Kristina Milnor
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 5634007 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Kristina Milnor |
| PRENOMES | Kristina |
| SOBRENOME | Milnor |
| ASSINATURA | MILNOR K |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Barnard College |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4922-4887 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 19 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 33 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 20 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1998 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 2 |
On the inside looking out
This paper considers the question of how to find “women's space” in the Roman house by looking at a painting of the myth of Pero and Mycon in a small cubiculum off the atrium of Pompeii's House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto. It argues that the combination of the image with an ecphrastic poem functions to draw viewers into the enclosed room, so that they experience the painting from a position of interiority. This echoes the interiority which is them…
Incidental Women in the Letters of Cicero
The purpose of this chapter is twofold. Firstly, the author collects the “data” on women outside of Cicero’s household in his correspondence, noting who they are, where they appear, and what they seem to be doing there. Further, however, the author uses these minor figures in the correspondence to explore both the benefits and pitfalls of reading through male discourse to find the lives of ancient women. Does the information provided by Cicero in…
Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii
This study concerns the fragments of textual graffiti which survive on the walls of the Roman city of Pompeii, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ce. In particular, it focuses on those writings which either quote canonical authors directly, or show the influence—in diction, style, or structure—of elite Latin literature. The Pompeian graffiti show significant connections with familiar authors such as Ovid, Propertius, and Virgil. While pr…
Gender and Genre
CIL 4. 5296 represents the only female homoerotic love poem to survive from the ancient Roman world. This chapter uses the poem to discuss authorship and identity in graffiti poetry, a medium which gives us access to the voices of those not heard in the canon of ancient Latin poetry. Although the writing of ancient graffiti may not have been transgressive in modern terms, its distinct mode of authorship nonetheless gave space to non-elite authors…
Graffiti and the literary landscape in Roman Pompeii
Kristina Milnor considers how the fragments of textual graffiti which survive on the walls of the Roman city of Pompeii reflect and refract the literary world from which they emerged. She then looks in detail at the role and nature of 'popular' literature in the early Roman Empire and the place of poetry in the Pompeian cityscape.
Conclusion
Plutarch and Calpurnius Siculus are two authors from the manuscript tradition who express the idea that reading graffiti is dangerous. This is because they emerge from a world in which the written word usually belonged to the elite and was contained and controlled. The combination of the low medium of graffiti with the high art of writing was as difficult for ancient writers to categorize ‘safely’ as it is for those in the modern day. For this re…
A Culture of Quotation
The fragments of Virgil’s Aeneid found on Pompeian walls must be seen as part of a wider culture of literary consumption. The canonization of the first words of the Aeneid made them both deeply meaningful and completely meaningless, a shorthand way of gesturing to a wider Roman literary culture. At the same time, however, quotations from other parts of Virgil’s epic text, as well as from his other works, show a broader knowledge of Rome’s most ca…
Poetic Politics, Political Poetics
Pompeian programmata (election notices) sometimes use literary forms to support the aspirations of the candidate. This is striking because graffiti poetry is overwhelmingly represented in our historical texts from the Roman Empire as critical of elite politics. Although there certainly are some examples from Pompeian walls of disparaging political epigrams—generally found among the scratched rather than painted texts—literary forms are used to ch…
Literary Literacy in Roman Pompeii
This chapter looks at the placement and function of literary texts written as graffiti on the walls of Pompeii, focusing on Vergil and exploring how literacy speaks to the interests and attitudes of the ancient writers and readers. It presents the ways in which local interpretations of individual wall texts explains how wall writers saw the relationship between Vergil's text and their own. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the use of can…
Between Epigraph and Epigram
It has become a scholarly commonplace to remark that the ancient Roman city had, at least after the time of Augustus, a wide, varied, and almost omni-present regime of writing in public. This regime included texts of many different types, commercial, political, dedicatory; written with charcoal, paint, stylus or chisel; on stone, wood, plaster and mortar; on private houses, public monuments, temples, shops, baths, fountains and tombs. In part, th…
Women, History, and the Law
Natural Urges
This chapter addresses what might be called popular philosophy in the early Roman empire, turning away from the more ‘public’ forms of historical commemoration discussed earlier to texts which offer a more ‘private’ view of the home and its relationship to individual virtue. This chapter contrasts a rereading of the work of Musonius Rufus on marriage and domestic life with books 11 and 12 of L. Junius Moderatus Columella's de Re Rustica — a work …
Other Men’s Wives
This chapter examines the de Architectura of Vitruvius, an architect during the reign of Augustus in the early Roman empire, and argues that the absence of privacy and gender from his descriptions of the Roman house cannot be separated from the ethnographic tropes which pervade his book on domestic architecture. It is clear that Vitruvius understood the patterns of Roman building for, and behaviour within, the home as inextricably linked to Roman…
Reading and Writing Gender on the Augustan Palatine
