Alastair Iain Johnston
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 552916 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Alastair Iain Johnston |
| PRENOMES | Alastair Iain |
| SOBRENOME | Johnston |
| ASSINATURA | JOHNSTON A I |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Harvard University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4238-1115 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 834 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 5 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1939 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
Foreign Policy Orientation without Party Cues
The central issue in Taiwan’s politics revolves around the island’s relationship with China. The three major parties—the Kuomintang, Democratic Progressive Party, and Taiwan People’s Party—take different positions on this, and their supporters align with these respective positions. However, there is a scarcity of research on the foreign policy inclinations of individuals who do not align with any political party. We find empirically that self-rep…
Racism and security dilemmas
The Effect of Imagined Social Contact on Chinese Students’ Perceptions of Japanese People
Social identity theory (SIT) suggests that perceived identity difference between groups predicts to intergroup conflict, including interstate conflict. Contact theory suggests that social contact between groups can help reduce intergroup conflict. Contact theory, however, has not traditionally focused on perceived identity difference, and it has not been tested much on real-world interstate conflicts. Employing an experimental design, our study t…
Cultural Realism
Memes, narratives and the emergent US–China security dilemma
All major theoretical approaches that explain the growing rivalry between the United States (US) and China share a common prediction: as tensions develop, the US and China will each construct a master narrative emphasizing zero-sum interests, the efficacy of coercion, and the perceived blamelessness of the Self for the Other’s aggressions. However, the concrete process by which these narratives emerge has been neither explicitly theorized nor mea…
The Failures of the ‘Failure of Engagement’ with China
One core element in the current narrative in Washington about China as a challenger to the so-called U.S.-dominated liberal “rules-based order” is that the previous U.S. engagement strategy, pursue
China in a World of Orders
Many scholars and policymakers in the United States accept the narrative that China is a revisionist state challenging the U.S.-dominated international liberal order. The narrative assumes that there is a singular liberal order and that it is obvious what constitutes a challenge to it. The concepts of order and challenge are, however, poorly operationalized. There are at least four plausible operationalizations of order, three of which are explic…
Shaky Foundations
Michael Pillsbury’s The Hundred-Year Marathon could distort the United States’ understanding of Chinese strategy
The China Questions
International Structures and Chinese Foreign Policy
This chapter examines the relationship between international "structures" and Chinese foreign policy. It looks at how a particular kind of international "factor" might affect Chinese foreign policy, namely, international "structure." In particular, there are two kinds of structures, the existence and effects of which are at the core of international relation (IR) theory debates today: material power structures and normative structures. The predom…
Can China Back Down? Crisis De-escalation in the Shadow of Popular Opposition
Many analysts argue that public opinion creates pressure on Chinese leaders to act coercively in territorial disputes, and that it also limits their options to de-escalate once crises have broken out. Evidence suggests, however, that Chinese leaders may prefer having more flexibility rather than less in a crisis. Using original data generated by a survey experiment conducted in China in 2015, this article examines several strategies that Chinese …
Is Chinese Nationalism Rising? Evidence from Beijing
“Rising nationalism” has been a major meme in commentary on the development of China's material power since the early 1990s. Analysts often claim that rising nationalism, especially among China's youth, is an important force compelling the Chinese leadership to take a tougher stand on a range of foreign policy issues, particularly maritime disputes in East Asia. The rising nationalism meme is one element in the “newly assertive China” narrative t…
Debating China's Assertiveness
January 01 2014 Debating China's Assertiveness Dingding Chen, Dingding Chen Dingding Chen is Assistant Professor of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Xiaoyu Pu, Xiaoyu Pu Xiaoyu Pu is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Alastair Iain Johnston Al…
How New and Assertive Is China's New Assertiveness
There has been a rapidly spreading meme in U.S. pundit and academic circles since 2010 that describes China's recent diplomacy as “newly assertive.” This “new assertiveness” meme suffers from two problems. First, it underestimates the complexity of key episodes in Chinese diplomacy in 2010 and overestimates the amount of change. Second, the explanations for the new assertiveness claim suffer from unclear causal mechanisms and lack comparative rig…
What (If Anything) Does East Asia Tell Us About International Relations Theory
Transatlantic international relations (IR) theory has more or less neglected the international relations of East Asia. This relative neglect has come in different forms: excluding East Asian cases from analysis, including East Asian cases but miscoding or misunderstanding them, or including them but missing the fact that they do not confirm the main findings of the study. A review of the East Asia–related literature on three important clusters of…
Stability and Instability in Sino-US Relations
Journal Article Stability and Instability in Sino–US Relations: A Response to Yan Xuetong’s Superficial Friendship Theory Get access Alastair Iain Johnston Alastair Iain Johnston * †† Alastair Iain Johnston is the Governor James Noe and Linda Noe Laine Professor of China in World Affairs at Department of Government, Harvard University. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic…
Identity as a Variable
For the past two decades, the attention given to the concept of “identity” – both in the social sciences and in the world at large – has continued to rise. Multiple disciplines and subfields are producing an expanding literature on the definition, meaning, and development of ethnic, national, linguistic, religious, gender, class, and other identities and their roles in political, social, and economic outcomes. The ubiquity of identity-based schol…
Is China Rising?
