Michael Fortescue
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 615045 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Michael Fortescue |
| PRENOMES | Michael |
| SOBRENOME | Fortescue |
| ASSINATURA | FORTESCUE M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Copenhagen |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1149-8599 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 31 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 3 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1979 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Greenlandic Dialect Classification
Encara que no estrictament part d’Europa des d’un punt de vista geogràfic, Groenlàndia forma part de Dinamarca. En conseqüència, el groenlandès és una llengua parlada a Europa (geopolítica). En aquest treball es descriuen els dialectes i subdialectes del groenlandès eskaleut, que formen part d’un contínuum lingüístic més ampli que s’estén per les regions costaneres àrtiques des del nord d’Alaska fins a l’est de Groenlàndia. Hi ha tres dialectes g…
Quantum Cognition – Quantum Analogy
Attempts to apply the apparatus of quantum mechanics to cognition and language have met, understandably, with a degree of scepticism within the disciplines concerned, but they nevertheless have the potential for opening exciting new perspectives. In this article, I address the question as to what it is exactly about these attempts that has drawn such attention – both positive and negative – in recent years. I shall argue for distinguishing those …
Nunamiut, the Tundra Dwellers
This article investigates the various senses and derivations of the term nuna in the Inuit-Yupik languages in order to reveal its origin in referring to the Arctic tundra. These languages arguably derive from that of the ancestors of the earliest inhabitants of the North American tundra, other inhabitants of the circumpolar Arctic today having only moved up at later times. Likely etymological correspondences in Eurasian languages of the far north…
The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis
This handbook offers an extensive cross-linguistic and cross-theoretical survey of polysynthetic languages, in which single multi-morpheme verb forms can express what would be whole sentences in English. These languages and the problems they raise for linguistic analyses have long featured prominently in language descriptions, and yet the essence of polysynthesis remains under discussion, right down to whether it delineates a distinct, coherent t…
Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis
The Iconicity of Lengthening and Reduplicating Suffixes in Nuuchahnulth
The Wakashan languages are well known for their prodigious array of lexical suffixes. Adding considerably to the complexity of their formal behavior is the lengthening and/or reduplication that many of them cause in the bases to which they attach. Focusing on Nuuchahnulth, I show in this paper that this is by no means arbitrary, comparable to the “hardening” or “softening” properties of suffixes, but is broadly iconic in nature. Their relationshi…
Orientation systems of the North Pacific Rim
Orientation Systems of the North Pacific Rim is an extension of the author’s earlier volume Eskimo Orientation Systems (also published in the series Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society, 1988). This time it covers all the contiguous languages – and cultures – across the northern Pacific rim from Vancouver Island in Canada to Hokkaido in northern Japan, plus the adjacent Arctic coasts of Alaska and Chukotka. These form …
The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited
Where 'Out to Sea' Equals 'Towards the Fire
An unusual conflation in the meaning of directional terms whereby 'out to sea (or the open water)' is equated with 'towards the fireplace' (and the converse, 'to shore' with 'away from the fireplace') has been observed in a number of languages of the Northwest Coast of America and of the Russian Far East. The origin and motivation for this correlation has remained a mystery, being much more specific than the overlap between terms referring to the…
Lexical Suffixes and the Position of Proto-Wakashan within the Northwest Coast Linguistic Area
It is argued that the numerous “restrictive” lexical suffixes typifying the Wakashan languages today actually represent the result of influence from neighbouring Salishan languages. The evidence for this lies in their fluctuating status as lexical head or dependent within Wakashan as opposed to their typological normalcy in Salishan (where they simply modify the stem, the lexical head). A historical framework is suggested that would explain this …
The trials and joys of comparative dictionary making
The motivation behind and the methods used in putting together comparative dictionaries for language families in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic is illustrated from the author's experience in working on the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary (Fortescue et al. 1994), the Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary (Fortescue 2005) and Wakashan Comparative Dictionary (Fortescue 2007). The historical background behind these three projects is sketched and, altho…
Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan
The considerable divergence in inflectional complexity between the northern and the southern branches of the Wakashan family calls out for an explanation. Both branches are equally rich with regard to derivational potential, but only in the northern branch have fine‐grained inflectional systems of clitics evolved for demarcating clausal constituents and expressing grammatical relations between them. These are built upon deictic/demonstrative elem…
