John M Geringer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 5872192 |
|---|---|
| NOME | John M Geringer |
| PRENOMES | John M |
| SOBRENOME | Geringer |
| ASSINATURA | GERINGER J M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | The University of Texas at Austin |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9179-8465 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 153 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 32 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1976 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Effects of Transitional Elements on Listeners’ Aesthetic Responses to a Choral Performance
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transitional elements on listeners’ aesthetic responses. Participants ( N = 81) viewed an excerpt of a choral performance while manipulating a Continuous Response Digital Interface to record their aesthetic responses. Participants in one group viewed the original choral performance, which included two purposeful transitions and no applause between pieces. In the other group, participants …
The Effect of Wearing Foam and Etymotic Earplugs on Classical Musicians’ Pitch Perception
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wearing earplugs on classical musicians’ pitch perception across three experimental conditions: no earplugs, foam earplugs, and Etymotic earplugs. Participants were graduate and undergraduate music majors attending a large school of music in the southeastern United States ( N = 72). Participants adjusted the pitch of five complex stimulus tones (C#4, C#5, C#3, G#4, and F#3) using a contin…
Listeners’ Perceptions of Choral Performances With Static and Expressive Movement
We examined how movement impacted listeners’ perceptions of choral performances. Participants ( N = 115; n = 60 nonmusic majors, n = 55 music majors) viewed excerpts of Moses Hogan’s “Didn’t My Lord Deliver Daniel” under four conditions: good tone/expressive movement (GT/EM), good tone/static movement (GT/SM), poor tone/expressive movement (PT/EM), and poor tone/static movement (PT/SM). They rated tone quality and overall expressivity for each ex…
Effects of Experience on Tempo Preference for Selected Wind Band Masterworks
We conducted two studies to complement extant tempo preference work. In Study 1, we explored preferred tempos for excerpts from selected wind band masterworks of band directors and undergraduate instrumental music majors. Participants used a sort-and-rank procedure to indicate tempo preferences of six excerpts. Preferences for four of the pieces were substantially the same: There was no difference between original tempos and the 6% increase in te…
Responses of Multi-Aged Music Students to Mid-20th-Century Art Music
This investigation replicates previous research into K–12 students’ responses to mid-20th-century art music. The study extends that research to include undergraduates and graduates as well as an additional group of graduate students who had taken a 20th-century music class. Children’s responses showed remarkable consistency and indicated that younger children gave higher mean liking ratings than did older students. Kindergarten and third-grade yo…
In Tune or Out of Tune
We studied music majors’ perception of intonation in accompanied solo performances of trumpet, violin, and voice. We were interested in whether listeners would judge pitch deviations of equal magnitude in the three solo performances as equivalent in intonation. Participants were 150 graduate and undergraduate music majors drawn from two large music schools and included 50 students representing each of the following areas of applied music study: v…
Attitudes of String Teachers and Performers Toward Preparation for and Teaching of Private Lessons
The present study was designed to examine attitudes toward private lesson teaching of a cross-section of string instrument instructors ( N = 1,617). The participant pool was drawn from the membership of the American String Teachers Association (ASTA). Results were similar in many ways to responses in previous studies also involving music faculty and music students. These groups indicated that they liked teaching, liked the challenges of teaching …
Listener Perception of Expressivity in Collaborative Performances Containing Expressive and Unexpressive Playing by the Pianist
Listener perception of musical expression in collaborative performance was explored in this study. Performances of two duos (a violinist and pianist, and a vocalist and pianist) were recorded. The level of expressivity of the violinist and vocalist remained stylistically appropriate during pieces; however, the pianist alternated between very expressive and unexpressive playing during each performance. The piece performed by each duo contained app…
A Study of Music Students’ Tempo Changes of a Soloist’s Performance of Mozart’s 1st Horn Concerto
The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate music students’ tempo changes of a soloist’s performance in an excerpt from Mozart’s Concerto No. 1 in D Major for Horn and Orchestra. We then compared the composite rubato pattern to tendencies found in a previous investigation using Mozart’s Concerto No. 2 in E ♭ Major for Horn and Orchestra. Data were collected directly from listeners’ Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial…
Musicians’ Preferences for Tempo and Pitch Levels in Recorded Orchestral Music
