Alexander Lee
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3832469 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Alexander Lee |
| PRENOMES | Alexander |
| SOBRENOME | Lee |
| ASSINATURA | LEE A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Rochester |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5446-7293 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 52 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 224 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 52 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1998 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Patriots or Traitors
State mobilization and political attitudes
What are the effects of campaigns of coercive social mobilization on political attitudes? We show that such policies can strengthen authoritarian regimes by altering citizens’ patterns of trust. From 1968 to 1978, 16–17 million Chinese teenagers were “sent-down” to labor in rural areas, where they lived without their families under difficult conditions. Using a regression discontinuity design to account for selection into being sent-down, we show…
Can Gender Quotas Improve Public Service Provision? Evidence From Indian Local Government
What effect do gender quotas have on political responsiveness? We examine the effect of randomly imposed electoral quotas for women in Mumbai’s city council, using a wide variety of objective and subjective measures of constituency-level public service quality. Quotas are associated with differences in the distribution of legislator effort, with quota members focusing on public goods distribution, while non-quota members focus on individual goods…
The Macassan–Aboriginal relationship and the Commonwealth of Australia 1901–1906
Their Flag has Failed Them’ – Moral Panic and the Imagined Survivors of the SS Douglas Mawson
Election symbols and vote choice
A large literature has shown that ballot order and ballot structure can influence vote choice. We focus on another behavioral cue for voting, the symbols that are assigned to candidates in many democracies. We take advantage of a naturally occurring experiment in India, where independent candidates can choose from a list of free symbols and conflicting choices are resolved by a drawing of lots. We find that winning the draw has a substantial posi…
Machiavelli and the Florentine Book Trade
In March 1506, Machiavelli was in the Casentino when he received a letter from Agostino Vespucci in Florence. A few weeks earlier, Machiavelli had arranged for his Decennale primo – a verse history of Florence between 1494 and 1504 – to be printed by Bartolomeo de’ Libri, with Vespucci bearing the costs. It was the first of his works in print and had already met with some success. Much to Vespucci’s alarm, however, a rival printer, Andrea Ghirlan…
The bear minimum
Nickel and the 1940 New Caledonia Coup
Australia and the Allies risked conflict with Vichy France to secure New Caledonia’s nickel and preserve the Allies’ monopoly control of that strategic metal. Nickel was a key wartime resource that the Axis powers had no easy way to produce or purchase at scale. After the fall of France there was a window of opportunity for the Axis powers to acquire immense quantities of nickel from the island of New Caledonia in the South Pacific. Such an outco…
Avoiding Japanese Intervention in New Caledonia
In June and July 1940, Australia feared that a dispute over New Caledonia could spark open conflict between the British Empire and Japan. New Caledonia’s endowment of resources, particularly nickel, made it an important supplier of strategic metals to Japan and gave Tokyo a legitimate stake in the future of the archipelago. Canberra, in partnership with London, recognized the danger of Japan’s access to the archipelago’s resources but did not wan…
The Great Revenue Divergence
This article describes and explains a previously overlooked empirical pattern in state revenue collection. As late as 1913, central governments in the West collected similar levels of per capita revenue as the rest of the world, despite ruling richer societies and experiencing a long history of fiscal innovation. Western revenue levels permanently diverged only in the following half-century. We identify the twentieth-century great revenue diverge…
Historical Inequality at the Grassroots
How do historical inequalities influence modern public goods provision? This paper analyses a new panel dataset of local public goods provision in a single North Indian district with observations at the village-decade level going back to 1905 and detailed information on colonial land tenure institutions and demographics. The presence of large colonial landowners is positively associated with rural public goods provision when the landlord was resi…
Biting the ‘cherry of detachment’
The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was created in 1965 to secure a range of Indian Ocean islands for United States and United Kingdom military use. However, despite being situated in the centre of this new Territory, the twin islands of North and South Agaléga were curiously excluded. In light of India’s modern military development of Agaléga, this article examines why British and American planners in 1965 passed over these islands, citing…
From Hierarchy to Ethnicity
