H C Shulman
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 47944 |
|---|---|
| NOME | H C Shulman |
| PRENOMES | H C |
| SOBRENOME | Shulman |
| ASSINATURA | SHULMAN H C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | The Ohio State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7525-8119 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 29 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 136 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 29 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2009 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
How the public evaluates various sources of scientific information
This study examines six types of science, health, and medical sources, focusing on public perceptions of each source's gender, credibility, benevolence, and political affiliation. Results reveal that medical doctors were rated highest in credibility and benevolence. All of the expert sources were more likely to be reported as male, reflecting persistent stereotypes. Public health experts and academic scientists were perceived as more liberal, whe…
What Can Cognitive Load and Processing Fluency Tell Us About Difficult Processing
This experiment investigated the impacts of difficult processing in the context of a health narrative by integrating two distinct literatures: cognitive load and processing fluency. Difficult processing was manipulated via an auditory cue induction of reactive cognitive control (a manipulation of cognitive load) and language difficulty (a manipulation of processing fluency). We examined whether cognitive load can impact persuasion-relevant outcom…
When Fears Come True
624 U.S. adults) was designed to approximate how well patients attend to information during a cancer-related doctor visit. To make this assessment, we manipulated mortality salience (present, absent) and language complexity (simple words, complex words) to understand whether these factors impact newly diagnosed patients' ability to attend to relevant treatment information. Message attention was measured through a comprehension quiz and a signal d…
Easy doesn’t always do it
Political communicators aim to engage and persuade the public, but exposure to dissonant information can lead to defensive processing. Here, we propose that messages designed to facilitate an easy information processing experience can counteract some of the negative consequences of motivated resistance to persuasion. Using an experimental design (N = 390), we find that mock political advertisements associated with an out-party political group lea…
The Role of Framing, Race, and Symbolic Racism in Policy Support
Improving processing fluency to encourage family health information seeking
Drawing from the metacognitive literature, this experimental study examines how the relative ease of retrieving information (i.e. processing fluency) impacts individuals' efficacy about engaging in family health discussions and interpersonal information seeking intention across two health topics: family organ donation status and family health history. Participants ( N = 609) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Those in the easy ret…
Science terms elicit ideological differences in message processing
An experiment (N = 209) investigated whether terms about the scientific method impacted processing fluency similarly to other forms of jargon. Political ideology emerged as a significant moderator of the effects of method jargon on processing fluency. Specifically, liberals reported a more negative processing experience after exposure to the jargon condition, in line with expected general effects of jargon, while conservatives did not report a si…
The Impacts of Code-Mixing in a Cross-Cultural Narrative
This experiment (N = 1,241) investigates the impact of code-mixing, defined as the use of more than one language, on processing fluency, narrative engagement, and cross-cultural attitudes. Using a sample of native English speakers located in the United States, we found that narratives that include code-mixing, a common feature of intercultural communication, felt more difficult to process and, in turn, led to more negative out-group bias and less…
Discounting constituent attitudes
In experimental work, researchers have found that policymakers discount the opinions of constituents with whom they disagree. We build on these results with a national sample of local policymakers in the United States, exploring whether communicators can prevent policymakers from discounting their opinions by providing evidence of their own knowledge about a topic. We find that policymakers discount the opinions of hypothetical constituents with …
Using infographics to reduce the negative effects of jargon on intentions to vaccinate against Covid-19
Guided by feelings-as-information theory, this experiment ( N = 643), based in the United States, tested whether the use of jargon and infographics within messages designed to explain the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines affected behavioral intentions to vaccinate. The results revealed that the presence of jargon was associated with a difficult processing experience, message resistance, decreased perceptions of message credibility, and reduced intentions t…
Predicting Vote Choice and Election Outcomes from Ballot Wording