This study was designed to ascertain musicians’ tempo and pitch level preferences when listening to orchestral music. Ninety graduate and undergraduate music major students were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Participants listened individually to recorded symphonic excerpts, 5 with relatively fast and 5 with relatively slow tempos. Listeners in the tempo group modulated a dial to adjust tempos to their preferred levels for each of the …
Perceived Pitch of Violin and Cello Vibrato Tones Among Music Majors
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived pitch of string vibrato tones. The authors used recordings of acoustic instruments (cello and violin) to provide both vibrato stimulus tones and the nonvibrato tones that listeners adjusted to match the perceived pitch of the vibrato stimuli. We were interested especially in whether there were differences in pitch perception of vibrato tones between string performers ( n = 36) and music m…
Adolescent Musicians' Perceptions of Conductors Within Musical Context
Attention to subtle changes in music, whether inadvertent or purposeful, occupies a great deal of practice and rehearsal time for the performer. Regardless of the extremely subtle acoustic changes that have been found to be perceptible within almost all studies, it is the total overall effect that most occupies the individual listener. This study investigated perception of digitally edited performances of Johann Strauss's Blue Danube Waltz, all p…
Reflections on Puccini's La Bohème
A continuing line of research indicates that focus of attention is perhaps the most important attribute of actively participating in meaningful music listening and a model accounting for these findings has been developed. Music teachers are especially concerned with meaningful listening when having students discern important elements or attributes of music. Although newer listening devices offer sophisticated methods for continuous measurement, t…
Effects of Excerpt Duration, Tempo, and Performance Level on Musicians' Ratings of Wind Band Performances
This study investigated effects of listening example duration on the musical evaluation of wind band performances. In it, 96 music majors rated wind band performances that varied in performance level (high school, university, and professional), tempo (fast and slow), and duration (approximately 12, 25, and 50 seconds). Results showed no main effect for duration; however, there was a significant interaction between duration, tempo, and performance…
The Effect of Articulation Style on Perception of Modulated Tempo
We investigated the effect of legato and staccato articulation styles on the perception of modulated tempos. Ninety music majors served as participants. Listeners heard music examples that had been selected from two pieces, each of which included staccato and legato passages. Excerpts were presented to listeners in three conditions of tempo modulation: gradual increases, gradual decreases, or no change. Modulations were produced in small incremen…
Initial Movement and Continuity in Vibrato among High School and University String Players
The purpose of the present study was to investigate aspects of vibrato performance among high school and university string players. The main questions were to determine whether students consistently initiate vibrato in an upward or downward direction and whether players vibrate continuously when performing slurs. Forty high school and university violin and cello students played exercises that included tones performed with and without vibrato. We …
An Analysis of Vibrato among High School and University Violin and Cello Students
We investigated vibrato performance of university student and high school string players. Forty violinists and cellists performed an eight-measure passage both with and without vibrato. Analyses indicated that the mean rate of vibrato was approximately 5.5 Hz, with no significant differences between instruments or performer experience level. The mean width of violin vibratos was larger than cello vibratos. Violinists' mean pitch levels were sharp…
On Publishing, Pluralism, and Pitching
John M. Geringer is the recipient of the MENC 2000 Senior Researcher Award. The following speech was presented on March 10, 2000, at a special session of the Society for Research in Music Education at MENC's National Biennial In-Service Conference held in Washington, D. C
Effects of Tone-Quality Changes on Intonation and Tone-Quality Ratings of High School and College Instrumentalists
We investigated the effects of variations in tone quality on listeners' perception of both tone quality and intonation. University music and nonmusic major instrumentalists and high school students participating in instrumental ensembles served as listeners ( N = 116). High-quality digital samples of clarinet, trumpet, and trombone tones were used. The original tone quality of each instrument was manipulated to produce experimental stimuli of “br…
Musicians' Ratings of Good versus Bad Vocal and String Performances
This study continues a line of research attempting to ascertain the focus of musicians' attention when listening to music. It is the fifth study in a series structured to determine whether musicians demonstrate consistent listening patterns across excerpts intentionally designed to be perceived as good and bad performances. Soprano, tenor, violin, and cello excerpts varied considerably in intonation and tone quality and, to a lesser extent, in ot…
Nonmusic Majors' Cognitive and Affective Responses to Performance and Programmatic Music Videos