This chapter considers privacy and domesticity in the early Roman empire during the reign of Augustus. One of the powerful symbols of Augustan culture is domesticity, an idea which may articulate some real historical truth about the person of the first princeps and how he lived, but also serves to mask a deeper and much less ‘personal’ politics. The chapter looks at gender in Augustan space, particularly that of the imperial house on the Palatine…
Epilogue Burning Down the House
This chapter argues that Nero, the last member of Augustus' family to rule in the early Roman empire, is represented as a negative mirror image of his ancestor: whereas the first Julio-Claudian made Rome into the image of a good home, the last constructs it as a bad one. Thus, Nero brings a fitting end both to his own dynasty and the kind of ‘domestic politics’ which characterised the early Roman empire. This picture of Nero serves not only to ca…
A Domestic Disturbance
The age of the triumvirs refers to the period following the assassination of Julius Caesar which marked the beginning of Octavian's rise to the pinnacle of political power. This chapter considers the representation in imperial prose of domestic life during the civil wars which immediately preceded the age of Augustus in the early Roman empire. Using both traditional historical sources, such as Appian and Cassius Dio, and the rhetorical handbooks …
Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus
The age of Augustus has long been recognised as a time when the Roman state put a new emphasis on 'traditional' feminine domestic ideals, yet at the same time gave real public prominence to certain women in their roles as wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters. This book takes up a series of texts and their contexts in order to explore this paradox. Through an examination of authors such as Vitruvius, Livy, Valerius Maximus, Seneca the Elder, and…
Augustus, History, and the Landscape of the Law
One way in which Augustus both represented and attempted to effect his vision for the future of Rome was through the "social legislation" that regulated marriage and family life. This paper argues that authors such as Tacitus and Horace, who directly represent the Augustan laws, and Livy, who addresses the same issues in his reconstruction of the debate over the marriage ban in the Twelve Tables, see them as connected to ideological (re)formulati…
Rethinking Sexuality
In this collection of essays, historians and literary theorists assess the influence of Michel Foucault, particularly his History of Sexuality, on the study of classics. Foucault's work presents a theory of sexuality for both ancient and modern times. These essays should help the reader to explore Foucault's model of Greek culture and see how well his interpretation accounts for the full range of evidence from Greece and Rome
Looking at Lovemaking
Augustus, History, and the Landscape of the Law
One way in which Augustus both represented and attempted to effect his vision for the future of Rome was through the "social legislation" that regulated marriage and family life. This paper argues that authors such as Tacitus and Horace, who directly represent the Augustan laws, and Livy, who addresses the same issues in his reconstruction of the debate over the marriage ban in the Twelve Tables, see them as connected to ideological (re)formulati…
Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus
The age of Augustus has long been recognised as a time when the Roman state put a new emphasis on 'traditional' feminine domestic ideals, yet at the same time gave real public prominence to certain women in their roles as wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters. This book takes up a series of texts and their contexts in order to explore this paradox. Through an examination of authors such as Vitruvius, Livy, Valerius Maximus, Seneca the Elder, and…
Looking at Lovemaking
Rethinking Sexuality
In this collection of essays, historians and literary theorists assess the influence of Michel Foucault, particularly his History of Sexuality, on the study of classics. Foucault's work presents a theory of sexuality for both ancient and modern times. These essays should help the reader to explore Foucault's model of Greek culture and see how well his interpretation accounts for the full range of evidence from Greece and Rome
Augustus, History, and the Landscape of the Law
One way in which Augustus both represented and attempted to effect his vision for the future of Rome was through the "social legislation" that regulated marriage and family life. This paper argues that authors such as Tacitus and Horace, who directly represent the Augustan laws, and Livy, who addresses the same issues in his reconstruction of the debate over the marriage ban in the Twelve Tables, see them as connected to ideological (re)formulati…
Women, History, and the Law
Natural Urges
This chapter addresses what might be called popular philosophy in the early Roman empire, turning away from the more ‘public’ forms of historical commemoration discussed earlier to texts which offer a more ‘private’ view of the home and its relationship to individual virtue. This chapter contrasts a rereading of the work of Musonius Rufus on marriage and domestic life with books 11 and 12 of L. Junius Moderatus Columella's de Re Rustica — a work …
Other Men’s Wives
This chapter examines the de Architectura of Vitruvius, an architect during the reign of Augustus in the early Roman empire, and argues that the absence of privacy and gender from his descriptions of the Roman house cannot be separated from the ethnographic tropes which pervade his book on domestic architecture. It is clear that Vitruvius understood the patterns of Roman building for, and behaviour within, the home as inextricably linked to Roman…
Reading and Writing Gender on the Augustan Palatine
This chapter considers privacy and domesticity in the early Roman empire during the reign of Augustus. One of the powerful symbols of Augustan culture is domesticity, an idea which may articulate some real historical truth about the person of the first princeps and how he lived, but also serves to mask a deeper and much less ‘personal’ politics. The chapter looks at gender in Augustan space, particularly that of the imperial house on the Palatine…
Epilogue Burning Down the House