Two laboratory studies (N = 240) were designed to explain and predict how people make decisions in low-information political environments. Guided by feelings-as-information theory, it was argued that when direct democracy ballot issues do not receive any campaign expenditures and are not about moral/civic issues, voters are likely to encounter these ballots for the first time in the voting booth. And when this is the case, how these ballots are w…
Narratives are Persuasive Because They are Easier to Understand
Theory suggests that people are more persuaded by information presented within a narrative. We argue there is room for greater understanding about why this may be the case. Accordingly, we 1) examine whether narratives are indeed more persuasive than non-narratives and 2) evaluate two theoretical mechanisms that could be responsible for these effects. Results from a laboratory-based, preregistered experiment ( N = 554) support our primary argumen…
Utilizing Framing Theory to Design More Effective Health Messages about Tanning Behavior among College Women
Rates of skin cancer among young women are increasing and most cases are associated with tanning behavior. In health communication, scholars and practitioners use framing as a strategy to design persuasive messages. In this experiment, we advance framing research by testing a serial model of framing theory in the context of outdoor tanning behavior among collegiate women. We designed two message frames, language difficulty, and message relevance,…
The Interplay of Jargon, Motivation, and Fatigue While Processing Covid-19 Crisis Communication Over Time
Using the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this three-wave experiment ( N = 1,830) examined whether a public health crisis motivates people to engage with complicated information about the virus in the form of jargon. Results revealed that although the presence of jargon negatively impacted message acceptance for topics that were not particularly urgent (flood risk and federal risk policy), the presence of jargon within the COVID-19 topic condi…
The Effects of Jargon on Processing Fluency, Self-Perceptions, and Scientific Engagement
In this experiment ( N = 650), we integrate ideas from the literatures on metacognition and self-perception to explain why the use of jargon negatively affects engagement with science topics. We offer empirical evidence that the presence of jargon disrupts people's ability to fluently process scientific information, even when definitions for the jargon terms are provided. We find that jargon use affects individuals' social identification with the…
Changing Norms
Social norm appeals attempt to change behavior by modifying the prevailing view that a particular, usually harmful, behavior is less prevalent or less approved of in certain social contexts. These messages have been widely used, such as in safe-drinking campaigns targeted towards college students, but reviews of such efforts have been mixed. The present review used meta-analytic techniques to clarify the effects of social norm manipulations by sy…
Jargon as a barrier to effective science communication
In this experiment ( N = 650), we examine the negative consequences of jargon on individuals’ perceptions of emerging scientific technology and aim to explain these effects. We find that the presence of jargon impairs people’s ability to process scientific information, and that this impairment leads to greater motivated resistance to persuasion, increased risk perceptions, and lower support for technology adoption. These findings suggest that the…
Using metacognitive cues to amplify message content
Persuasion research investigates how decisions regarding message content affect audience response. We argue here that this approach to message design can be improved if metacognitive experiences are considered. This prescriptive review aims to introduce metacognition to communication. To this end, we review literatures in social psychology and communication and provide arguments for how the inclusion of metacognitive cues can augment message effe…
Varying Metacognition Through Public Opinion Questions
Guided by feelings-as-information theory, this experiment examined whether the difficulty of language in public opinion questions would influence reports of political interest and political efficacy. Results ( N = 235) found that exposure to the easy language condition led to higher reports of political interest and efficacy than in the difficult language condition and that this effect was mediated by processing fluency. These findings proffer im…
Advancing Framing Theory
This experiment tested whether a communication frame could be developed to improve undergraduates' understanding of contemporary political issues. Specifically, a metacognitive equivalency frame (easy vs. difficult) was designed to test whether framing and processing fluency affect constructs important to public opinion research. Consistent with expectations, those in the easy frame condition reported more confidence in their political knowledge,…
Effect of Test-Taking Venue and Response Format on Political Knowledge Tests