This study was designed to compare the effects of different kinds of visual presentations and music alone on university nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Four groups of participants were presented with excerpts from the first and fourth movements of Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 in F major (“Pastoral”). Two groups heard music excerpts only, one interpretation conducted by Stowkowski and one by Bernstein. One of the video…
Effects of Music with Video on Responses of Nonmusic Majors
The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate possible effects of visual information on nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Excerpts were selected from compositions by Bach (abstract example) and Dukas (programmatic example) used in the movie Fantasia. One group of university nonmusic students viewed the video while hearing the music excerpts; a second group was presented the music only. All students (N = 103…
Continuous Loudness Judgments of Dynamics in Recorded Music Excerpts
This study was designed to investigate loudness judgments of musician and nonmu-sician listeners in response to performed dynamic changes within a musical context. Ten previously recorded music excerpts selected from diverse examples of music served as stimuli. Subjects listened individually and responded continuously during music examples using the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived loudness levels. A three-way an…
Temporal Discrimination of Modulated Intensity in Music Excerpts and Tones
This study was designed to investigate listener discrimination of modulated intensity. Synthesizer music, previously recorded music excerpts, and electronic tones with gradual increases, decreases, or no change in intensity were presented to 108 subjects, 54 musicians and 54 nonmusicians. The total amount of stimulus modulation for both increase and decrease conditions was 12 dB(A) at the rate of 1 dB per second, well above the relative threshold…
Performance of Perceived Beat in Relation to Age and Music Training
The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic I stimuli. Two hundred forty subjects representing four age-groups (graduate, undergraduate, high school, junior high school) and two levels of music participation (music major/enrollment in band versus no participation in organized music activities) served as subjects. Thirteen sets of consecutive periodic 349.23 Hz (F 4 ) tones were presented at various speeds…
Pitch and Tempo Discrimination in Recorded Orchestral Music among Musicians and Nonmusicians
Pitch and tempo discriminations within a musical context were investigated. Two hundred musicians and two hundred nonmusicians heard ten excerpts of relatively familiar orchestral music. Excerpts were presented in pairs in order to test the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in pitch and/or tempo from its unaltered presentation. Pitch levels and tempi of the excerpts independently or in combination increased, decr…
Intonational Performance and Perception of Ascending Scales
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the performance of intonation and the perception of intonation regarding ascending scalar patterns. Ninety-six undergraduate and graduate music students from four instrumental groups were placed in one of four experimental conditions. Following differential verbal feedback, subjects either performed a second time or listened to their individual performances and retuned them usin…
Effect of Tempo on Pitch Perception
The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of music majors and nonmusic I majors concerning combined frequency and tempo changes in music across a range of musical tempi. The subjects, 200 music majors and 200 nonmusic majors, heard 10 consecutive presentations of an orchestral excerpt, each of which had been altered by changing the frequency or tempo (or both) of the original version in various combinations. The task was to comp…
The Relationship of Pitch-Matching and Pitch-Discrimination Abilities of Preschool and Fourth-Grade Students
This study examined the relationship between pitch-discrimination and vocal pitch-matching abilities of preschool and fourth-grade children. One hundred forty-four students were selected randomly and tested individually on both ability measures. Scores on the pitch-discrimination test served as the basis for three ability-level groups within each age group. Analysis of pitch-matching scores indicated a significant difference between the age group…
Effects of Tone-Quality Changes on Intonation and Tone-Quality Ratings of High School and College Instrumentalists
We investigated the effects of variations in tone quality on listeners' perception of both tone quality and intonation. University music and nonmusic major instrumentalists and high school students participating in instrumental ensembles served as listeners ( N = 116). High-quality digital samples of clarinet, trumpet, and trombone tones were used. The original tone quality of each instrument was manipulated to produce experimental stimuli of “br…
Discrimination between Tone Quality and Intonation in Unaccompanied Flute/Oboe Duets
The purpose of the study was to investigate discrimination in tone quality and intonation. Four-hundred-eighty (480) music and nonmusic graduate and undergraduate subjects checked good and bad quality/intonation classifications by listening to each of twenty-four oboe and flute duet performances. The duets were unaccompanied and performed either with good or bad quality and close to equal temperament or were adjusted 50 cents sharp between one in…
Tuning Preferences in Recorded Orchestral Music
