentler and Speckart (1979) have proposed, a self‐report measure of past behaviour is shown to significantly improve the model's power; this extended Fishbein model being capable of accounting for the majority of the effects that extraneous variables, which are known to influence seat‐belt use, have upon a person's behavioural…
Children describe their experiences of the city centre
A large‐scale qualitative study of the views of British 10–12 years olds is reported. The focus is on children's perceptions of their local urban centres, and in particular on the concerns and fears that they have about using the centres. It is argued that, in the context of the debate about such centres retaining business in the face of the challenge from out‐of‐town malls, designers should be more aware of the comparisons that such children dra…
A decade of dissent
Developing the blind child's cognition of the environment
Social stereotypes held by different occupational groups in post‐revolutionary Iran
Studied how level of education and degree of contact with target groups affect stereotypes held by different occupational groups in post‐revolutionary Iran. Male university lecturers, taxi drivers and factory workers from Isfahan—25 of each—rated target groups (Americans, English, Arabs, Iranians) on 22 seven‐point trait scales. Fifteen subjects rated trait favourability. Results were analysed descriptively and by Spearman rank correlations of tr…
Children's early preferences for other nations and their subsequent acquisition of knowledge about those nations
Church Leaders Share and Implement Solution-Focused Health Strategies During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Rural Alabama
Standards, learning, and growth inBritain, 1901-2009
This article considers the model of voluntary, consensus based standardization as developed through theBritishStandardsInstitution (BSI) and its contribution to learning and productivity growth. It discusses the significant role played by professional engineers in the model's introduction, its extension at home, and its imitation overseas. It is argued that by 1931 theBSIcatalogue of standards represented a considerable stock of codified knowledg…
How can we give ‘Children's Geographies’ away
Children's Understanding of Aerial Photographs
As aerial photographs are widely used in geography education, it is important to know how children's understanding of these representations develops through the school years. We review research that has addressed children's understanding of the content of aerial photographs, and we describe a series of studies in which children used information from aerial photographs to carry out spatial tasks in a large space. We demonstrate that using an aeria…
Poppies, Pipes, and People. Opium and Its Use in Laos
A Real Discovery
Personal constructs and friendship formation
Children's early preferences for other nations and their subsequent acquisition of knowledge about those nations
Individual Differences in the Drawing of Cognitive Maps
Debra Murray, Christopher Spencer, Individual Differences in the Drawing of Cognitive Maps: The Effects of Geographical Mobility, Strength of Mental Imagery and Basic Graphic Ability, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1979), pp. 385-391
The Microgenesis of Cognitive Maps
Christopher Spencer, Marie Weetman, The Microgenesis of Cognitive Maps: A Longitudinal Study of New Residents of an Urban Area, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 6, No. 3 (1981), pp. 375-384
Social stereotypes held by different occupational groups in post‐revolutionary Iran
Studied how level of education and degree of contact with target groups affect stereotypes held by different occupational groups in post‐revolutionary Iran. Male university lecturers, taxi drivers and factory workers from Isfahan—25 of each—rated target groups (Americans, English, Arabs, Iranians) on 22 seven‐point trait scales. Fifteen subjects rated trait favourability. Results were analysed descriptively and by Spearman rank correlations of tr…
Mapping the Development of Feelings about the City
Christopher Spencer, Jill Dixon, Mapping the Development of Feelings about the City: A Longitudinal Study of New Residents' Affective Maps, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1983), pp. 373-383
Reply to D. C. D. Pocock
Understanding seat‐belt use
It is shown that Fishbein's ‘theory of reasoned action’ can be used to explain people's intentions to wear seat belts. As Bentler and Speckart (1979) have proposed, a self‐report measure of past behaviour is shown to significantly improve the model's power; this extended Fishbein model being capable of accounting for the majority of the effects that extraneous variables, which are known to influence seat‐belt use, have upon a person's behavioural…
Poppies, Pipes, and People. Opium and Its Use in Laos
Tradition, Cultural Patterns and Drug Availability as Predictors of Youthful Drug Abuse
The Implications of Psychological Theory and Methodology for Cognitive Cartography
Contemporary debate and research in cartography has stressed the role of the map reader in the process of cartographic communication, and cartographic experiments have been carried out to examine the cognitive processes involved in map interpretation. Some of the issues raised by such studies arc discussed with particular reference to how methods from recent psychological research can be applied to these cartographic studies. It is also emphasize…
Pattern and Process