How far west into Asia have Eskimo languages been spoken, and which ones
It has long been suggested by archaeologists that Eskimo-speaking groups were present along the coasts of northeastern Asia much further west than their present confinement to the tip of the Chukotkan Peninsula suggests. However, little linguistic evidence confirming this has been adduced. The pitfalls of misinterpretation of early word-list materials is illustrated with an examination of the facts and non-facts concerning the so-called Anadyr Es…
Historical Linguistics 2003
This volume consists of 19 papers presented at the 16th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, which was held in August 2003 in Copenhagen and drew the largest number of participants and the widest array of languages that this important biannual conference has ever had. As with previous volumes, the papers selected cover a wide range of subjects besides the core areas of historical linguistics, and this time include studies on ethnol…
Evidentiality in West Greenlandic
Thoughts about thought
This article compares verbal expressions for mental activity across a wide range of languages, extracting thereby a general framework for “folk models of thinking” that can be related to Whitehead's processual analysis of cognition. The core concepts examined are “understanding”, “knowing”, “remembering”, “thinking”, and “meaning”. It is argued that this domain is essentially organized along metonymic lines, as revealed by prevailing patterns of …
Content, Expression and Structure
Indo-European Reflections
Eskimo Influence on the Formation of the Chukotkan Ergative Clause
It has generally been assumed in the literature on ergativity that the phenomenon of ergative clause structure in Chukotkan languages represents a family-internal development reflecting the common source of such constructions in earlier passives. On closer inspection it appears that Chukotkan ergativity is of a typologically quite aberrant kind, however, whose most likely source is to be found in influence from neighbouring Eskimo. Prior to that,…
How ‘concrete’` is West Greenlandic?
Anyone familiar with West Greenlandic - or any other Eskimo language - is unlikely to disagree with the suggestion that this language is in some sense more ‘concrete’` than that of modern European languages. Statements to this effect can be - and have been - made for various languages spoken by hunter-gatherers, particularly within the anthropological linguistic tradition of North America. However, convincing evidence for claims that a given lang…
Eskimo word order variation and its contact-induced perturbation
Eskimo languages are commonly characterized as displaying rather ‘free’ word order as compared to the major western European languages. Nevertheless, there is in West Greenlandic at least a clearly dominant, pragmatically neutral ordering pattern. Deviation from this – when possible at all – results in specifiable contextual marking (the factors involved will be discussed and illustrated in section 2). In fact, the degree of ‘freedom’ involved ma…
Layered Structure and Reference in a Functional Perspective
This volume contains revised and expanded versions of those papers from the 1990 Functional Grammar Conference in Copenhagen that contributed specifically to the current investigation of clause structure in terms of semantic layers. One of the key concepts in this discussion is 'reference'. Some papers discuss ways in which previous accounts of reference need to be expanded and differentiated to provide a consistent picture of referential propert…
Morphophonemic Complexity and Typological Stability in a Polysynthetic Language Family
From the Writings of the Greenlanders
Eskimo orientation systems
Data concerning local terms for cardinal and wind directions have been gathered from all areas of the Eskimo-speaking Arctic, selectively presented in the form of maps, and analyzed into underlying parameters. Focus has been placed on terms that apply over wider geographical areas than those of the well-known common system of Eskimo demonstrative stems as applied to the immediate surroundings. An extension of a subset of the latter is nevertheles…
Affix Ordering in West Greenlandic Derivational Processes
Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan
The considerable divergence in inflectional complexity between the northern and the southern branches of the Wakashan family calls out for an explanation. Both branches are equally rich with regard to derivational potential, but only in the northern branch have fine‐grained inflectional systems of clitics evolved for demarcating clausal constituents and expressing grammatical relations between them. These are built upon deictic/demonstrative elem…
Eskimo word order variation and its contact-induced perturbation
Eskimo languages are commonly characterized as displaying rather ‘free’ word order as compared to the major western European languages. Nevertheless, there is in West Greenlandic at least a clearly dominant, pragmatically neutral ordering pattern. Deviation from this – when possible at all – results in specifiable contextual marking (the factors involved will be discussed and illustrated in section 2). In fact, the degree of ‘freedom’ involved ma…
Why the 'language of thought' is not a language