The purpose of this study was to investigate tuning preferences regarding recorded orchestral music. Specifically, the study was designed to test subjects' tuning preferences while investigating both the direction and magnitude of mistuning. Sixty randomly selected undergraduate and graduate music students modulated a variable speed tape recorder to preferred pitch levels. Stimuli were recorded excerpts of ten orchestral works, each representativ…
In Tune or Out of Tune
We studied music majors’ perception of intonation in accompanied solo performances of trumpet, violin, and voice. We were interested in whether listeners would judge pitch deviations of equal magnitude in the three solo performances as equivalent in intonation. Participants were 150 graduate and undergraduate music majors drawn from two large music schools and included 50 students representing each of the following areas of applied music study: v…
Musicians' Ratings of Good versus Bad Vocal and String Performances
This study continues a line of research attempting to ascertain the focus of musicians' attention when listening to music. It is the fifth study in a series structured to determine whether musicians demonstrate consistent listening patterns across excerpts intentionally designed to be perceived as good and bad performances. Soprano, tenor, violin, and cello excerpts varied considerably in intonation and tone quality and, to a lesser extent, in ot…
Performance of Perceived Beat in Relation to Age and Music Training
The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic I stimuli. Two hundred forty subjects representing four age-groups (graduate, undergraduate, high school, junior high school) and two levels of music participation (music major/enrollment in band versus no participation in organized music activities) served as subjects. Thirteen sets of consecutive periodic 349.23 Hz (F 4 ) tones were presented at various speeds…
On Publishing, Pluralism, and Pitching
John M. Geringer is the recipient of the MENC 2000 Senior Researcher Award. The following speech was presented on March 10, 2000, at a special session of the Society for Research in Music Education at MENC's National Biennial In-Service Conference held in Washington, D. C
Effects of Music with Video on Responses of Nonmusic Majors
The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate possible effects of visual information on nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Excerpts were selected from compositions by Bach (abstract example) and Dukas (programmatic example) used in the movie Fantasia. One group of university nonmusic students viewed the video while hearing the music excerpts; a second group was presented the music only. All students (N = 103…
Reflections on Puccini's La Bohème
A continuing line of research indicates that focus of attention is perhaps the most important attribute of actively participating in meaningful music listening and a model accounting for these findings has been developed. Music teachers are especially concerned with meaningful listening when having students discern important elements or attributes of music. Although newer listening devices offer sophisticated methods for continuous measurement, t…
The Effect of Articulation Style on Perception of Modulated Tempo
We investigated the effect of legato and staccato articulation styles on the perception of modulated tempos. Ninety music majors served as participants. Listeners heard music examples that had been selected from two pieces, each of which included staccato and legato passages. Excerpts were presented to listeners in three conditions of tempo modulation: gradual increases, gradual decreases, or no change. Modulations were produced in small incremen…
Continuous Loudness Judgments of Dynamics in Recorded Music Excerpts
This study was designed to investigate loudness judgments of musician and nonmu-sician listeners in response to performed dynamic changes within a musical context. Ten previously recorded music excerpts selected from diverse examples of music served as stimuli. Subjects listened individually and responded continuously during music examples using the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived loudness levels. A three-way an…
Initial Movement and Continuity in Vibrato among High School and University String Players
The purpose of the present study was to investigate aspects of vibrato performance among high school and university string players. The main questions were to determine whether students consistently initiate vibrato in an upward or downward direction and whether players vibrate continuously when performing slurs. Forty high school and university violin and cello students played exercises that included tones performed with and without vibrato. We …
Effects of Excerpt Duration, Tempo, and Performance Level on Musicians' Ratings of Wind Band Performances
This study investigated effects of listening example duration on the musical evaluation of wind band performances. In it, 96 music majors rated wind band performances that varied in performance level (high school, university, and professional), tempo (fast and slow), and duration (approximately 12, 25, and 50 seconds). Results showed no main effect for duration; however, there was a significant interaction between duration, tempo, and performance…
An Analysis of Vibrato among High School and University Violin and Cello Students
We investigated vibrato performance of university student and high school string players. Forty violinists and cellists performed an eight-measure passage both with and without vibrato. Analyses indicated that the mean rate of vibrato was approximately 5.5 Hz, with no significant differences between instruments or performer experience level. The mean width of violin vibratos was larger than cello vibratos. Violinists' mean pitch levels were sharp…