Is China rising? How do we know? The vast majority of today's commentary—in the United States and China, across the policy, pundit, and academic worlds—assumes that China is rising. But the vast majority also does not provide a clear definition of "rising," or consistent indicators of what a rising state looks like. This chapter makes a simple but often overlooked point: whether China is rising—and at what speed—depends on one's definition and in…
Measuring Identity
The concept of identity has become increasingly prominent in the social sciences and humanities. Analysis of the development of social identities is an important focus of scholarly research, and scholars using social identities as the building blocks of social, political, and economic life have attempted to account for a number of discrete outcomes by treating identities as causal factors. The dominant implication of the vast literature on identi…
Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000
"Constructive engagement" became a catchphrase under the Clinton administration for America's reinvigorated efforts to pull China firmly into the international community as a responsible player, one that abides by widely accepted norms. Skeptics questioned the effectiveness of this policy and those that followed. But how is such socialization supposed to work in the first place? This has never been all that clear, whether practiced by the Associa…
New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy
This book brings together several generations of specialists in Chinese foreign policy to present readers with current research on both new and traditional topics. The authors draw on a wide range of new materials—archives, documents, memoirs, opinion polls, and interviews—to examine traditional issues such as China's use of force from 1959 to the present, and new issues such as China's response to globalization, its participation in several inte…
Identity as a Variable
As scholarly interest in the concept of identity continues to grow, social identities are proving to be crucially important for understanding contemporary life. Despite—or perhaps because of—the sprawl of different treatments of identity in the social sciences, the concept has remained too analytically loose to be as useful a tool as the literature's early promise had suggested. We propose to solve this longstanding problem by developing the anal…
Engaging China
Engaging China
Conclusions and Extensions
This article reflects on three sets of issues raised by the research in this special issue. First it summarizes and critiques the core analytical claims and main scope conditions for socialization as developed by the authors. Then it examines how a critical socialization micro-process—persuasion—fits with a thin rationalist argument. I suggest that agents who are more deeply socialized may be more strategic in their behavior precisely because the…
Treating International Institutions as Social Environments
Socialization theory is a neglected source of explanations for cooperation in international relations. Neorealism treats socialization (or selection, more properly) as a process by which autistic non-balancers are weeded out of the anarchical international system. Contractual institutionalists ignore or downplay the possibilities of socialization in international institutions in part because of the difficulties in observing changes in interests a…
Is China a Status Quo Power
April 01 2003 Is China a Status Quo Power? Alastair Iain Johnston Alastair Iain Johnston Laine Professor of China in World Affairs in the Government Department at Harvard University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Alastair Iain Johnston Laine Professor of China in World Affairs in the Government Department at Harvard University. Online ISSN: 1531-4804 Print ISSN: 0162-2889 © 2003 …
Conclusions and Extensions
This article reflects on three sets of issues raised by the research in this special issue. First it summarizes and critiques the core analytical claims and main scope conditions for socialization as developed by the authors. Then it examines how a critical socialization micro-process—persuasion—fits with a thin rationalist argument. I suggest that agents who are more deeply socialized may be more strategic in their behavior precisely because the…
Thinking about Strategic Culture
How New and Assertive Is China's New Assertiveness
There has been a rapidly spreading meme in U.S. pundit and academic circles since 2010 that describes China's recent diplomacy as “newly assertive.” This “new assertiveness” meme suffers from two problems. First, it underestimates the complexity of key episodes in Chinese diplomacy in 2010 and overestimates the amount of change. Second, the explanations for the new assertiveness claim suffer from unclear causal mechanisms and lack comparative rig…
What (If Anything) Does East Asia Tell Us About International Relations Theory
