Charles Oxnard
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 384642 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Charles Oxnard |
| PRENOMES | Charles |
| SOBRENOME | Oxnard |
| ASSINATURA | OXNARD C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | The University of Western Australia |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 61 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 353 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 60 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1963 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2016 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
A new conservation strategy for China—A model starting with primates
Although the evolutionary history of primates in China dates to the Eocene, and includes major radiations of lorisids, hominoids, cercopithecines, and colobines during the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene, extensive human-induced habitat change and deforestation over the past few centuries has resulted in 22 of 25 extant species listed as threatened or endangered, and two species of gibbons extirpated in the last few years. This commentary brie…
More on the Liang Bua finds and modern human cretins
The hobbit mosaic
Status of new species hypothesis for the remains attributed to Homo floresiensis
A new system of human anatomy?
A comment on assessment of sex using the skull
A geometric morphometric approach to the quantification of population variation in sub‐Saharan African crania
We report here on new data examining cranial variation in 18 modern human sub-Saharan African populations. Previously, we investigated variation within southern Africa; we now extend our analyses to include a series of Central, East, and West African crania, to further knowledge of the relationships between, and variation and regional morphological patterning in, those populations. The sample comprises 377 male individuals; the three-dimensional …
Masticatory loading and bone adaptation in the supraorbital torus of developing macaques
Research on the evolution and adaptive significance of primate craniofacial morphologies has focused on adult, fully developed individuals. Here, we investigate the possible relationship between the local stress environment arising from masticatory loadings and the emergence of the supraorbital torus in the developing face of the crab‐eating macaque Macaca fascicularis . By using finite element analysis (FEA), we are able to evaluate the hypothes…
Geometric morphometric study of population variation in indigenous southern African crania
Much of our understanding of population variation in southern Africa is derived from traditional morphometric research. In the search for new perspectives, this paper reports on new geometric morphometric data examining cranial variation in 12 modern human populations from southern Africa. In total, 298 male Bantu-speaking individuals were studied. In addition, a small Khoisan (Khoikhoi and San) series was also examined. The purpose of this study…
Little Foot and big thoughts—a re-evaluation of the Stw573 foot from Sterkfontein, South Africa
Relationships between the fossil colobine Mesopithecus pentelicus and extant cercopithecoids, based on dental metrics
Maxillary dental measurements from six specimens of Mesopithecus pentelicus , 64 cercopithecines, 59 African colobines, and 64 Asian colobines were analyzed by means of a “nested research design” that was specifically designed to explore the affiliation between fossils and extant cercopithecoids at different systematic levels. The results showed that the variation among taxonomic groups was mainly associated with size; however, in addition, inter…
Brain Evolution
Mandibular variation among Chinese macaques
In order to clarify the degree to which mandibular variation among Chinese macaques results from functional adaptation and phylogenetic inertia, 13 mandibular variables were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate techniques. The results indicate, not surprisingly, that the main differences in the mandible are associated with size. The study further implies that the variation between species is not closely associated with differences in functional…
Mandibular variation among Chinese macaques
In order to clarify the degree to which mandibular variation among Chinese macaques results from functional adaptation and phylogenetic inertia, 13 mandibular variables were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate techniques. The results indicate, not surprisingly, that the main differences in the mandible are associated with size. The study further implies that the variation between species is not closely associated with differences in functional…
Extinction of Snub-Nosed Monkeys in China During the Past 400 Years
Patterns of morphological discrimination in selected human tarsal elements
A suite of measurements was collected from the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid of humans from Southern China, Victorian Britain, Roman Britain, and Zulu tribes people from the Republic of South Africa. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses of dimensions of individual foot bones revealed subtle but distinct patterns of morphological discrimination on the basis of sex and size on the one hand, and geographical relationships on th…
Metrical dental analysis on golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Cranial morphology of the golden monkey (Rhinopithecus) and douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus)
Morphometric analysis ofMacaca arctoides andM. thibetana in relation to other macaque species
Human Adaptability
Human Adaptability
Human Adaptability
Dental sexual dimorphism and morphology in african colobus monkeys as related to diet
The OH8 foot
The differential expression of dental sexual dimorphism in subspecies ofColobus guereza
The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric and discriminant function techniques