This experiment examined the effect of testing venue (online vs. classroom) and test format (multiple choice, true/false, open-ended) on performance on a test of political knowledge. Political knowledge test scores were higher in the online open-ended condition than in the classroom open-ended condition, with no evidence of venue differences for the multiple-choice or true/false format. This pattern is consistent with self-deceptive enhancement m…
Predicting Success
This study, guided by family communication patterns theory, examined the role of family communication in political socialization. We tested whether certain communication styles were associated with higher levels of political similarity within the family. Additionally, the independent influences of the mother and father, as well as the direction of these influences, were considered. Results suggest that different communication styles are associate…
Tuning in to the RTLM
Transcripts from radio broadcasts that aired in pre-, early-, and late-genocide Rwanda were content analyzed from a social identity theory perspective to examine whether language use was consistent with theoretical predictions. The data yielded by these analyses ( N = 59) are noteworthy because the broadcasters on this station were eventually charged with war crimes for inciting and endorsing the violence between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups.…
Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing
Journal Article Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing: a Field Experiment Get access Maria Knight Lapinski, Maria Knight Lapinski 1Department of Communication, Michigan Ag-Bio Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Maria Lapinski; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Erin K. Maloney, Erin K. Maloney 2The Annenberg School of Co…
Exploring Social Norms as a Group-Level Phenomenon
This research explores the relationship between campus political norms and student political participation. This study conceptualizes norms as a group-level construct by collecting data at several universities (k = 32 universities, n = 1,389 students) where norms vary without campaign intervention. Multilevel modeling reveals that perceptions of political norms converge within universities. Further, frequency of political communication at the gro…
Changing Norms
Social norm appeals attempt to change behavior by modifying the prevailing view that a particular, usually harmful, behavior is less prevalent or less approved of in certain social contexts. These messages have been widely used, such as in safe-drinking campaigns targeted towards college students, but reviews of such efforts have been mixed. The present review used meta-analytic techniques to clarify the effects of social norm manipulations by sy…
Sender Demeanor
Journal Article Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments Get access Timothy R. Levine, Timothy R. Levine 1Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Timothy R. Levine; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kim B. Serota, Kim B. Serota 1Department of Communication, Michiga…
Effect of Test-Taking Venue and Response Format on Political Knowledge Tests
This experiment examined the effect of testing venue (online vs. classroom) and test format (multiple choice, true/false, open-ended) on performance on a test of political knowledge. Political knowledge test scores were higher in the online open-ended condition than in the classroom open-ended condition, with no evidence of venue differences for the multiple-choice or true/false format. This pattern is consistent with self-deceptive enhancement m…
Predicting Success
This study, guided by family communication patterns theory, examined the role of family communication in political socialization. We tested whether certain communication styles were associated with higher levels of political similarity within the family. Additionally, the independent influences of the mother and father, as well as the direction of these influences, were considered. Results suggest that different communication styles are associate…
Advancing Framing Theory
This experiment tested whether a communication frame could be developed to improve undergraduates' understanding of contemporary political issues. Specifically, a metacognitive equivalency frame (easy vs. difficult) was designed to test whether framing and processing fluency affect constructs important to public opinion research. Consistent with expectations, those in the easy frame condition reported more confidence in their political knowledge,…
Increasing Deception Detection Accuracy with Strategic Questioning
Journal Article Increasing Deception Detection Accuracy with Strategic Questioning Get access Timothy R. Levine, Timothy R. Levine 1Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Timothy R. Levine; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Allison Shaw, Allison Shaw 1Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Search …
Varying Metacognition Through Public Opinion Questions
Guided by feelings-as-information theory, this experiment examined whether the difficulty of language in public opinion questions would influence reports of political interest and political efficacy. Results ( N = 235) found that exposure to the easy language condition led to higher reports of political interest and efficacy than in the difficult language condition and that this effect was mediated by processing fluency. These findings proffer im…
Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing
Journal Article Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing: a Field Experiment Get access Maria Knight Lapinski, Maria Knight Lapinski 1Department of Communication, Michigan Ag-Bio Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Maria Lapinski; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Erin K. Maloney, Erin K. Maloney 2The Annenberg School of Co…
Using metacognitive cues to amplify message content
Persuasion research investigates how decisions regarding message content affect audience response. We argue here that this approach to message design can be improved if metacognitive experiences are considered. This prescriptive review aims to introduce metacognition to communication. To this end, we review literatures in social psychology and communication and provide arguments for how the inclusion of metacognitive cues can augment message effe…
The Effects of Jargon on Processing Fluency, Self-Perceptions, and Scientific Engagement
In this experiment ( N = 650), we integrate ideas from the literatures on metacognition and self-perception to explain why the use of jargon negatively affects engagement with science topics. We offer empirical evidence that the presence of jargon disrupts people's ability to fluently process scientific information, even when definitions for the jargon terms are provided. We find that jargon use affects individuals' social identification with the…
Discounting constituent attitudes
In experimental work, researchers have found that policymakers discount the opinions of constituents with whom they disagree. We build on these results with a national sample of local policymakers in the United States, exploring whether communicators can prevent policymakers from discounting their opinions by providing evidence of their own knowledge about a topic. We find that policymakers discount the opinions of hypothetical constituents with …
Predicting Vote Choice and Election Outcomes from Ballot Wording
Two laboratory studies (N = 240) were designed to explain and predict how people make decisions in low-information political environments. Guided by feelings-as-information theory, it was argued that when direct democracy ballot issues do not receive any campaign expenditures and are not about moral/civic issues, voters are likely to encounter these ballots for the first time in the voting booth. And when this is the case, how these ballots are w…
The Role of Framing, Race, and Symbolic Racism in Policy Support
Tuning in to the RTLM
Transcripts from radio broadcasts that aired in pre-, early-, and late-genocide Rwanda were content analyzed from a social identity theory perspective to examine whether language use was consistent with theoretical predictions. The data yielded by these analyses ( N = 59) are noteworthy because the broadcasters on this station were eventually charged with war crimes for inciting and endorsing the violence between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups.…
Self-Generated Versus Other-Generated Statements and Impressions in Computer-Mediated Communication
The warranting principle pertains to impression formation in Internet communication. It posits that perceivers' judgments about a target rely more heavily on information which the targets themselves cannot manipulate than on self-descriptions. Two experiments employed mock-up profiles resembling the Internet site, Facebook, to display self-generated clues and to display other-generated clues about a Facebook user. The first experiment ( N = 115) …
Risk Perceptions of People Living with HIV/Aids
Little as known about how people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH/A) assess their vulnerability to non-HIVrelated risk factors, and how this judgement is affected by perceived similarity with others. This study indicates not only that PLWH/A are optimistically biased in their risk pereceptions, but also that they do not use others' HIV status to assess similarity. Perceived similarity with others, however, affects risk judgements: greater the perceived…
Increasing Deception Detection Accuracy with Strategic Questioning
Journal Article Increasing Deception Detection Accuracy with Strategic Questioning Get access Timothy R. Levine, Timothy R. Levine 1Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Timothy R. Levine; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Allison Shaw, Allison Shaw 1Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Search …
Sender Demeanor
Journal Article Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments Get access Timothy R. Levine, Timothy R. Levine 1Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Timothy R. Levine; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kim B. Serota, Kim B. Serota 1Department of Communication, Michiga…
Exploring Social Norms as a Group-Level Phenomenon
This research explores the relationship between campus political norms and student political participation. This study conceptualizes norms as a group-level construct by collecting data at several universities (k = 32 universities, n = 1,389 students) where norms vary without campaign intervention. Multilevel modeling reveals that perceptions of political norms converge within universities. Further, frequency of political communication at the gro…
Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing
Journal Article Testing the Effects of Social Norms and Behavioral Privacy on Hand Washing: a Field Experiment Get access Maria Knight Lapinski, Maria Knight Lapinski 1Department of Communication, Michigan Ag-Bio Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 1Corresponding author: Maria Lapinski; Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Erin K. Maloney, Erin K. Maloney 2The Annenberg School of Co…
Effect of Test-Taking Venue and Response Format on Political Knowledge Tests
This experiment examined the effect of testing venue (online vs. classroom) and test format (multiple choice, true/false, open-ended) on performance on a test of political knowledge. Political knowledge test scores were higher in the online open-ended condition than in the classroom open-ended condition, with no evidence of venue differences for the multiple-choice or true/false format. This pattern is consistent with self-deceptive enhancement m…
Predicting Success
This study, guided by family communication patterns theory, examined the role of family communication in political socialization. We tested whether certain communication styles were associated with higher levels of political similarity within the family. Additionally, the independent influences of the mother and father, as well as the direction of these influences, were considered. Results suggest that different communication styles are associate…
Tuning in to the RTLM
Transcripts from radio broadcasts that aired in pre-, early-, and late-genocide Rwanda were content analyzed from a social identity theory perspective to examine whether language use was consistent with theoretical predictions. The data yielded by these analyses ( N = 59) are noteworthy because the broadcasters on this station were eventually charged with war crimes for inciting and endorsing the violence between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups.…
Varying Metacognition Through Public Opinion Questions
Guided by feelings-as-information theory, this experiment examined whether the difficulty of language in public opinion questions would influence reports of political interest and political efficacy. Results ( N = 235) found that exposure to the easy language condition led to higher reports of political interest and efficacy than in the difficult language condition and that this effect was mediated by processing fluency. These findings proffer im…
Advancing Framing Theory
This experiment tested whether a communication frame could be developed to improve undergraduates' understanding of contemporary political issues. Specifically, a metacognitive equivalency frame (easy vs. difficult) was designed to test whether framing and processing fluency affect constructs important to public opinion research. Consistent with expectations, those in the easy frame condition reported more confidence in their political knowledge,…
Jargon as a barrier to effective science communication
In this experiment ( N = 650), we examine the negative consequences of jargon on individuals’ perceptions of emerging scientific technology and aim to explain these effects. We find that the presence of jargon impairs people’s ability to process scientific information, and that this impairment leads to greater motivated resistance to persuasion, increased risk perceptions, and lower support for technology adoption. These findings suggest that the…
Using metacognitive cues to amplify message content
Persuasion research investigates how decisions regarding message content affect audience response. We argue here that this approach to message design can be improved if metacognitive experiences are considered. This prescriptive review aims to introduce metacognition to communication. To this end, we review literatures in social psychology and communication and provide arguments for how the inclusion of metacognitive cues can augment message effe…
The Effects of Jargon on Processing Fluency, Self-Perceptions, and Scientific Engagement
In this experiment ( N = 650), we integrate ideas from the literatures on metacognition and self-perception to explain why the use of jargon negatively affects engagement with science topics. We offer empirical evidence that the presence of jargon disrupts people's ability to fluently process scientific information, even when definitions for the jargon terms are provided. We find that jargon use affects individuals' social identification with the…
Changing Norms
Social norm appeals attempt to change behavior by modifying the prevailing view that a particular, usually harmful, behavior is less prevalent or less approved of in certain social contexts. These messages have been widely used, such as in safe-drinking campaigns targeted towards college students, but reviews of such efforts have been mixed. The present review used meta-analytic techniques to clarify the effects of social norm manipulations by sy…
Narratives are Persuasive Because They are Easier to Understand