Caste and ethnicity have been crucial in shaping the discourse around identity politics in modern South Asia. This book critically discusses two important trends in twentieth-century Indian politics - the rise in the political salience of caste identities, and a shift in the way caste identity was conceptualized; from a hierarchical system based on the adoption of specific behaviours to a system based on bounded and autonomous groups not dissimil…
The Portuguese Empire
Australia’s strategic interests from 1961–1972 were forwarded by the late Portuguese Empire. Portugal and Australia shared a similar problem: both feared the consequences of decolonisation. Portugal was forthright in this stance, attracting much of the world’s ire that could have been directed at Australia. Lisbon routinely stated that Australian and Portuguese interests were in such tight alignment that they were natural partners. Canberra priva…
The Ethics of Reintroducing Large Carnivores
Efforts to reintroduce species to portions of their historic ranges are growing in number and kind. These include proposals and projects to reintroduce large carnivores in areas where these species have been absent for decades. Reintroductions, like all conservation efforts, involve not only empirical and logistical problems, but also complex normative questions. So, what are the obligations, values, permissions, restrictions, and demands that ci…
Protecting Australia's soft underbelly
Looming war with Germany and Japan led Australia frantically to prepare its home defences. The industrial Illawarra region, in the south of New South Wales, represented a target of national significance that was ill prepared to resist an Axis attack. This article considers why Australia’s government was so fearful of an attack in this location, and how it responded to the threat. It links to the emerging scholarship on Australia’s home defences, …
What the Boers Did Australia Can Do, and Do Ten Times Better’
The Boer Republics of the South African Republic (Transvaal) and Orange Free State influenced Australian defence policy before the First World War. Despite the demise of the Boer Republics at the hands of the British Empire, and the participation of Australia in their defeat, Australian parliamentarians explicitly advocated replicating Boer-style concept of citizen-soldiers to counter an attack on the Commonwealth. The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899…
Consequences of failure
Australia’s wartime security was imperilled by the failure of the Franco-British union. The proposal to merge the British and French Empires into a supra-national entity became a short-lived possibility in June 1940. This article examines why Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies unconditionally endorsed the idea. Examining the proposal, and French territories surrounding Australia, demonstrates why Australia was invested in a continued French…
Giuliano de’ Medici
Giuliano di Lorenzo de’ Medici (1479–1516) did not enjoy the best of reputations during his lifetime. Although he was Machiavelli’s first choice as dedicatee of Il principe, and was admired by the Venetian diarist Marin Sanudo, he was seldom taken seriously either as a soldier or as a statesman. Writing shortly after the Medici’s return to Florence in 1512, Francesco Vettori archly opined that he was a man ‘more of the court than of war’. Others …
Technology and protest
Electronic voting technology is often proposed as translating voter intent to vote totals better than alternative systems such as paper ballots. We suggest that electronic voting machines (EVMs) can also alter vote choice, and, in particular, the way in which voters register anti-system sentiment. This paper examines the effects of the introduction of EVMs in India, the world's largest democracy, using a difference-in-differences methodology that…
Does Affirmative Action Work? Evaluating India’s Quota System
This paper examines two common critiques of ethnic quota policies in government hiring and education: that they do not benefit the target group, and that any benefits are unevenly distributed within the target group. It focuses on the effects of educational and hiring quotas for Other Backward Class (OBC) castes in India, using difference-in-difference and triple difference designs that take advantage of the gradual introduction of these quotas. …
Does Affirmative Action Worsen Bureaucratic Performance? Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service
Although many countries recruit bureaucrats using affirmative action, the effect of affirmative action recruits on bureaucratic performance has rarely been examined. Some worry that affirmative action worsens bureaucratic performance by diminishing the quality of recruits, whereas others posit that it improves performance by making recruits more representative of and responsive to the population. We test for these possibilities using unusually de…
Conservation Floors and Degradation Ceilings
U.S. conservation policy, both in structure and in practice, places a heavy burden on conservationists to halt development projects, rather than on advocates of development to defend their proposed actions. In this paper, we identify this structural phenomenon in several landmark environmental policies and in practice in the contemporary debate concerning oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The burdens placed on conservation can …
The Big Fix
As Australia and the world move into a period of escalating geopolitical uncertainty, now more than ever informed voices must use their platforms to identify deficiencies in Australia’s national se...