Transatlantic international relations (IR) theory has more or less neglected the international relations of East Asia. This relative neglect has come in different forms: excluding East Asian cases from analysis, including East Asian cases but miscoding or misunderstanding them, or including them but missing the fact that they do not confirm the main findings of the study. A review of the East Asia–related literature on three important clusters of…
Can China Back Down? Crisis De-escalation in the Shadow of Popular Opposition
Many analysts argue that public opinion creates pressure on Chinese leaders to act coercively in territorial disputes, and that it also limits their options to de-escalate once crises have broken out. Evidence suggests, however, that Chinese leaders may prefer having more flexibility rather than less in a crisis. Using original data generated by a survey experiment conducted in China in 2015, this article examines several strategies that Chinese …
Memes, narratives and the emergent US–China security dilemma
All major theoretical approaches that explain the growing rivalry between the United States (US) and China share a common prediction: as tensions develop, the US and China will each construct a master narrative emphasizing zero-sum interests, the efficacy of coercion, and the perceived blamelessness of the Self for the Other’s aggressions. However, the concrete process by which these narratives emerge has been neither explicitly theorized nor mea…
China in a World of Orders
Many scholars and policymakers in the United States accept the narrative that China is a revisionist state challenging the U.S.-dominated international liberal order. The narrative assumes that there is a singular liberal order and that it is obvious what constitutes a challenge to it. The concepts of order and challenge are, however, poorly operationalized. There are at least four plausible operationalizations of order, three of which are explic…
Is Chinese Nationalism Rising? Evidence from Beijing
“Rising nationalism” has been a major meme in commentary on the development of China's material power since the early 1990s. Analysts often claim that rising nationalism, especially among China's youth, is an important force compelling the Chinese leadership to take a tougher stand on a range of foreign policy issues, particularly maritime disputes in East Asia. The rising nationalism meme is one element in the “newly assertive China” narrative t…
"China's New "Old Thinking
In the last five to ten years, Chinese military strategists have developed a concept of limited deterrence that is now used to describe what China`s nuclear forces ought to be able to do. Limited deterrence rests on a limited war-fighting capability aimed at communicating China`s ability to inflict costly damage on the adversary at every rung on the escalation ladder and thus denying the adversary victory in a nuclear war. It is this capability, …
Learning Versus Adaptation
Debating China's Assertiveness
January 01 2014 Debating China's Assertiveness Dingding Chen, Dingding Chen Dingding Chen is Assistant Professor of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Xiaoyu Pu, Xiaoyu Pu Xiaoyu Pu is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Alastair Iain Johnston Al…
Strategic cultures revisited
As the old blues song goes, ‘if it weren’t for bad luck, I’d have no luck at all’. Same goes for scholarly attention. So I am grateful to Professor Gray for his article.Despite his frequent use of adjectives about my work which suggest a desperation to inoculate future generations of scholars against it, we actually agree on a great deal. We share a basic ontological understanding of international relations and security studies in particular. We …
The Failures of the ‘Failure of Engagement’ with China
One core element in the current narrative in Washington about China as a challenger to the so-called U.S.-dominated liberal “rules-based order” is that the previous U.S. engagement strategy, pursue
The Effect of Imagined Social Contact on Chinese Students’ Perceptions of Japanese People
Social identity theory (SIT) suggests that perceived identity difference between groups predicts to intergroup conflict, including interstate conflict. Contact theory suggests that social contact between groups can help reduce intergroup conflict. Contact theory, however, has not traditionally focused on perceived identity difference, and it has not been tested much on real-world interstate conflicts. Employing an experimental design, our study t…
Stability and Instability in Sino-US Relations
Journal Article Stability and Instability in Sino–US Relations: A Response to Yan Xuetong’s Superficial Friendship Theory Get access Alastair Iain Johnston Alastair Iain Johnston * †† Alastair Iain Johnston is the Governor James Noe and Linda Noe Laine Professor of China in World Affairs at Department of Government, Harvard University. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic…