Nonmusic Majors' Cognitive and Affective Responses to Performance and Programmatic Music Videos
This study was designed to compare the effects of different kinds of visual presentations and music alone on university nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Four groups of participants were presented with excerpts from the first and fourth movements of Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 in F major (“Pastoral”). Two groups heard music excerpts only, one interpretation conducted by Stowkowski and one by Bernstein. One of the video…
The Effect of Speed Alterations on Tempo Note Selection
The present study was an attempt to investigate musicians' tempo note preferences within a musical context. Using relatively familiar orchestral music as stimuli, the study tested the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in tempo from its unaltered presentation by asking subjects to select a beat note for each trial. One hundred randomly selected subjects participated in the study. A representative list of eight rel…
Listener Perception of Expressivity in Collaborative Performances Containing Expressive and Unexpressive Playing by the Pianist
Listener perception of musical expression in collaborative performance was explored in this study. Performances of two duos (a violinist and pianist, and a vocalist and pianist) were recorded. The level of expressivity of the violinist and vocalist remained stylistically appropriate during pieces; however, the pianist alternated between very expressive and unexpressive playing during each performance. The piece performed by each duo contained app…
Effects of Experience on Tempo Preference for Selected Wind Band Masterworks
We conducted two studies to complement extant tempo preference work. In Study 1, we explored preferred tempos for excerpts from selected wind band masterworks of band directors and undergraduate instrumental music majors. Participants used a sort-and-rank procedure to indicate tempo preferences of six excerpts. Preferences for four of the pieces were substantially the same: There was no difference between original tempos and the 6% increase in te…
Responses of Multi-Aged Music Students to Mid-20th-Century Art Music
This investigation replicates previous research into K–12 students’ responses to mid-20th-century art music. The study extends that research to include undergraduates and graduates as well as an additional group of graduate students who had taken a 20th-century music class. Children’s responses showed remarkable consistency and indicated that younger children gave higher mean liking ratings than did older students. Kindergarten and third-grade yo…
Musicians’ Preferences for Tempo and Pitch Levels in Recorded Orchestral Music
This study was designed to ascertain musicians’ tempo and pitch level preferences when listening to orchestral music. Ninety graduate and undergraduate music major students were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Participants listened individually to recorded symphonic excerpts, 5 with relatively fast and 5 with relatively slow tempos. Listeners in the tempo group modulated a dial to adjust tempos to their preferred levels for each of the …
Perceived Pitch of Violin and Cello Vibrato Tones Among Music Majors
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived pitch of string vibrato tones. The authors used recordings of acoustic instruments (cello and violin) to provide both vibrato stimulus tones and the nonvibrato tones that listeners adjusted to match the perceived pitch of the vibrato stimuli. We were interested especially in whether there were differences in pitch perception of vibrato tones between string performers ( n = 36) and music m…
Tuning Preferences in Recorded Orchestral Music
The purpose of this study was to investigate tuning preferences regarding recorded orchestral music. Specifically, the study was designed to test subjects' tuning preferences while investigating both the direction and magnitude of mistuning. Sixty randomly selected undergraduate and graduate music students modulated a variable speed tape recorder to preferred pitch levels. Stimuli were recorded excerpts of ten orchestral works, each representativ…
Intonational Performance and Perception of Ascending Scales
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the performance of intonation and the perception of intonation regarding ascending scalar patterns. Ninety-six undergraduate and graduate music students from four instrumental groups were placed in one of four experimental conditions. Following differential verbal feedback, subjects either performed a second time or listened to their individual performances and retuned them usin…
Discrimination between Tone Quality and Intonation in Unaccompanied Flute/Oboe Duets
The purpose of the study was to investigate discrimination in tone quality and intonation. Four-hundred-eighty (480) music and nonmusic graduate and undergraduate subjects checked good and bad quality/intonation classifications by listening to each of twenty-four oboe and flute duet performances. The duets were unaccompanied and performed either with good or bad quality and close to equal temperament or were adjusted 50 cents sharp between one in…
The Relationship of Pitch-Matching and Pitch-Discrimination Abilities of Preschool and Fourth-Grade Students