A background to assessments of the ecological adaptations of fossil primates is the relationship of the detailed shape of bones in living forms to their known locomotor patterns, and this has been here attempted for the shoulder. Within the locomotion of the primates the function of the shoulder varies according to the extent to which the trunk is suspended by the arms. An analysis of the differences in the shoulder muscles has shown that much of…
The OH8 foot
Functional articulation of some hominoid foot bones
Previous observations on twelve fossil foot bones (Olduvai 8; Day and Napier, 64) together with multivariate morphometric studies of one of them, the talus (Day and Wood, '68) suggested human–like bipedality for this foot. Subsequent studies showed the conclusions on the talus to be wrong: The fossil talus, as defined by eight measures, does not resemble that of man but is reminiscent of those of creatures known (extant—orangutans) or believed (e…
Some African fossil foot bones
Certain fossil foot bones (a terminal toe phalanx from Olduvai, specimens of tali from Spy, Skhūl, Olduvai, Kromdraai, Songhor and Rusinga) have been investigated by other workers using the multivariate statistical approach. The conclusions of their studies have, in the main, been based upon examination of early canonical variates alone. It is demonstrated here that if the full analyses (generalized distances) are taken into account, then almost …
The form of the talus in some higher primates
Sixteen measurements of the talus have been taken on 334 tali of a total of eleven primate groups and several additional single individual specimens. Multivariate morphometric (canonical and generalized distance) analyses of these data in extant higher primates are presented and used to define the relative morphological positions of fossils of the genera Proconsul and Limnopithecus , of individual specimens from Kromdraai, Olduvai and Kiik‐Koba (…
Evolution of the human shoulder
Osteometric data, apparently reflecting functional parameters of the shoulder in the Anthropoidea, have been examined by a combination of multivariate techniques in an attempt to define minimum pathways possibly followed in the evolution of the human shoulder. Principal components analysis has been used to gauge size‐related shape effects. The combination of D 2 and canonical analysis has suggested that the shoulder in man is unlikely to have evo…
African fossil tali
Analysis of measurements from the tali of 21 individual fossil primates from Africa shows that the specimens fall into five clearly defined groups. Accordingly, these specimens have been included as groups along with extant species in a subsequent canonical analysis thus allowing the fossils to play their part in the determination of the canonical separations. The results of this procedure show that the five fossil groups lie in a part of the can…
Extinction of Snub-Nosed Monkeys in China During the Past 400 Years
Masticatory loading and bone adaptation in the supraorbital torus of developing macaques
Research on the evolution and adaptive significance of primate craniofacial morphologies has focused on adult, fully developed individuals. Here, we investigate the possible relationship between the local stress environment arising from masticatory loadings and the emergence of the supraorbital torus in the developing face of the crab‐eating macaque Macaca fascicularis . By using finite element analysis (FEA), we are able to evaluate the hypothes…
Little Foot and big thoughts—a re-evaluation of the Stw573 foot from Sterkfontein, South Africa
The functional morphometrics of the hip and thigh in leaping prosimians
Examination of the form of the hip and thigh through discriminant function analysis of a series of 15 osteometric indices taken upon 289 specimens of 20 sets of leaping prosimians distinguishes four groups. Around a centrally located group of the various species of Lemur are three separate rays: one containing the three indriid genera ( Propithecus, Indri , and Avahi ), a second including the galagines and Tarsius , and a third comprising the two…
A note on the fragmentary sterkfontein scapula
Certain features of the Sterkfontein scapular fragment have been examined in the light of available data relating to the form of the scapula in primates. One suggestion currently in the literature, that this fragment is relatively less specialized than the corresponding region of the gibbon and chimpanzee (being more like some extant monkeys), may not be justified
A note on the olduvai clavicular fragment
Certain features of the Olduvai clavicular fragment have been examined in the light of data already existing on the form of the clavicle in primates. Although similar to that of modern man, the fragment exhibits features which suggest that its function may have differed somewhat from that of the clavicle in man. The new information correlates well with that obtained from the fragmentary Sterkfontein scapula
Morphometrics and niche metrics in prosimian locomotion
Locomotor morphology, it is recognized, cannot be understood without an understanding of locomotor behavior. The interaction of locomotor anatomy and behavior has been successfully analyzed for single species and species pairs. Broader generalizations, however, require the demonstration of anatomical/behavioral associations for numerous sets of species. To accomplish this it is necessary to develop a method for the simultaneous quantitative descr…
The uniqueness of Daubentonia
The aberrant features of the genus Daubentonia , such as the superficially rodent‐like dentition, the globose and foreshortened brain case, and the filiform third manual digit have long been known. But the current assessment of the genus as lemuriform, and within that group as closest to the indriids, depends upon greater weight being placed upon other characteristics such as the cranial arterial pattern, the molariform teeth, and the development…