Theory suggests that people are more persuaded by information presented within a narrative. We argue there is room for greater understanding about why this may be the case. Accordingly, we 1) examine whether narratives are indeed more persuasive than non-narratives and 2) evaluate two theoretical mechanisms that could be responsible for these effects. Results from a laboratory-based, preregistered experiment ( N = 554) support our primary argumen…
Utilizing Framing Theory to Design More Effective Health Messages about Tanning Behavior among College Women
Rates of skin cancer among young women are increasing and most cases are associated with tanning behavior. In health communication, scholars and practitioners use framing as a strategy to design persuasive messages. In this experiment, we advance framing research by testing a serial model of framing theory in the context of outdoor tanning behavior among collegiate women. We designed two message frames, language difficulty, and message relevance,…
The Interplay of Jargon, Motivation, and Fatigue While Processing Covid-19 Crisis Communication Over Time
Using the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this three-wave experiment ( N = 1,830) examined whether a public health crisis motivates people to engage with complicated information about the virus in the form of jargon. Results revealed that although the presence of jargon negatively impacted message acceptance for topics that were not particularly urgent (flood risk and federal risk policy), the presence of jargon within the COVID-19 topic condi…
Using infographics to reduce the negative effects of jargon on intentions to vaccinate against Covid-19
Guided by feelings-as-information theory, this experiment ( N = 643), based in the United States, tested whether the use of jargon and infographics within messages designed to explain the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines affected behavioral intentions to vaccinate. The results revealed that the presence of jargon was associated with a difficult processing experience, message resistance, decreased perceptions of message credibility, and reduced intentions t…
Predicting Vote Choice and Election Outcomes from Ballot Wording
Two laboratory studies (N = 240) were designed to explain and predict how people make decisions in low-information political environments. Guided by feelings-as-information theory, it was argued that when direct democracy ballot issues do not receive any campaign expenditures and are not about moral/civic issues, voters are likely to encounter these ballots for the first time in the voting booth. And when this is the case, how these ballots are w…
Discounting constituent attitudes
In experimental work, researchers have found that policymakers discount the opinions of constituents with whom they disagree. We build on these results with a national sample of local policymakers in the United States, exploring whether communicators can prevent policymakers from discounting their opinions by providing evidence of their own knowledge about a topic. We find that policymakers discount the opinions of hypothetical constituents with …
Science terms elicit ideological differences in message processing
An experiment (N = 209) investigated whether terms about the scientific method impacted processing fluency similarly to other forms of jargon. Political ideology emerged as a significant moderator of the effects of method jargon on processing fluency. Specifically, liberals reported a more negative processing experience after exposure to the jargon condition, in line with expected general effects of jargon, while conservatives did not report a si…
The Impacts of Code-Mixing in a Cross-Cultural Narrative
This experiment (N = 1,241) investigates the impact of code-mixing, defined as the use of more than one language, on processing fluency, narrative engagement, and cross-cultural attitudes. Using a sample of native English speakers located in the United States, we found that narratives that include code-mixing, a common feature of intercultural communication, felt more difficult to process and, in turn, led to more negative out-group bias and less…
What Can Cognitive Load and Processing Fluency Tell Us About Difficult Processing
This experiment investigated the impacts of difficult processing in the context of a health narrative by integrating two distinct literatures: cognitive load and processing fluency. Difficult processing was manipulated via an auditory cue induction of reactive cognitive control (a manipulation of cognitive load) and language difficulty (a manipulation of processing fluency). We examined whether cognitive load can impact persuasion-relevant outcom…
When Fears Come True
624 U.S. adults) was designed to approximate how well patients attend to information during a cancer-related doctor visit. To make this assessment, we manipulated mortality salience (present, absent) and language complexity (simple words, complex words) to understand whether these factors impact newly diagnosed patients' ability to attend to relevant treatment information. Message attention was measured through a comprehension quiz and a signal d…
Psychology (27 obras) · Social Psychology (20 obras) · Political science (14 obras) · Cognitive psychology (12 obras) · Media Influence and Health (12 obras) · Social Psychology (12 obras) · Fluency (11 obras) · Computer Science (10 obras) · Perception (9 obras) · Politics (9 obras)