This study examined the relationship between pitch-discrimination and vocal pitch-matching abilities of preschool and fourth-grade children. One hundred forty-four students were selected randomly and tested individually on both ability measures. Scores on the pitch-discrimination test served as the basis for three ability-level groups within each age group. Analysis of pitch-matching scores indicated a significant difference between the age group…
Pitch and Tempo Discrimination in Recorded Orchestral Music among Musicians and Nonmusicians
Pitch and tempo discriminations within a musical context were investigated. Two hundred musicians and two hundred nonmusicians heard ten excerpts of relatively familiar orchestral music. Excerpts were presented in pairs in order to test the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in pitch and/or tempo from its unaltered presentation. Pitch levels and tempi of the excerpts independently or in combination increased, decr…
The Effect of Speed Alterations on Tempo Note Selection
The present study was an attempt to investigate musicians' tempo note preferences within a musical context. Using relatively familiar orchestral music as stimuli, the study tested the ability of subjects to discriminate how an altered excerpt differed in tempo from its unaltered presentation by asking subjects to select a beat note for each trial. One hundred randomly selected subjects participated in the study. A representative list of eight rel…
Effect of Tempo on Pitch Perception
The purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions of music majors and nonmusic I majors concerning combined frequency and tempo changes in music across a range of musical tempi. The subjects, 200 music majors and 200 nonmusic majors, heard 10 consecutive presentations of an orchestral excerpt, each of which had been altered by changing the frequency or tempo (or both) of the original version in various combinations. The task was to comp…
Temporal Discrimination of Modulated Intensity in Music Excerpts and Tones
This study was designed to investigate listener discrimination of modulated intensity. Synthesizer music, previously recorded music excerpts, and electronic tones with gradual increases, decreases, or no change in intensity were presented to 108 subjects, 54 musicians and 54 nonmusicians. The total amount of stimulus modulation for both increase and decrease conditions was 12 dB(A) at the rate of 1 dB per second, well above the relative threshold…
Performance of Perceived Beat in Relation to Age and Music Training
The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic I stimuli. Two hundred forty subjects representing four age-groups (graduate, undergraduate, high school, junior high school) and two levels of music participation (music major/enrollment in band versus no participation in organized music activities) served as subjects. Thirteen sets of consecutive periodic 349.23 Hz (F 4 ) tones were presented at various speeds…
Continuous Loudness Judgments of Dynamics in Recorded Music Excerpts
This study was designed to investigate loudness judgments of musician and nonmu-sician listeners in response to performed dynamic changes within a musical context. Ten previously recorded music excerpts selected from diverse examples of music served as stimuli. Subjects listened individually and responded continuously during music examples using the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) to indicate perceived loudness levels. A three-way an…
Effects of Music with Video on Responses of Nonmusic Majors
The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate possible effects of visual information on nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Excerpts were selected from compositions by Bach (abstract example) and Dukas (programmatic example) used in the movie Fantasia. One group of university nonmusic students viewed the video while hearing the music excerpts; a second group was presented the music only. All students (N = 103…
Nonmusic Majors' Cognitive and Affective Responses to Performance and Programmatic Music Videos
This study was designed to compare the effects of different kinds of visual presentations and music alone on university nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Four groups of participants were presented with excerpts from the first and fourth movements of Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 in F major (“Pastoral”). Two groups heard music excerpts only, one interpretation conducted by Stowkowski and one by Bernstein. One of the video…
Musicians' Ratings of Good versus Bad Vocal and String Performances
This study continues a line of research attempting to ascertain the focus of musicians' attention when listening to music. It is the fifth study in a series structured to determine whether musicians demonstrate consistent listening patterns across excerpts intentionally designed to be perceived as good and bad performances. Soprano, tenor, violin, and cello excerpts varied considerably in intonation and tone quality and, to a lesser extent, in ot…
Effects of Tone-Quality Changes on Intonation and Tone-Quality Ratings of High School and College Instrumentalists
We investigated the effects of variations in tone quality on listeners' perception of both tone quality and intonation. University music and nonmusic major instrumentalists and high school students participating in instrumental ensembles served as listeners ( N = 116). High-quality digital samples of clarinet, trumpet, and trombone tones were used. The original tone quality of each instrument was manipulated to produce experimental stimuli of “br…
On Publishing, Pluralism, and Pitching