A morphometric study of limb proportions in leaping prosimians
Study of individual limb proportions—most notably, for instance, of the intermembral index—distinguishes from most other primates those various prosimians capable of leaping. The present investigation analyzes 24 measures of limb proportions (taken by F.‐K. Jouffroy and J. Lessertisseur) from 161 specimens representing 12 species of prosimians, using the multivariate statistical method of multiple discriminant analysis (carried out by R. German a…
Dental sexual dimorphism and morphology in african colobus monkeys as related to diet
Primate evolution—A method of investigation
The discoveries of fossil primate postcranial remains has led in recent years to somewhat greater weight being placed upon background studies of the postcranial skeleton of extant forms. Such researches are subject more than most to problems of determination of variation, of meagre materials, and of behavioral implications. Strictness in the formulation of hypotheses, originality in the approach to primary data, and the use of computational and m…
Uniqueness and Diversity in Human Evolution
Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder
A recent discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) implies that previous multivariate morphometric studies of the shoulder, reviewed in Oxnard ('73), have been misinterpreted because due allowance was not made for the overall sizes of the specimens. Results that were given functional significance in the earlier investigations are cited as being due at least in part to overall bodily size. Although examination of the range of genera selected for …
The differential expression of dental sexual dimorphism in subspecies ofColobus guereza
More on the Liang Bua finds and modern human cretins
Cranial morphology of the golden monkey (Rhinopithecus) and douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus)
Fossils, Teeth and Sex
Relationship of Australopithecus and Homo
The musculature of the primate shoulder
Functional Adaptations in the Primate Shoulder Girdle
Certain quantitative features of the primate shoulder girdle vary in phase with established muscular differences; in the Anthropoidea, between quadrupeds, semi‐brachiators and brachiators, and in the Prosiinii between quadrupeds and hangers. These contrasts, together with others not directly associated with muscular features, contribute to the efficiency of tho shoulder mochanism for the typo of locomotion practised by each group. Thus, in brachi…
Some occult lesions in captive primates
Recent findings have shown that a state of hypovitaminosis B 12 occurs easily in many primates in captivity on vegetarian diets. Pathological lesions of the nervous system, oral mucous membranes, blood, reproduction and growth which are extensive yet occult may result. Attention is drawn to these facts and their relevance to the experimentalist is noted
The functional morphology of the primate shoulder as revealed by comparative anatomical, osteometric and discriminant function techniques
A background to assessments of the ecological adaptations of fossil primates is the relationship of the detailed shape of bones in living forms to their known locomotor patterns, and this has been here attempted for the shoulder. Within the locomotion of the primates the function of the shoulder varies according to the extent to which the trunk is suspended by the arms. An analysis of the differences in the shoulder muscles has shown that much of…
A note on the olduvai clavicular fragment
Certain features of the Olduvai clavicular fragment have been examined in the light of data already existing on the form of the clavicle in primates. Although similar to that of modern man, the fragment exhibits features which suggest that its function may have differed somewhat from that of the clavicle in man. The new information correlates well with that obtained from the fragmentary Sterkfontein scapula
Primate evolution—A method of investigation
The discoveries of fossil primate postcranial remains has led in recent years to somewhat greater weight being placed upon background studies of the postcranial skeleton of extant forms. Such researches are subject more than most to problems of determination of variation, of meagre materials, and of behavioral implications. Strictness in the formulation of hypotheses, originality in the approach to primary data, and the use of computational and m…
A note on the fragmentary sterkfontein scapula
Certain features of the Sterkfontein scapular fragment have been examined in the light of available data relating to the form of the scapula in primates. One suggestion currently in the literature, that this fragment is relatively less specialized than the corresponding region of the gibbon and chimpanzee (being more like some extant monkeys), may not be justified
Evolution of the human shoulder
Osteometric data, apparently reflecting functional parameters of the shoulder in the Anthropoidea, have been examined by a combination of multivariate techniques in an attempt to define minimum pathways possibly followed in the evolution of the human shoulder. Principal components analysis has been used to gauge size‐related shape effects. The combination of D 2 and canonical analysis has suggested that the shoulder in man is unlikely to have evo…
Animal Locomotion. James Gray
Some African fossil foot bones
Certain fossil foot bones (a terminal toe phalanx from Olduvai, specimens of tali from Spy, Skhūl, Olduvai, Kromdraai, Songhor and Rusinga) have been investigated by other workers using the multivariate statistical approach. The conclusions of their studies have, in the main, been based upon examination of early canonical variates alone. It is demonstrated here that if the full analyses (generalized distances) are taken into account, then almost …
Characteristics of Gibbon Behavior. By C. R. Carpenter
