B Keith Payne
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3924796 |
|---|---|
| NOME | B Keith Payne |
| PRENOMES | B Keith |
| SOBRENOME | Payne |
| ASSINATURA | PAYNE B K |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9651-5903 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 59 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 626 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 59 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2001 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Is Discrimination Widespread or Concentrated? Evaluating the Distribution of Anti-Black Discrimination in Judicial, Hiring, and Housing Decisions
Is anti-Black discrimination concentrated among a discriminatory few, or widespread across many decision-makers? The handful of studies that have addressed this question have reached divergent conclusions, with some suggesting that discrimination follows the 80/20 rule (i.e., a Pareto distribution) and others suggesting that discrimination is normally distributed. This paper explores the distribution of discrimination in hiring, housing, and judi…
Liberals and Conservatives See Different Victims
Moral disagreement across politics revolves around the key question, “Who is a victim?” Twelve studies explain moral conflict with assumptions of vulnerability (AoVs) : liberals and conservatives disagree about who is especially vulnerable to victimization, harm, and mistreatment. AoVs predict moral judgments, implicit attitudes, and charitable behavior—and explain the link between ideology and moral judgment (usually better than moral foundation…
Black Poverty Leads White Americans to Blame Racial Inequality on Black Americans Themselves
In this article, we argue that White Americans exposed to Black poverty may rationalize racial inequality in ways that deflect blame from their own racial group. In Study 1 (11,855 participants; 537 counties), White Americans in counties with higher Black poverty rates were ironically more likely to believe in racial equality of opportunity, while Black residents were less likely. In Study 2 (4,297 participants; 227 counties), White Americans liv…
Convergent Validity of Two Implicit Racial Bias Measures for Individuals and Contexts
Correlations among implicit measures of racial bias tend to be weak, raising questions about their validity. Weak individual-level correlations, however, could reflect a temporally unstable construct. According to the Bias of Crowds model, implicit bias can be fleeting for individuals but, when aggregated, reveals which concepts are widely accessible for a population. Using this framework, we hypothesized that correlations between two tests—the I…
Trust a Stranger? Investigating Community Trust and Economic Inequality as Barriers to Positive Interactions among Strangers
Freedom to Eat
During the Great Depression, cities across Canada debated food relief policies. Although the federal and provincial governments provided financial support for unemployment relief, it was civic authorities that most shaped how relief worked. Many of these meetings were heated: aldermen, commissioners, and public attendees worried about the health of recipients, the morality and ethics of relief, the tax burden of property owners, and the sustainab…
Barriers to justice for survivors of egregious human rights violations
The Great Migration and Implicit Bias in the Northern United States
The spatial patterning of present-day racial bias in Southern states is predicted by the prevalence of slavery in 1860 and the structural inequalities that followed. Here we extend the investigation of the historical roots of implicit bias to areas outside the South by tracing the Great Migration of Black southerners to Northern and Western states. We found that the proportion of Black residents in each county ( N = 1,981 counties) during the yea…
Exploring the relation between early childhood education and historical and contemporary racism and bias for Black children
The R 3 ISE Integrative Framework suggests that racist policies and practices have a multigenerational impact on children's development. • Regional levels of historical racism were positively correlated with contemporary structural inequality and implicit bias. • These regional differences were not significantly associated with the outcomes of Black children in high quality ECE programs. • High ECE programs show promise as places where Black chil…
Implicit Bias as a Cognitive Manifestation of Systemic Racism
Explicitly prejudiced attitudes against Black Americans have declined gradually since the 1960s. Yet racial disparities and racial discrimination remain significant problems in the United States. How could discrimination and disparate outcomes remain constant even while racial prejudice decreased? Two prominent explanations have emerged to explain these puzzling trends. Sociologists have proposed that disparities and discrimination are perpetuate…
System justification makes income gaps appear smaller
Constructing Explicit Prejudice
How does implicit bias contribute to explicit prejudice? Prior experiments show that concept knowledge about fear versus sympathy determines whether negative affect (captured as implicit bias) predicts antisocial outcomes (Lee et al.). Concept knowledge (i.e., beliefs) about groups may similarly moderate the link between implicitly measured negative affect (implicit negative affect) and explicit prejudice. We tested this hypothesis using data fro…
Who Gets to Vote? Racialized Mental Images of Legitimate and Illegitimate Voters
When people support voter identification (ID) laws, who do they imagine they are keeping in and out of the voting booth? We investigated this question across three studies. First, using a traditional survey approach, we found support for voter ID laws was associated with beliefs that ID requirements reduce illegal voting by both Black and White people to the same degree. Because explicit surveys are vulnerable to social desirability concerns, in …
The invisible man