Same Bed, Different Dreams
Changing Party–Army Relations in China, 1979-1984
Research Article| October 01 1984 Changing Party–Army Relations in China, 1979-1984 Alastair I. Johnston Alastair I. Johnston Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1955) 24 (10): 1012–1039. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644217 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissi…
Racism and security dilemmas
Shaky Foundations
Michael Pillsbury’s The Hundred-Year Marathon could distort the United States’ understanding of Chinese strategy
Engaging China
Engaging China looks at the responses of major international powers to the recent economic growth of China. Case studies from the United States, Japan, Singapore, and other countries, illustrate China's developing position in the Asia-Pacific
Changing Party–Army Relations in China, 1979-1984
Research Article| October 01 1984 Changing Party–Army Relations in China, 1979-1984 Alastair I. Johnston Alastair I. Johnston Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1955) 24 (10): 1012–1039. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644217 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissi…
Cultural Realism
Cultural Realism is an in-depth study of premodern Chinese strategic thought that has important implications for contemporary international relations theory. In applying a Western theoretical debate to China, Iain Johnston advances rigorous procedures for testing for the existence and influence of "strategic culture." Johnston sets out to answer two empirical questions. Is there a substantively consistent and temporally persistent Chinese strateg…
"China's New "Old Thinking
In the last five to ten years, Chinese military strategists have developed a concept of limited deterrence that is now used to describe what China`s nuclear forces ought to be able to do. Limited deterrence rests on a limited war-fighting capability aimed at communicating China`s ability to inflict costly damage on the adversary at every rung on the escalation ladder and thus denying the adversary victory in a nuclear war. It is this capability, …
Thinking about Strategic Culture
Learning Versus Adaptation
Cultural Realism
China's Militarized Interstate Dispute Behaviour 1949–1992
China's military exercises in the Taiwan Strait in 1995–96 accentuated concerns among states in the Asia-Pacific region about what kind of great power China will become if its economic growth continues at present rates and if its domestic political system does not change appreciably. In most respects many Chinese internal post-mortems on the crisis were quite similar to those in other states: coercive diplomacy led to an increase in voter support…
Strategic cultures revisited
As the old blues song goes, ‘if it weren’t for bad luck, I’d have no luck at all’. Same goes for scholarly attention. So I am grateful to Professor Gray for his article.Despite his frequent use of adjectives about my work which suggest a desperation to inoculate future generations of scholars against it, we actually agree on a great deal. We share a basic ontological understanding of international relations and security studies in particular. We …
Crafting Cooperation
Regional institutions are an increasingly prominent feature of world politics. Their characteristics and performance vary widely: some are highly legalistic and bureaucratic, while others are informal and flexible. They also differ in terms of inclusiveness, decision-making rules and commitment to the non-interference principle. This is the first book to offer a conceptual framework for comparing the design and effectiveness of regional internati…
Treadmill Training of Infants With Down Syndrome
These results provide evidence that, with training and support, parents can use these treadmills in their homes to help their infants with DS learn to walk earlier than they normally would. Current research is aimed at 1) improving the protocol to maximize outcome; 2) determining the impact of treadmill practice on walking gait patterns; 3) testing the application to other populations with a history of delays in walking; and 4) determining the lo…
Same Bed, Different Dreams
Treating International Institutions as Social Environments
Socialization theory is a neglected source of explanations for cooperation in international relations. Neorealism treats socialization (or selection, more properly) as a process by which autistic non-balancers are weeded out of the anarchical international system. Contractual institutionalists ignore or downplay the possibilities of socialization in international institutions in part because of the difficulties in observing changes in interests a…
Is China a Status Quo Power