John M. Geringer is the recipient of the MENC 2000 Senior Researcher Award. The following speech was presented on March 10, 2000, at a special session of the Society for Research in Music Education at MENC's National Biennial In-Service Conference held in Washington, D. C
An Analysis of Vibrato among High School and University Violin and Cello Students
We investigated vibrato performance of university student and high school string players. Forty violinists and cellists performed an eight-measure passage both with and without vibrato. Analyses indicated that the mean rate of vibrato was approximately 5.5 Hz, with no significant differences between instruments or performer experience level. The mean width of violin vibratos was larger than cello vibratos. Violinists' mean pitch levels were sharp…
Initial Movement and Continuity in Vibrato among High School and University String Players
The purpose of the present study was to investigate aspects of vibrato performance among high school and university string players. The main questions were to determine whether students consistently initiate vibrato in an upward or downward direction and whether players vibrate continuously when performing slurs. Forty high school and university violin and cello students played exercises that included tones performed with and without vibrato. We …
The Effect of Articulation Style on Perception of Modulated Tempo
We investigated the effect of legato and staccato articulation styles on the perception of modulated tempos. Ninety music majors served as participants. Listeners heard music examples that had been selected from two pieces, each of which included staccato and legato passages. Excerpts were presented to listeners in three conditions of tempo modulation: gradual increases, gradual decreases, or no change. Modulations were produced in small incremen…
Effects of Excerpt Duration, Tempo, and Performance Level on Musicians' Ratings of Wind Band Performances
This study investigated effects of listening example duration on the musical evaluation of wind band performances. In it, 96 music majors rated wind band performances that varied in performance level (high school, university, and professional), tempo (fast and slow), and duration (approximately 12, 25, and 50 seconds). Results showed no main effect for duration; however, there was a significant interaction between duration, tempo, and performance…
Reflections on Puccini's La Bohème
A continuing line of research indicates that focus of attention is perhaps the most important attribute of actively participating in meaningful music listening and a model accounting for these findings has been developed. Music teachers are especially concerned with meaningful listening when having students discern important elements or attributes of music. Although newer listening devices offer sophisticated methods for continuous measurement, t…
Perceived Pitch of Violin and Cello Vibrato Tones Among Music Majors
The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived pitch of string vibrato tones. The authors used recordings of acoustic instruments (cello and violin) to provide both vibrato stimulus tones and the nonvibrato tones that listeners adjusted to match the perceived pitch of the vibrato stimuli. We were interested especially in whether there were differences in pitch perception of vibrato tones between string performers ( n = 36) and music m…
Adolescent Musicians' Perceptions of Conductors Within Musical Context
Attention to subtle changes in music, whether inadvertent or purposeful, occupies a great deal of practice and rehearsal time for the performer. Regardless of the extremely subtle acoustic changes that have been found to be perceptible within almost all studies, it is the total overall effect that most occupies the individual listener. This study investigated perception of digitally edited performances of Johann Strauss's Blue Danube Waltz, all p…
Musicians’ Preferences for Tempo and Pitch Levels in Recorded Orchestral Music
This study was designed to ascertain musicians’ tempo and pitch level preferences when listening to orchestral music. Ninety graduate and undergraduate music major students were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Participants listened individually to recorded symphonic excerpts, 5 with relatively fast and 5 with relatively slow tempos. Listeners in the tempo group modulated a dial to adjust tempos to their preferred levels for each of the …
A Study of Music Students’ Tempo Changes of a Soloist’s Performance of Mozart’s 1st Horn Concerto
The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate music students’ tempo changes of a soloist’s performance in an excerpt from Mozart’s Concerto No. 1 in D Major for Horn and Orchestra. We then compared the composite rubato pattern to tendencies found in a previous investigation using Mozart’s Concerto No. 2 in E ♭ Major for Horn and Orchestra. Data were collected directly from listeners’ Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial…
Attitudes of String Teachers and Performers Toward Preparation for and Teaching of Private Lessons
The present study was designed to examine attitudes toward private lesson teaching of a cross-section of string instrument instructors ( N = 1,617). The participant pool was drawn from the membership of the American String Teachers Association (ASTA). Results were similar in many ways to responses in previous studies also involving music faculty and music students. These groups indicated that they liked teaching, liked the challenges of teaching …
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