Anti-Black racism in America renders Black people both invisible and hypervisible, at times. Here, we draw on previous research on inattentional blindness, a phenomenon whereby people fail to perceive something or someone (e.g., a person walking about) in their environment when attending to another feature of their environment (e.g., other people playing a ball game). We sought to replicate past work examining the conditions under which heterosex…
Critique of the Bias-of-Crowds Model Simply Restates the Model
Groups amplify the perceived threat and justification for using force against Black people protesting for racial equality—especially among social conservatives
Although most antiracism protests of 2020 were peaceful, at times, there was extreme use of force. Drawing on research that groups amplify intergroup threats, we test whether use of force is perceived as particularly justified against groups of Black people protesting racism. In Study 1, White Americans perceived a group of Black people peacefully protesting racism to be more threatening and more deserving of use of force than the same Black peop…
Effects of aggregation on implicit bias measurement
A Privileged Point of View
In the United States, both economic inequality and political conflict are on the rise. We investigated whether subjective socioeconomic status (SSS) may help explain why these dual patterns emerge. We hypothesized that higher SSS may increase naïve realism—the belief that one perceives the world as it is, rather than as interpreted through one’s own knowledge and beliefs—regarding political issues. Using a representative sample of the American el…
Economic Inequality and the Pursuit of Pleasure
The present research proposes and tests the “hedonic risk hypothesis” that affective experiences of pleasure provide a common currency that people use to equate economic and hedonic inequality. As a result, economic inequality can increase risk-taking in pursuit of pleasure even in noneconomic domains. Study 1 showed that higher economic inequality at the state level was associated with people in those states spending more time pursuing pleasure.…
Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery
Significance Geographic variation in implicit bias is associated with multiple racial disparities in life outcomes. We investigated the historical roots of geographical differences in implicit bias by comparing average levels of implicit bias with the number of slaves in those areas in 1860. Counties and states more dependent on slavery in 1860 displayed higher pro-White implicit bias today among White residents and less pro-White bias among Blac…
An indirect measure of discrete emotions
Experiences of discrete emotion play important roles in a variety of psychological domains. Yet, current measures of discrete emotion face significant limitations. Biological and behavioral measures often do not capture subjective experiences related to discrete emotions, while self-reports are susceptible to reporting biases. An indirect measure of discrete emotions would help address the limitations of existing measures; however, few such measu…
Learning what to inhibit
Psychological research has devoted considerable attention to the relationship between the multiple category dimensions that can be extracted from faces. In the present studies, we investigated the role of experience and learning on the way the social perceiver deals with multiple category dimensions. Specifically, we tested whether learning which of 2 dimensions is the most relevant to the task at hand influences the encoding and retrieval of bot…
Promiscuous condemnation
A group is more than the average of its parts
Categorizing people into groups is fundamental to stereotype formation. Thus, across four studies, we hypothesize that perceiving people in the context of groups (vs. alone) will amplify the application of existing stereotypes. Consistent with hypotheses, our first two studies demonstrate that Black people in groups (vs. the same Black people viewed alone) are perceived as more representative of Black people in general (Study 1), and more represe…
It works both ways. Enhancing explicit self-esteem using the self-reference task
Prejudice and perception
Two experiments used a priming paradigm to investigate the influence of racial cues on the perceptual identification of weapons. In Experiment 1, participants identified guns faster when primed with Black faces compared with White faces. In Experiment 2, participants were required to respond quickly, causing the racial bias to shift from reaction time to accuracy. Participants misidentified tools as guns more often when primed with a Black face t…
An inkblot for attitudes
Misattributions people make about their own affective reactions can be used to measure attitudes implicitly. Combining the logic of projective tests with advances in priming research, the affect misattribution procedure (AMP) was sensitive to normatively favorable and unfavorable evaluations (Experiments 1-4), and the misattribution effect was strong at both fast and slow presentation rates (Experiments 3 and 4). Providing further evidence of val…
Determinants of Turnout and Candidate Choice in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
The presence of an African-American candidate on the ballot running for President in 2008 raises the possibility that the election outcome might have been influenced by anti-African-American racism among voters. This paper uses data from the Associated Press-Yahoo! News-Stanford University survey to explore this possibility, using measures of both explicit racism (symbolic racism) and implicit racism (the Affect Misattribution Procedure). The par…
Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election
Best laid plans
Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit
Implicit and explicit attitude tests are often weakly correlated, leading some theorists to conclude that implicit and explicit cognition are independent. Popular implicit and explicit tests, however, differ in many ways beyond implicit and explicit cognition. The authors examined in 4 studies whether correlations between implicit and explicit tests were influenced by the similarity in task demands (i.e., structural fit) and, hence, the processes…
Attitudes Toward Blacks in the Obama Era