April 01 2003 Is China a Status Quo Power? Alastair Iain Johnston Alastair Iain Johnston Laine Professor of China in World Affairs in the Government Department at Harvard University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Alastair Iain Johnston Laine Professor of China in World Affairs in the Government Department at Harvard University. Online ISSN: 1531-4804 Print ISSN: 0162-2889 © 2003 …
Engaging China
Engaging China
Conclusions and Extensions
This article reflects on three sets of issues raised by the research in this special issue. First it summarizes and critiques the core analytical claims and main scope conditions for socialization as developed by the authors. Then it examines how a critical socialization micro-process—persuasion—fits with a thin rationalist argument. I suggest that agents who are more deeply socialized may be more strategic in their behavior precisely because the…
New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy
This book brings together several generations of specialists in Chinese foreign policy to present readers with current research on both new and traditional topics. The authors draw on a wide range of new materials—archives, documents, memoirs, opinion polls, and interviews—to examine traditional issues such as China's use of force from 1959 to the present, and new issues such as China's response to globalization, its participation in several inte…
Identity as a Variable
As scholarly interest in the concept of identity continues to grow, social identities are proving to be crucially important for understanding contemporary life. Despite—or perhaps because of—the sprawl of different treatments of identity in the social sciences, the concept has remained too analytically loose to be as useful a tool as the literature's early promise had suggested. We propose to solve this longstanding problem by developing the anal…
Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000
"Constructive engagement" became a catchphrase under the Clinton administration for America's reinvigorated efforts to pull China firmly into the international community as a responsible player, one that abides by widely accepted norms. Skeptics questioned the effectiveness of this policy and those that followed. But how is such socialization supposed to work in the first place? This has never been all that clear, whether practiced by the Associa…
Identity as a Variable
For the past two decades, the attention given to the concept of “identity” – both in the social sciences and in the world at large – has continued to rise. Multiple disciplines and subfields are producing an expanding literature on the definition, meaning, and development of ethnic, national, linguistic, religious, gender, class, and other identities and their roles in political, social, and economic outcomes. The ubiquity of identity-based schol…
Is China Rising?
Is China rising? How do we know? The vast majority of today's commentary—in the United States and China, across the policy, pundit, and academic worlds—assumes that China is rising. But the vast majority also does not provide a clear definition of "rising," or consistent indicators of what a rising state looks like. This chapter makes a simple but often overlooked point: whether China is rising—and at what speed—depends on one's definition and in…
Measuring Identity
The concept of identity has become increasingly prominent in the social sciences and humanities. Analysis of the development of social identities is an important focus of scholarly research, and scholars using social identities as the building blocks of social, political, and economic life have attempted to account for a number of discrete outcomes by treating identities as causal factors. The dominant implication of the vast literature on identi…
Stability and Instability in Sino-US Relations
Journal Article Stability and Instability in Sino–US Relations: A Response to Yan Xuetong’s Superficial Friendship Theory Get access Alastair Iain Johnston Alastair Iain Johnston * †† Alastair Iain Johnston is the Governor James Noe and Linda Noe Laine Professor of China in World Affairs at Department of Government, Harvard University. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic…
What (If Anything) Does East Asia Tell Us About International Relations Theory
Transatlantic international relations (IR) theory has more or less neglected the international relations of East Asia. This relative neglect has come in different forms: excluding East Asian cases from analysis, including East Asian cases but miscoding or misunderstanding them, or including them but missing the fact that they do not confirm the main findings of the study. A review of the East Asia–related literature on three important clusters of…
Political science (35 obras) · Law (28 obras) · Sociology (25 obras) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (24 obras) · China (21 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Politics (18 obras) · Epistemology (12 obras) · Economics (11 obras) · Psychology (11 obras)