Local Embeddedness and Bureaucratic Performance
While locally embedded bureaucrats may be more willing and able to enhance public goods provisioning in the places that they serve, they may also be more likely to be captured by elite interests. We reconcile these two viewpoints by arguing that locally embedded bureaucrats enhance public goods provisioning when they can be held accountable by the public. We test this theory using data from India, examining how changes in public goods provision w…
Who Becomes a Terrorist
Many studies of the social backgrounds of terrorists have found that they are wealthier and better educated than the population from which they are drawn. However, studies of political behavior have shown that all forms of political involvement are correlated with socioeconomic status. among those who are politically active, opportunity costs may lead those involved in nonviolent activities to have a higher social status than violent individuals …
Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Discrimination
Numerous studies have found that ethnic diversity is negatively associated with the provision of local public goods. However, these accounts neglect both the strong role of central institutions in the provision of many “local” public goods and the frequently positive correlation between diversity and the presence of less politically powerful ethnic groups. These factors suggest that existing diversity findings may be explained in some cases by ce…
Economic Foundations of the Territorial State System
The contemporary world is organized into a system of territorial states in which rulers exercise authority inside clearly defined boundaries and recognize the authority of other rulers outside those boundaries. We develop a model to explain how the major economic and military developments in Europe starting in the fifteenth century contributed to the development of this system. Our model rationalizes the system as an economic cartel in which self…
Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies
Colonial institutions are thought to be an important determinates of post-independence levels of political stability, economic growth, and public goods provision. In particular, many scholars have suggested that British institutional and cultural legacies are more conducive to growth than those of France or other colonizers. Systematic tests of this hypothesis are complicated by unobserved heterogeneity among nations due to variable pre- and post…
Path Dependence in European Development
During the Middle Ages, most European polities operated under a norm that gave only the close male relatives of a monarch a privileged place in the order of succession. When no such heirs were available, succession disputes were more likely, with distant relatives and female(-line) heirs laying competing claims to the throne. These disputes often produced conflicts that destroyed existing institutions and harmed subsequent economic development. A…
Do Gender Quotas Hurt Less Privileged Groups? Evidence from India
How do political gender quotas affect representation? We suggest that when gender attitudes are correlated with ethnicity, promoting female politicians may reduce the descriptive representation of traditionally disadvantaged ethnic groups. To assess this idea, we examine the consequences of the implementation of random electoral quotas for women on the representation of caste groups in Delhi. Constituencies reserved for women are less likely than…
Land, State Capacity, and Colonialism
Many authors have argued that colonial institutions influenced contemporary economic outcomes by influencing levels of economic inequality and political conflict. Such accounts neglect an additional important mechanism, differences in state capacity. These two mechanisms of colonial persistence are examined in the context of India, where colonial land tenure arrangements are widely thought to influence contemporary outcomes through class conflict…
Does Affirmative Action Worsen Bureaucratic Performance? Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service
Although many countries recruit bureaucrats using affirmative action, the effect of affirmative action recruits on bureaucratic performance has rarely been examined. Some worry that affirmative action worsens bureaucratic performance by diminishing the quality of recruits, whereas others posit that it improves performance by making recruits more representative of and responsive to the population. We test for these possibilities using unusually de…
Redistributive Colonialism
The growth of European colonial empires occurred during a period of intense international conflict. This article examines how the international position of colonial states altered the distribution of wealth within indigenous societies. Colonial administrators favored precolonial elites only if they were militarily and financially secure, a pattern that stems from balancing the advantages of working with these groups against their higher probabili…
Technology and protest
Electronic voting technology is often proposed as translating voter intent to vote totals better than alternative systems such as paper ballots. We suggest that electronic voting machines (EVMs) can also alter vote choice, and, in particular, the way in which voters register anti-system sentiment. This paper examines the effects of the introduction of EVMs in India, the world's largest democracy, using a difference-in-differences methodology that…
The Great Revenue Divergence
This article describes and explains a previously overlooked empirical pattern in state revenue collection. As late as 1913, central governments in the West collected similar levels of per capita revenue as the rest of the world, despite ruling richer societies and experiencing a long history of fiscal innovation. Western revenue levels permanently diverged only in the following half-century. We identify the twentieth-century great revenue diverge…
