Ervin Staub
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3938966 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Ervin Staub |
| PRENOMES | Ervin |
| SOBRENOME | Staub |
| ASSINATURA | STAUB E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Massachusetts Amherst |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 49 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 697 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 49 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1965 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2019 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Witnesses/Bystanders
I briefly describe my experiences that gave rise to a life‐long motivation to work on these issues. I then discuss the roots of extreme violence by groups, focusing on passivity by witnesses/bystanders that allows the evolution of increasing violence, including genocide. As an example, I discuss the genocide in Rwanda, and describe work I and my associates have done there to help with healing and reconciliation after the genocide of 1994, and to …
Preventing violence and promoting active bystandership and peace
Mass Killings and Genocide, Psychology of
The Challenging Road to Reconciliation in Rwanda
This article briefly discusses some efforts that Rwanda has made to recover from the genocide, ranging from trying perpetrators to creating just social arrangements. It also discusses problematic policies and practices that may interfere with reconciliation. It then describes work the author and his associates have engaged in to promote healing and reconciliation in Rwanda. First, they conducted training/workshops to help people understand the in…
Obeying, Joining, Following, Resisting, and Other Processes in the Milgram Studies, and in the Holocaust and Other Genocides
Stanley Milgram was motivated to show how something as horrible as the Holocaust could happen. To what extent does his research provide understanding of this? This article reviews a conception of the origins of genocide and other mass violence, based on case studies of actual instances, ranging from the Holocaust to the genocide in Rwanda and great violence in the Congo, in which psychological and social science principles were applied to histori…
A World without Genocide
This article reviews influences leading to extreme violence between groups. It then describes principles and practices of prevention, especially early prevention, and reconciliation: addressing difficult life conditions in ways that include everyone in society; diplomacy that addresses crises and prevents conflicts from becoming intractable; developing constructive visions and groups which make destructive ideological movements less likely; gener…
Understanding Origins, But Also Prevention and Reconciliation
Inclusive altruism born of suffering
This article reports the results of 2 studies examining altruism born of suffering (E. Staub & J. R. Vollhardt, 2008). More specifically, we examined inclusive altruism born of suffering, which is directed toward members of disadvantaged outgroups. Drawing on and integrating clinical and social psychological theories, we hypothesized that individuals who had suffered from adverse life events would be more likely to help the outgroups in need than…
Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict
This commentary describes an alternative conceptual framework for interpreting the effects that E. L. Paluck (2009) found in evaluating a public education radio drama in Rwanda. The radio drama included information about the origins and impact of violence and the avenues to prevention and healing, with the aim of preventing new violence. In addition to comparing theoretical perspectives and their practical implications, the commentary addresses t…
Altruism born of suffering
Research on altruism has focused on its positive roots, whereas research on the effects of victimization and suffering has focused on aggression and difficulties in functioning. However, anecdotal evidence, case studies, and some empirical research indicate that victimization and suffering can also lead people to care about and help others. This article examines the relation of "altruism born of suffering" to resilience and posttraumatic growth, …
Preventing violence and terrorism and promoting positive relations between Dutch and Muslim communities in Amsterdam
Many Western European countries have seen increasing tension between local communities and immigrant groups, especially Muslims, with mutual grievances. These tensions have been more apparent and stronger since 9/11/2001. Intensified by further terrorist attacks, the war on terror, and the fear of terrorism, negative attitudes toward Muslim populations have been increasing. While relevant to many European countries, this article focuses on the co…
Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict
This article explores psychological avenues to reconciliation between groups. It describes the psychological changes in survivors, perpetrators, and passive bystanders in the course of the evolution of increasing violence and points to healing from the psychological wounds created as an essential component of reconciliation. It also explores the role of understanding the roots of genocide, and of violence between groups in general, in contributin…