Much published research indicates that voting behavior in the 2008 presidential election and evaluations of Barack Obama were importantly influenced by anti-Black sentiment. Various psychological theories made opposing predictions as to whether exposure to the first Black president during his first term would strengthen or weaken the alignment between general attitudes toward African Americans and evaluations of the president in particular. Using…
Escaping affect
As the number of people in need of help increases, the degree of compassion people feel for them ironically tends to decrease. This phenomenon is termed the collapse of compassion. Some researchers have suggested that this effect happens because emotions are not triggered by aggregates. We provide evidence for an alternative account. People expect the needs of large groups to be potentially overwhelming, and, as a result, they engage in emotion r…
Conceptualizing Control in Social Cognition
Two studies investigated the role of executive control in moderating the relationship between automatic stereotype activation and behavioral responses. Race bias in weapon identification was used to measure stereotyping, and a process dissociation procedure was used to measure automatic and controlled components of performance. In Experiment 1, the controlled component was shown to correlate with general attention control and race-specific motiva…
The influence of social groups on goal contagion
Stereotypes as dominant responses
This article challenges the highly intuitive assumption that prejudice should be less likely in public compared with private settings. It proposes that stereotypes may be conceptualized as a type of dominant response (C. L. Hull, 1943; R. B. Zajonc, 1965) whose expression may be enhanced in public settings, especially among individuals high in social anxiety. Support was found for this framework in an impression formation paradigm (Experiment 1) …
Morality in high definition
Implicit Bias as a Cognitive Manifestation of Systemic Racism
Explicitly prejudiced attitudes against Black Americans have declined gradually since the 1960s. Yet racial disparities and racial discrimination remain significant problems in the United States. How could discrimination and disparate outcomes remain constant even while racial prejudice decreased? Two prominent explanations have emerged to explain these puzzling trends. Sociologists have proposed that disparities and discrimination are perpetuate…
Racial Attitudes Predicted Changes in Ostensibly Race‐Neutral Political Attitudes Under the Obama Administration
Past research demonstrated that racial prejudice played a significant role in the 2008 presidential election, but relatively less is known about the relationship between prejudice and public opinion throughout the Obama administration. In the present research, we examined not only whether racial attitudes were associated with evaluations of Mr. Obama and his administration, but also whether they may have influenced the development of more general…
Do Theories of Implicit Race Bias Change Moral Judgments
Multinomial process tree models of control and automaticity in weapon misidentification
Emotional constraints on intentional forgetting
On the predictive validity of implicit attitude measures
Mental control and visual illusions
Exploring the relation between early childhood education and historical and contemporary racism and bias for Black children
The R 3 ISE Integrative Framework suggests that racist policies and practices have a multigenerational impact on children's development. • Regional levels of historical racism were positively correlated with contemporary structural inequality and implicit bias. • These regional differences were not significantly associated with the outcomes of Black children in high quality ECE programs. • High ECE programs show promise as places where Black chil…
Narrow imaginations
When people make important decisions, such as selecting a job candidate or graduate school applicant based on how well they fit with that imagined ideal. In two experiments we provide evidence that imagining the ideal has unintended consequences. Imagining an ideal candidate for a professional job led participants to preferentially imagine a White candidate (Experiment 1) and to preferentially hire a White candidate over a Black candidate with ma…
Memory monitoring and the control of stereotype distortion
A group is more than the average of its parts
Categorizing people into groups is fundamental to stereotype formation. Thus, across four studies, we hypothesize that perceiving people in the context of groups (vs. alone) will amplify the application of existing stereotypes. Consistent with hypotheses, our first two studies demonstrate that Black people in groups (vs. the same Black people viewed alone) are perceived as more representative of Black people in general (Study 1), and more represe…
Implicit open-mindedness
Promiscuous condemnation
Prejudice and perception
Two experiments used a priming paradigm to investigate the influence of racial cues on the perceptual identification of weapons. In Experiment 1, participants identified guns faster when primed with Black faces compared with White faces. In Experiment 2, participants were required to respond quickly, causing the racial bias to shift from reaction time to accuracy. Participants misidentified tools as guns more often when primed with a Black face t…
Best laid plans
Memory monitoring and the control of stereotype distortion
Stereotypes as dominant responses
This article challenges the highly intuitive assumption that prejudice should be less likely in public compared with private settings. It proposes that stereotypes may be conceptualized as a type of dominant response (C. L. Hull, 1943; R. B. Zajonc, 1965) whose expression may be enhanced in public settings, especially among individuals high in social anxiety. Support was found for this framework in an impression formation paradigm (Experiment 1) …
On the predictive validity of implicit attitude measures
Mental control and visual illusions
An inkblot for attitudes