The Child in the Physical Environment
Part 1 Processes of environmental cognition: environmental cognition - a conceptual and methodological review routes, directions and action planning. Part 2 The development of environmental cognition - from body-image onwards: the location of objects and self in space the child in geographical space investigating the child's cognitive map the role of direct experience of the environment in the development of cognitive representations maps and the…
International Preferences in Selecting Mates
This study sought to identify the effects of culture and sex on mate preferences using samples drawn world-wide. Thirty-seven samples were obtained from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (N = 9,474). Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed strong effects of both culture and sex, moderated by specific mate characteristics. Chastity proved to be the mate characteristic on which cultures varied the most. The preference order…
A Comparison Of Two Types Of Tactile Maps For Blind Children
Tactile maps produced on microcapsule paper are a comparatively recent innovation. Previous research has indicated that visually impaired adults find such maps easier to use than the longer established thermoform tactile maps. But previous studies have not considered whether microcapsule maps are also suitable for visually impaired children. Therefore, this experiment compared the effectiveness of thermoform and microcapsule maps designed for chi…
Developing the blind child's cognition of the environment
Young Children's Use of Spatial Relationships in Tasks with Maps and Models
In this paper, we consider two issues: first, the age when children can first understand that a map or a model is a representation of space; and second, how children's early map abilities can be encouraged and stimulated. There have been recent proposals that children can start to understand maps from 2Â1⁄2 years of age. The research supporting these proposals is discussed, and it is argued that there is little evidence that children can apprecia…
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Young Children's Mapping Abilities
The mapping abilities of four‐year‐old children in York, England, Durban, South Africa, Tehran, Iran, Mexico City, Mexico and Evanston, Illinois, USA were investigated, using a methodology involving air‐photo identification and simulated navigation on an air photo. The results show that essential mapping abilities (perspective and scale transformations) are well developed by the age of four in these cultures, and provide some evidence in support …
Children describe their experiences of the city centre
A large‐scale qualitative study of the views of British 10–12 years olds is reported. The focus is on children's perceptions of their local urban centres, and in particular on the concerns and fears that they have about using the centres. It is argued that, in the context of the debate about such centres retaining business in the face of the challenge from out‐of‐town malls, designers should be more aware of the comparisons that such children dra…
Can Blaming Victims of Rape be Logical? Attribution Theory and Discourse Analytic Perspectives
While it is frequently assumed that blaming the victims rather than the perpetrators of rape is the result of biases in causal reasoning, one rape perception study (Calhoun et al., 1976) suggests that blame attributions directed at the victim can occur as a result of logical attributional processes through the systematic and rational application of the covariational rules of inductive reasoning. The aim of the present study was to investigate thi…
Children's Understanding of Aerial Photographs
As aerial photographs are widely used in geography education, it is important to know how children's understanding of these representations develops through the school years. We review research that has addressed children's understanding of the content of aerial photographs, and we describe a series of studies in which children used information from aerial photographs to carry out spatial tasks in a large space. We demonstrate that using an aeria…
Mapping as a Cultural and Cognitive Universal
We hypothesize that nearly all humans, in all cultures, acquire the ability to read and use map-like models in very early childhood, and that this ability is a fundamental part of human ecological adaptation, comparable in many ways to tool use. Evidence pertaining to this theory should be sought in three kinds of research: studies in differing cultures of the development of young children's ability to use map-like models; studies probing for evi…
How can we give ‘Children's Geographies’ away
Children and their Environments
This fascinating book examines theories of children's perceptions of space and place and explores how these theories are applied to the world of children. The focus is on children in large real world spaces; places that children live in, explore and learn from. These include classrooms, playgrounds, homes and yards, towns, communities, countryside, natural environments, and the wider world. An international team of authors compare the experiences…
Psychology (19 obras) · Spatial Cognition and Navigation (12 obras) · Computer Science (10 obras) · Geography (10 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Social Psychology (8 obras) · Cognition (7 obras) · Political science (7 obras) · Cognitive psychology (6 obras) · Developmental psychology (6 obras)