Does Affirmative Action Work? Evaluating India’s Quota System
This paper examines two common critiques of ethnic quota policies in government hiring and education: that they do not benefit the target group, and that any benefits are unevenly distributed within the target group. It focuses on the effects of educational and hiring quotas for Other Backward Class (OBC) castes in India, using difference-in-difference and triple difference designs that take advantage of the gradual introduction of these quotas. …
Incumbency, Parties, and Legislatures
Incumbent legislators in some developing countries are often thought to face an electoral disadvantage relative to challengers. This article traces this effect to high levels of centralization within the political parties and governments of these countries. In political systems dominated by party leaders, legislators face substantial formal and informal constraints on their ability to influence policy, stake positions, and control patronage, whic…
What Were the Consequences of Decolonization
Extensive research suggests that European rule negatively affected political and economic development in their colonies. But did outcomes improve after colonial rule ended? Studying post–World War II independence cases, we statistically examine consequences of postwar decolonization—which includes both colonial autonomy and independence—for democracy, internal conflict, government revenue growth, and economic growth using two-way fixed-effects mo…
Can Gender Quotas Improve Public Service Provision? Evidence From Indian Local Government
What effect do gender quotas have on political responsiveness? We examine the effect of randomly imposed electoral quotas for women in Mumbai’s city council, using a wide variety of objective and subjective measures of constituency-level public service quality. Quotas are associated with differences in the distribution of legislator effort, with quota members focusing on public goods distribution, while non-quota members focus on individual goods…
Historical Inequality at the Grassroots
How do historical inequalities influence modern public goods provision? This paper analyses a new panel dataset of local public goods provision in a single North Indian district with observations at the village-decade level going back to 1905 and detailed information on colonial land tenure institutions and demographics. The presence of large colonial landowners is positively associated with rural public goods provision when the landlord was resi…
Restoration, Obligation, and the Baseline Problem
Community Development and Social Support Networks of Families in Singapore
Roman Law and Human Liberty
This article, drawing on Marsilius of Padua's Defensor Pacis , discusses Marsilius's theory of dominium , situating that theory within the context of the debate with Pope John XXII and William of Ockham. The author also reintroduces the long unsettled question of the extent of Marsilius's legal knowledge and training. The article closes by calling for a more sustained investigation of Marsilius's knowledge of Roman law, and of his relation to the…
Renaissance? Perceptions of Continuity and Discontinuity in Europe, c.1300- c.1550
The contribution attempts through few chosen examples to shed some light on the cultural and artistic activity on the territory of the crown lands of Bohemia in the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century, from the perspective of specific parallel with Italian humanism and the early Renaissance of the Italian trecento. The art under Venceslas IV represents paths to "another" Renaissance.
Renaissance?
Who Becomes a Terrorist
Many studies of the social backgrounds of terrorists have found that they are wealthier and better educated than the population from which they are drawn. However, studies of political behavior have shown that all forms of political involvement are correlated with socioeconomic status. among those who are politically active, opportunity costs may lead those involved in nonviolent activities to have a higher social status than violent individuals …
Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies
Colonial institutions are thought to be an important determinates of post-independence levels of political stability, economic growth, and public goods provision. In particular, many scholars have suggested that British institutional and cultural legacies are more conducive to growth than those of France or other colonizers. Systematic tests of this hypothesis are complicated by unobserved heterogeneity among nations due to variable pre- and post…
Spatial targeting of land rehabilitation
Irrigated croplands in Central Asia are highly prone to land degradation due to their environmentally fragile physical settings and intensive agricultural practices. This study: (i) assesses the state of croplands in irrigated areas in northern Uzbekistan, based on the time series of MODIS-NDVI imagery; (ii) analyzes relationships between the identified trend of cropland degradation and soil quality, terrain characteristics, population density, a…
Restoration, Obligation, and the Baseline Problem
Petrarch’s Humanist Writing and Carthusian Monasticism
Demetrio S. Yocum. Petrarch’s Humanist Writing and Carthusian Monasticism: The Secret Language of the Self. Medieval Church Studies 26. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013. xvii + 308 pp. €85. ISBN: 978-2-503-54419-9. - Volume 67 Issue 3
The Botanist
Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015
BACKGROUND: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and na…
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016
BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. METHODS: We used the comparative risk assessment framework dev…
Descripcion ou traicté du gouvernement et regime de la cité et Seigneurie de Venise
Descripcion ou traicté du gouvernement et regime de la cité et Seigneurie de Venise: Venezia vista dalla Francia ai primi del Cinquecento. Philippe Braunstein and Reinhold C. Mueller, eds. Venice: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti; Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2015. xiv + 468 pp. €56. - Volume 70 Issue 2
Redistributive Colonialism
The growth of European colonial empires occurred during a period of intense international conflict. This article examines how the international position of colonial states altered the distribution of wealth within indigenous societies. Colonial administrators favored precolonial elites only if they were militarily and financially secure, a pattern that stems from balancing the advantages of working with these groups against their higher probabili…
Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417
Rollo-Koster, Joëlle. Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society. An article from journal Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme (Piety and Conflict in the Early Reformation), on Érudit
Local Embeddedness and Bureaucratic Performance
While locally embedded bureaucrats may be more willing and able to enhance public goods provisioning in the places that they serve, they may also be more likely to be captured by elite interests. We reconcile these two viewpoints by arguing that locally embedded bureaucrats enhance public goods provisioning when they can be held accountable by the public. We test this theory using data from India, examining how changes in public goods provision w…
Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Discrimination
Numerous studies have found that ethnic diversity is negatively associated with the provision of local public goods. However, these accounts neglect both the strong role of central institutions in the provision of many “local” public goods and the frequently positive correlation between diversity and the presence of less politically powerful ethnic groups. These factors suggest that existing diversity findings may be explained in some cases by ce…
Economic Foundations of the Territorial State System
The contemporary world is organized into a system of territorial states in which rulers exercise authority inside clearly defined boundaries and recognize the authority of other rulers outside those boundaries. We develop a model to explain how the major economic and military developments in Europe starting in the fifteenth century contributed to the development of this system. Our model rationalizes the system as an economic cartel in which self…
Development in Multiple Dimensions
Why do some states provide infrastructure and social services to their citizens, and others do not? In Development in Multiple Dimensions, Alexander Lee examines the origins of success and failure in the public services of developing countries. Comparing states within India, this study examines how elites either control, or are shut out of, policy decisions and how the interests of these elites influence public policy. He shows that social inequa…
The Origins of Ethnic Activism
Existing accounts of ethnic mobilization have focused on the role of group size or state policy. This paper suggests that narrow identity activism was also non-linearly related to education since poorly-educated groups are unlikely to have an educated elite to participate in activism, while in very educated groups this elite existed but participated in the colonial state or anti-colonial nationalism. This theory is tested using a historical panel…
The binding practices of transgender and gender-diverse adults in Sydney, Australia
Binding, or the non-invasive compression of chest tissue, is often used to facilitate a more comfortable expression of individuals' gender prior to, or in lieu of, surgical intervention for assigned people. This study aims to provide insight into the ways in which gender-diverse individuals in Sydney, Australia perceive the health impacts of ad ascribe meaning to binding. It also explores how individuals negotiate available resources and support …
My Secret Book
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Path Dependence in European Development
During the Middle Ages, most European polities operated under a norm that gave only the close male relatives of a monarch a privileged place in the order of succession. When no such heirs were available, succession disputes were more likely, with distant relatives and female(-line) heirs laying competing claims to the throne. These disputes often produced conflicts that destroyed existing institutions and harmed subsequent economic development. A…
What Were the Consequences of Decolonization
Extensive research suggests that European rule negatively affected political and economic development in their colonies. But did outcomes improve after colonial rule ended? Studying post–World War II independence cases, we statistically examine consequences of postwar decolonization—which includes both colonial autonomy and independence—for democracy, internal conflict, government revenue growth, and economic growth using two-way fixed-effects mo…
Land, State Capacity, and Colonialism
Many authors have argued that colonial institutions influenced contemporary economic outcomes by influencing levels of economic inequality and political conflict. Such accounts neglect an additional important mechanism, differences in state capacity. These two mechanisms of colonial persistence are examined in the context of India, where colonial land tenure arrangements are widely thought to influence contemporary outcomes through class conflict…
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