The form of the talus in some higher primates
Sixteen measurements of the talus have been taken on 334 tali of a total of eleven primate groups and several additional single individual specimens. Multivariate morphometric (canonical and generalized distance) analyses of these data in extant higher primates are presented and used to define the relative morphological positions of fossils of the genera Proconsul and Limnopithecus , of individual specimens from Kromdraai, Olduvai and Kiik‐Koba (…
African fossil tali
Analysis of measurements from the tali of 21 individual fossil primates from Africa shows that the specimens fall into five clearly defined groups. Accordingly, these specimens have been included as groups along with extant species in a subsequent canonical analysis thus allowing the fossils to play their part in the determination of the canonical separations. The results of this procedure show that the five fossil groups lie in a part of the can…
Uniqueness and Diversity in Human Evolution
Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder
A recent discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) implies that previous multivariate morphometric studies of the shoulder, reviewed in Oxnard ('73), have been misinterpreted because due allowance was not made for the overall sizes of the specimens. Results that were given functional significance in the earlier investigations are cited as being due at least in part to overall bodily size. Although examination of the range of genera selected for …
Relationship of Australopithecus and Homo
Functional articulation of some hominoid foot bones
Previous observations on twelve fossil foot bones (Olduvai 8; Day and Napier, 64) together with multivariate morphometric studies of one of them, the talus (Day and Wood, '68) suggested human–like bipedality for this foot. Subsequent studies showed the conclusions on the talus to be wrong: The fossil talus, as defined by eight measures, does not resemble that of man but is reminiscent of those of creatures known (extant—orangutans) or believed (e…
The functional morphometrics of the hip and thigh in leaping prosimians
Examination of the form of the hip and thigh through discriminant function analysis of a series of 15 osteometric indices taken upon 289 specimens of 20 sets of leaping prosimians distinguishes four groups. Around a centrally located group of the various species of Lemur are three separate rays: one containing the three indriid genera ( Propithecus, Indri , and Avahi ), a second including the galagines and Tarsius , and a third comprising the two…
The uniqueness of Daubentonia
The aberrant features of the genus Daubentonia , such as the superficially rodent‐like dentition, the globose and foreshortened brain case, and the filiform third manual digit have long been known. But the current assessment of the genus as lemuriform, and within that group as closest to the indriids, depends upon greater weight being placed upon other characteristics such as the cranial arterial pattern, the molariform teeth, and the development…
A morphometric study of limb proportions in leaping prosimians
Study of individual limb proportions—most notably, for instance, of the intermembral index—distinguishes from most other primates those various prosimians capable of leaping. The present investigation analyzes 24 measures of limb proportions (taken by F.‐K. Jouffroy and J. Lessertisseur) from 161 specimens representing 12 species of prosimians, using the multivariate statistical method of multiple discriminant analysis (carried out by R. German a…
Physical Anthropology
Commentary on two misconceptions of phylogeny and classification
A recent brief communication criticizes a morphometric study of the structure of Daubentonia (Oxnard, 1981). The criticisms are invalid because they apply to the concept of the detailed character state in a localized anatomical region, a type of morphological information different than the broad measurement that embodies many characters. The criticisms themselves display, moreover, exactly those problems of prior assumption that the underlying ph…
Multivariate statistics in physical anthropology
There have recently been a number of criticisms of the value of using multivariate statisti cal approaches in physical anthropology. These criticisms result from misunderstandings about (a) the strength of the interpretations that can be derived from such studies, (b) the nature and numbers of tests that can be applied in such investigations, and (c) the perception that there is great difficulty in replicating the results of such researches. The …
Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus from China
The pattern of overall dental dimensions in over 900 teeth of ramapithecines from Lufeng in China is examined using frequency distribution histograms and fitted normal curves, and compared with data for extant hominoids. A prior study has demonstrated unequivocally that at least two groups of animals must have existed at Lufeng [Wu and Oxnard, 1983; Oxnard, 1983a]. The present investigation confirms this finding in more detail. In addition it sho…
Sexual dimorphisms in the overall proportions of primates
Morphometric analysis of Professor A.H. Schultz's data on the overall proportions of primates reveals differences between the sexes. Univariate examinations of these data confirm the existence of the spectrum of sexual dimorphism already well known. This spectrum relates mainly to differences in the proportions of the trunk. It has a differential expression with largest differences between the sexes in species such as orangutans and boboons, and …
Biology (50 obras) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (32 obras) · Evolutionary biology (28 obras) · Zoology (26 obras) · Ecology (18 obras) · Wildlife Ecology and Conservation (18 obras) · Primate (17 obras) · Paleontology (16 obras) · Anatomy (14 obras) · Paleontology (14 obras)