This chapter argues that Nero, the last member of Augustus' family to rule in the early Roman empire, is represented as a negative mirror image of his ancestor: whereas the first Julio-Claudian made Rome into the image of a good home, the last constructs it as a bad one. Thus, Nero brings a fitting end both to his own dynasty and the kind of ‘domestic politics’ which characterised the early Roman empire. This picture of Nero serves not only to ca…
A Domestic Disturbance
The age of the triumvirs refers to the period following the assassination of Julius Caesar which marked the beginning of Octavian's rise to the pinnacle of political power. This chapter considers the representation in imperial prose of domestic life during the civil wars which immediately preceded the age of Augustus in the early Roman empire. Using both traditional historical sources, such as Appian and Cassius Dio, and the rhetorical handbooks …
Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus
The age of Augustus has long been recognised as a time when the Roman state put a new emphasis on 'traditional' feminine domestic ideals, yet at the same time gave real public prominence to certain women in their roles as wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters. This book takes up a series of texts and their contexts in order to explore this paradox. Through an examination of authors such as Vitruvius, Livy, Valerius Maximus, Seneca the Elder, and…
Literary Literacy in Roman Pompeii
This chapter looks at the placement and function of literary texts written as graffiti on the walls of Pompeii, focusing on Vergil and exploring how literacy speaks to the interests and attitudes of the ancient writers and readers. It presents the ways in which local interpretations of individual wall texts explains how wall writers saw the relationship between Vergil's text and their own. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the use of can…
Between Epigraph and Epigram
It has become a scholarly commonplace to remark that the ancient Roman city had, at least after the time of Augustus, a wide, varied, and almost omni-present regime of writing in public. This regime included texts of many different types, commercial, political, dedicatory; written with charcoal, paint, stylus or chisel; on stone, wood, plaster and mortar; on private houses, public monuments, temples, shops, baths, fountains and tombs. In part, th…
Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii
This study concerns the fragments of textual graffiti which survive on the walls of the Roman city of Pompeii, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ce. In particular, it focuses on those writings which either quote canonical authors directly, or show the influence—in diction, style, or structure—of elite Latin literature. The Pompeian graffiti show significant connections with familiar authors such as Ovid, Propertius, and Virgil. While pr…
Gender and Genre
CIL 4. 5296 represents the only female homoerotic love poem to survive from the ancient Roman world. This chapter uses the poem to discuss authorship and identity in graffiti poetry, a medium which gives us access to the voices of those not heard in the canon of ancient Latin poetry. Although the writing of ancient graffiti may not have been transgressive in modern terms, its distinct mode of authorship nonetheless gave space to non-elite authors…
Graffiti and the literary landscape in Roman Pompeii
Kristina Milnor considers how the fragments of textual graffiti which survive on the walls of the Roman city of Pompeii reflect and refract the literary world from which they emerged. She then looks in detail at the role and nature of 'popular' literature in the early Roman Empire and the place of poetry in the Pompeian cityscape.
Conclusion
Plutarch and Calpurnius Siculus are two authors from the manuscript tradition who express the idea that reading graffiti is dangerous. This is because they emerge from a world in which the written word usually belonged to the elite and was contained and controlled. The combination of the low medium of graffiti with the high art of writing was as difficult for ancient writers to categorize ‘safely’ as it is for those in the modern day. For this re…
A Culture of Quotation
The fragments of Virgil’s Aeneid found on Pompeian walls must be seen as part of a wider culture of literary consumption. The canonization of the first words of the Aeneid made them both deeply meaningful and completely meaningless, a shorthand way of gesturing to a wider Roman literary culture. At the same time, however, quotations from other parts of Virgil’s epic text, as well as from his other works, show a broader knowledge of Rome’s most ca…
Poetic Politics, Political Poetics
Pompeian programmata (election notices) sometimes use literary forms to support the aspirations of the candidate. This is striking because graffiti poetry is overwhelmingly represented in our historical texts from the Roman Empire as critical of elite politics. Although there certainly are some examples from Pompeian walls of disparaging political epigrams—generally found among the scratched rather than painted texts—literary forms are used to ch…
Incidental Women in the Letters of Cicero
The purpose of this chapter is twofold. Firstly, the author collects the “data” on women outside of Cicero’s household in his correspondence, noting who they are, where they appear, and what they seem to be doing there. Further, however, the author uses these minor figures in the correspondence to explore both the benefits and pitfalls of reading through male discourse to find the lives of ancient women. Does the information provided by Cicero in…
On the inside looking out
This paper considers the question of how to find “women's space” in the Roman house by looking at a painting of the myth of Pero and Mycon in a small cubiculum off the atrium of Pompeii's House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto. It argues that the combination of the image with an ecphrastic poem functions to draw viewers into the enclosed room, so that they experience the painting from a position of interiority. This echoes the interiority which is them…
Art (15 obras) · Classical Antiquity Studies (15 obras) · History (14 obras) · Law (10 obras) · Literature (10 obras) · Political science (10 obras) · Sociology (9 obras) · Philosophy (8 obras) · Politics (8 obras) · Aesthetics (5 obras)