Healing, Reconciliation, Forgiving and the Prevention of Violence after Genocide or Mass Killing
This article describes a theory–based intervention in Rwanda to promote healing and reconciliation, and an experimental evaluation of its effects. The concept of reconciliation and conditions required for reconciliation after genocide or other intense intergroup violence are discussed, with a focus on healing. A training of facilitators who worked for local organizations that worked with groups of people in the community is described. The trainin…
Justice, healing, and reconciliation
This article discusses the importance of justice and the benefits that result from justice, in a post conflict, especially post genocide, society. It discusses the complexity, including the potentially harmful effects, of the novel justice system-the Inkiko-Gacaca, or people's courts-that have been created in Rwanda. They include the possibilities of retraumatization, new trauma, and renewed hostility. The article discusses ways that the positive…
The Psychology of Good and Evil
This book gathers the knowledge gained in a lifelong study of the roots of goodness and evil. Since the late 1960s, Ervin Staub has studied the causes of helpful, caring, generous, and altruistic behavior. He has also studied bullying and victimization in schools as well as youth violence and its prevention. He spent years studying the origins of genocide and mass killing and has examined the Holocaust, the genocide of the Armenians, the autogeno…
Preventing violence and generating humane values
Cet article examine les racines de la violence entre les groupes et les moyens de prévenir une nouvelle flambée de violence, en prenant le Rwanda pour principal exemple. Il analyse aussi la manière d'élever les enfants afin qu'ils adoptent des valeurs d'humanité et agissent conformément aux principes humanitaires, ce qui réduira les risques de violence entre les groupes. La dépréciation de l'autre, une tradition de dépréciation dans la culture, l…
Preventing violence and generating humane values
Healing the roots of genocide in Rwanda
(2003). Healing the roots of genocide in Rwanda. Peace Review: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 287-294
Notes on Cultures of Violence, Cultures of Caring and Peace, and the Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs
Some conditions in the lives of children, adults, and groups can be construed as fulfilling universal human psychological needs. The constructive fulfillment of these basic needs promotes caring and positive, helpful relations; their frustration creates an inclination toward hostility and aggression. The article describes diverse influences that can lead to violence between individuals, groups, and societies, as well as ways to halt and prevent g…
Notes on terrorism
Jerrold Post (this issue) thoughtfully considers what type of terrorist groups are likely to engage in small- or large-scale chemical or biological attacks. He does this by exploring the motivations of different types of terrorist groups, and the constraints placed on them by what they want to accomplish. For example, their desire to influence their own society makes it necessary to respect the lives of people in their society. Their desire to ga…
Genocide and Mass Killing
This article focuses on intense collective violence, especially mass killing and genocide. It briefly presents a conception of their origins, with new elements in the conception and comparisons with other approaches. Various aspects of genocide and mass killing are considered, including their starting points (such as difficult life conditions and group conflict), cultural characteristics, psychological and social processes (such as destructive id…
The origins and prevention of genocide, mass killing, and other collective violence
Difficult life conditions give rise to scapegoating and ideologies that identify enemies and lead a group to turn against another. Conflict between groups and self-interest are additional instigators of group violence. Discrimination and limited violence change individuals and groups and can lead to an evolution that ends in mass killing or genocide. Certain cultural characteristics make this process more likely. The passivity of bystanders allow…
On the Varieties of National Attachment
Two studies explored a theoretical distinction between “blind” and “constructive” patriotism. Blind patriotism is defined as an attachment to country characterized by unquestioning positive evaluation, staunch allegiance, and intolerance of criticism. Constructive patriotism is defined as an attachment to country characterized by support for questioning and criticism of current group practices that are intended to result in positive change. Items…
VI. The Evolution of Evil
Scholars and violence-generating ideas
On the Varieties of National Attachment
Two studies explored a theoretical distinction between “blind” and “constructive” patriotism. Blind patriotism is defined as an attachment to country characterized by unquestioning positive evaluation, staunch allegiance, and intolerance of criticism. Constructive patriotism is defined as an attachment to country characterized by support for questioning and criticism of current group practices that are intended to result in positive change. Items…
Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict
This article explores psychological avenues to reconciliation between groups. It describes the psychological changes in survivors, perpetrators, and passive bystanders in the course of the evolution of increasing violence and points to healing from the psychological wounds created as an essential component of reconciliation. It also explores the role of understanding the roots of genocide, and of violence between groups in general, in contributin…
Genocide and Mass Killing
This article focuses on intense collective violence, especially mass killing and genocide. It briefly presents a conception of their origins, with new elements in the conception and comparisons with other approaches. Various aspects of genocide and mass killing are considered, including their starting points (such as difficult life conditions and group conflict), cultural characteristics, psychological and social processes (such as destructive id…
Legacy of Silence
Notes on Cultures of Violence, Cultures of Caring and Peace, and the Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs
Some conditions in the lives of children, adults, and groups can be construed as fulfilling universal human psychological needs. The constructive fulfillment of these basic needs promotes caring and positive, helpful relations; their frustration creates an inclination toward hostility and aggression. The article describes diverse influences that can lead to violence between individuals, groups, and societies, as well as ways to halt and prevent g…
Moral Exclusion, Personal Goal Theory, and Extreme Destructiveness
The article describes how certain motives can combine with the exclusion of people from the moral universe, leading to torture, genocide, and mass killing. Personal goal theory is presented as a framework. Personal goals and moral values have ranges of applicability from which certain groups may be excluded. When there is conflict between goals and values, stringent moral values can be replaced by others that allow harm doing—a process termed mor…
Cultural-societal roots of violence
The origins and prevention of genocide, mass killing, and other collective violence
Difficult life conditions give rise to scapegoating and ideologies that identify enemies and lead a group to turn against another. Conflict between groups and self-interest are additional instigators of group violence. Discrimination and limited violence change individuals and groups and can lead to an evolution that ends in mass killing or genocide. Certain cultural characteristics make this process more likely. The passivity of bystanders allow…
Self-control and predictability
A child in distress
The Psychology of Perpetrators and Bystanders
Why do governments or powerful groups in a society foster genocide, mass murder, and other organized acts of violence against a subgroup? This article explores psychological sources, social (life) conditions, and cultural preconditions that contribute to such actions. Difficult life conditions, a common precursor of mistreatment of a group, create frustration, threat to, and attack on life, ways of life, and self-concept. In their need to deal wi…
Healing the roots of genocide in Rwanda
(2003). Healing the roots of genocide in Rwanda. Peace Review: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 287-294
Helping a person in distress
Preventing violence and terrorism and promoting positive relations between Dutch and Muslim communities in Amsterdam
Many Western European countries have seen increasing tension between local communities and immigrant groups, especially Muslims, with mutual grievances. These tensions have been more apparent and stronger since 9/11/2001. Intensified by further terrorist attacks, the war on terror, and the fear of terrorism, negative attitudes toward Muslim populations have been increasing. While relevant to many European countries, this article focuses on the co…
Preventing genocide
Passivity by nations and the community of nations in the face of violence against ethnic, religious, racial, or political groups within a country makes increasing violence, mass killing, and genocide more likely. Nations and the community of nations can serve important roles by several kinds of actions required to prevent genocidal violence: stopping perpetrators, mostly by early nonviolent reactions and sanctions; efforts to heal longstanding an…
Increasing pain tolerance by information about aversive stimuli
A child in distress
Effects of expectancy on working and waiting for larger reward
A World without Genocide
This article reviews influences leading to extreme violence between groups. It then describes principles and practices of prevention, especially early prevention, and reconciliation: addressing difficult life conditions in ways that include everyone in society; diplomacy that addresses crises and prevents conflicts from becoming intractable; developing constructive visions and groups which make destructive ideological movements less likely; gener…
The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers
Stimulus characteristics of a sufferer and difficulty of escape as determinants of helping
Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict
This commentary describes an alternative conceptual framework for interpreting the effects that E. L. Paluck (2009) found in evaluating a public education radio drama in Rwanda. The radio drama included information about the origins and impact of violence and the avenues to prevention and healing, with the aim of preventing new violence. In addition to comparing theoretical perspectives and their practical implications, the commentary addresses t…
The Evolution of Bystanders, German Psychoanalysts, and Lessons for Today
A child in distress
Justice, healing, and reconciliation
This article discusses the importance of justice and the benefits that result from justice, in a post conflict, especially post genocide, society. It discusses the complexity, including the potentially harmful effects, of the novel justice system-the Inkiko-Gacaca, or people's courts-that have been created in Rwanda. They include the possibilities of retraumatization, new trauma, and renewed hostility. The article discusses ways that the positive…
Effects of expectancy on working and waiting for larger reward
A child in distress
A child in distress
A child in distress
Self-control and predictability
Helping a person in distress
Instigation to Goodness
Norms are only one of a variety of determinants of prosocial behavior. The distinction between knowing and personally accepting a norm is stressed. Two specific norms of prosocial behavior are discussed: the norm of reciprocity, and the norm of social responsibility. Reciprocity seems to guide both return of benefits and retaliation of harm. However, the intent attributed to another, the degree of his self sacrifice, and other conditions affect t…
Increasing pain tolerance by information about aversive stimuli
Effects of persuasion and modeling on delay of gratification
Stimulus characteristics of a sufferer and difficulty of escape as determinants of helping
Moral judgment-situation interaction as a basis for predicting prosocial behavior1
In a situation where an “ailing” confederate needed help, three experimental conditions varied the permissibility of interrupting a task to perform prosocial acts. A Situation by Moral Judgment interaction was predicted: Stage 3 and 4 subjects defining right action in accordance with conventional expectations and obligations, respectively, would not help in any of the three conditions; stage 5 subjects defining right action in accordance with hum…
Property rights, deservingness, reciprocity, friendship
Positive Social Behavior and Morality
Journal Article Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Vol. I; Social and Personal Influences, by Ervin Staub. New York: Academic Press, 1978, xvi + 490 pp. $19.50 and Positive Social Behavior and Morality; Vol. II: Socialization and Development, by Ervin Staub. New York: Academic Press, 1979, xvi + 315 pp. $14.00 Get access Richard L. Gorsuch Richard L. Gorsuch Fuller Theological Seminary Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic…
The Psychology of Perpetrators and Bystanders
Why do governments or powerful groups in a society foster genocide, mass murder, and other organized acts of violence against a subgroup? This article explores psychological sources, social (life) conditions, and cultural preconditions that contribute to such actions. Difficult life conditions, a common precursor of mistreatment of a group, create frustration, threat to, and attack on life, ways of life, and self-concept. In their need to deal wi…
The Evolution of Caring and Nonaggressive Persons and Societies
This article explores ways to shape individual personalities, societies, and the relations among them, with the ultimate aim of diminishing inter group hostility and war. The evolution described in the article requires committed individuals and groups to work for change. Certain human proclivities, such as us‐them differentiation, the devaluation of outgroups, and stereotyping are sources of intergroup hostility. Socialization practices by parent…
The Evolution of Bystanders, German Psychoanalysts, and Lessons for Today
The Roots of Evil
Moral Exclusion, Personal Goal Theory, and Extreme Destructiveness
The article describes how certain motives can combine with the exclusion of people from the moral universe, leading to torture, genocide, and mass killing. Personal goal theory is presented as a framework. Personal goals and moral values have ranges of applicability from which certain groups may be excluded. When there is conflict between goals and values, stringent moral values can be replaced by others that allow harm doing—a process termed mor…
The Roots of Evil
The psychology of bystanders, perpetrators, and heroic helpers
Legacy of Silence
Preventing genocide
Passivity by nations and the community of nations in the face of violence against ethnic, religious, racial, or political groups within a country makes increasing violence, mass killing, and genocide more likely. Nations and the community of nations can serve important roles by several kinds of actions required to prevent genocidal violence: stopping perpetrators, mostly by early nonviolent reactions and sanctions; efforts to heal longstanding an…
Cultural-societal roots of violence
Scholars and violence-generating ideas
Scholars and violence-generating ideas
Psychology (43 obras) · Social Psychology (33 obras) · Political science (26 obras) · Criminology (24 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Sociology (20 obras) · Law (19 obras) · Genocide (16 obras) · Developmental psychology (11 obras)