Misattributions people make about their own affective reactions can be used to measure attitudes implicitly. Combining the logic of projective tests with advances in priming research, the affect misattribution procedure (AMP) was sensitive to normatively favorable and unfavorable evaluations (Experiments 1-4), and the misattribution effect was strong at both fast and slow presentation rates (Experiments 3 and 4). Providing further evidence of val…
Conceptualizing Control in Social Cognition
Two studies investigated the role of executive control in moderating the relationship between automatic stereotype activation and behavioral responses. Race bias in weapon identification was used to measure stereotyping, and a process dissociation procedure was used to measure automatic and controlled components of performance. In Experiment 1, the controlled component was shown to correlate with general attention control and race-specific motiva…
Emotional constraints on intentional forgetting
Multinomial process tree models of control and automaticity in weapon misidentification
The influence of social groups on goal contagion
Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit
Implicit and explicit attitude tests are often weakly correlated, leading some theorists to conclude that implicit and explicit cognition are independent. Popular implicit and explicit tests, however, differ in many ways beyond implicit and explicit cognition. The authors examined in 4 studies whether correlations between implicit and explicit tests were influenced by the similarity in task demands (i.e., structural fit) and, hence, the processes…
An integrative review of process dissociation and related models in social cognition
This chapter reviews the use of formal dual process models in social psychology, with a focus on the process dissociation model and related multinomial models. The utility of the models is illustrated using studies of social and affective influences on memory, judgement and decision making, and social attitudes and stereotypes. We then compare and contrast the process dissociation model with other approaches, including implicit and explicit tests…
Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election
Determinants of Turnout and Candidate Choice in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
The presence of an African-American candidate on the ballot running for President in 2008 raises the possibility that the election outcome might have been influenced by anti-African-American racism among voters. This paper uses data from the Associated Press-Yahoo! News-Stanford University survey to explore this possibility, using measures of both explicit racism (symbolic racism) and implicit racism (the Affect Misattribution Procedure). The par…
Handbook of implicit social cognition
Virtually every question in social psychology is currently being shaped by the concepts and methods of implicit social cognition. This tightly edited volume provides the first comprehensive overview of the field. Foremost authorities synthesize the latest findings on how automatic, implicit, and unconscious cognitive processes influence social judgments and behavior. Cutting-edge theories and data are presented in such crucial areas as attitudes,…
Do Theories of Implicit Race Bias Change Moral Judgments
Escaping affect
As the number of people in need of help increases, the degree of compassion people feel for them ironically tends to decrease. This phenomenon is termed the collapse of compassion. Some researchers have suggested that this effect happens because emotions are not triggered by aggregates. We provide evidence for an alternative account. People expect the needs of large groups to be potentially overwhelming, and, as a result, they engage in emotion r…
Sequential Priming Measures of Implicit Social Cognition
In a comprehensive meta-analysis of 167 studies, the authors found that sequential priming tasks were significantly associated with behavioral measures ( r = .28) and with explicit attitude measures ( r = .20). Priming tasks continued to predict behavior after controlling for the effects of explicit attitudes. These results generalized across a variety of study domains and methodological variations. Within-study moderator analyses revealed that p…
Narrow imaginations
When people make important decisions, such as selecting a job candidate or graduate school applicant based on how well they fit with that imagined ideal. In two experiments we provide evidence that imagining the ideal has unintended consequences. Imagining an ideal candidate for a professional job led participants to preferentially imagine a White candidate (Experiment 1) and to preferentially hire a White candidate over a Black candidate with ma…
Implicit open-mindedness
Implicit Social Cognition and Mental Representation
Perceived relevance of honesty and agreeableness to situations with non‐correspondent and correspondent outcomes
According to interdependence theory, interpersonal situations that vary in their surface characteristics can be united by similarities in their underlying structure. Likewise, factor analytic approaches to personality combine many traits into a small number of factors. In the current research, we use interdependence theory and existing factor analyses of personality traits to measure people's lay theories about the ways traits and situations inte…
Morality in high definition
Implicit Bias and the Illusion of Conscious Ill Will
Implicit bias is defined, in part, by a lack of intent. Yet the implicit attitudes literature has made little contact with research on the experience of conscious will, which suggests that the feeling of conscious intent is an inference rather than a direct report of how actions are caused. We tested the hypothesis that inferences about one’s intentions shape whether an automatically activated attitude is endorsed explicitly. In a first study, in…
Psychology (53 obras) · Social Psychology (48 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (42 obras) · Social Psychology (28 obras) · Cognitive psychology (25 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (25 obras) · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment (20 obras) · Cognition (15 obras) · Perception (13 obras) · Sociology (12 obras)