How far west into Asia have Eskimo languages been spoken, and which ones
It has long been suggested by archaeologists that Eskimo-speaking groups were present along the coasts of northeastern Asia much further west than their present confinement to the tip of the Chukotkan Peninsula suggests. However, little linguistic evidence confirming this has been adduced. The pitfalls of misinterpretation of early word-list materials is illustrated with an examination of the facts and non-facts concerning the so-called Anadyr Es…
Thoughts about thought
This article compares verbal expressions for mental activity across a wide range of languages, extracting thereby a general framework for “folk models of thinking” that can be related to Whitehead's processual analysis of cognition. The core concepts examined are “understanding”, “knowing”, “remembering”, “thinking”, and “meaning”. It is argued that this domain is essentially organized along metonymic lines, as revealed by prevailing patterns of …
The Degree of Interrelatedness between Inuit Dialects as Reflected by Percentages of Shared Affixes
Nunamiut, the Tundra Dwellers
This article investigates the various senses and derivations of the term nuna in the Inuit-Yupik languages in order to reveal its origin in referring to the Arctic tundra. These languages arguably derive from that of the ancestors of the earliest inhabitants of the North American tundra, other inhabitants of the circumpolar Arctic today having only moved up at later times. Likely etymological correspondences in Eurasian languages of the far north…
The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited
Where 'Out to Sea' Equals 'Towards the Fire
An unusual conflation in the meaning of directional terms whereby 'out to sea (or the open water)' is equated with 'towards the fireplace' (and the converse, 'to shore' with 'away from the fireplace') has been observed in a number of languages of the Northwest Coast of America and of the Russian Far East. The origin and motivation for this correlation has remained a mystery, being much more specific than the overlap between terms referring to the…
Why the 'language of thought' is not a language
Affix Ordering in West Greenlandic Derivational Processes
Case and Context in Inuktitut (Eskimo) . Ivan Kalmár Suffixes of the Eskimo Dialects of Cumberland Peninsula and North Baffin Island . Kenn Harper
A comparative manual of affixes for the Inuit dialects of Greenland, Canada, and Alaska
The information gathered in the present work is aimed at use both by students of the Eskimo languages and by Inuit speakers wishing to comprehend and communicate more directly with speakers of dialects other than their own. Productive affixes for fourteen dialect areas from East Greenland to North Alaska are presented for the first time in one place and in common orthographical form. These morphological elements, often difficult to isolate and su…
Learning to speak Greenlandic
Child language acquisition data for Greenlandic Eskimo, a highly polysynthetic and morphophonologically complex language, promise to be the source of interesting evidence for general theories of the acquisition of morphological processes. The child in the pilot study here discussed appears already at the age of 2;3 to have mastered the use of a great number of derivational and inflectional affixes together with the morphohonemic patterns for thei…
The Degree of Interrelatedness between Inuit Dialects as Reflected by Percentages of Shared Affixes
Eskimo orientation systems
Data concerning local terms for cardinal and wind directions have been gathered from all areas of the Eskimo-speaking Arctic, selectively presented in the form of maps, and analyzed into underlying parameters. Focus has been placed on terms that apply over wider geographical areas than those of the well-known common system of Eskimo demonstrative stems as applied to the immediate surroundings. An extension of a subset of the latter is nevertheles…
From the Writings of the Greenlanders
Layered Structure and Reference in a Functional Perspective
This volume contains revised and expanded versions of those papers from the 1990 Functional Grammar Conference in Copenhagen that contributed specifically to the current investigation of clause structure in terms of semantic layers. One of the key concepts in this discussion is 'reference'. Some papers discuss ways in which previous accounts of reference need to be expanded and differentiated to provide a consistent picture of referential propert…
Morphophonemic Complexity and Typological Stability in a Polysynthetic Language Family
Eskimo word order variation and its contact-induced perturbation
Eskimo languages are commonly characterized as displaying rather ‘free’ word order as compared to the major western European languages. Nevertheless, there is in West Greenlandic at least a clearly dominant, pragmatically neutral ordering pattern. Deviation from this – when possible at all – results in specifiable contextual marking (the factors involved will be discussed and illustrated in section 2). In fact, the degree of ‘freedom’ involved ma…
How ‘concrete’` is West Greenlandic?
Anyone familiar with West Greenlandic - or any other Eskimo language - is unlikely to disagree with the suggestion that this language is in some sense more ‘concrete’` than that of modern European languages. Statements to this effect can be - and have been - made for various languages spoken by hunter-gatherers, particularly within the anthropological linguistic tradition of North America. However, convincing evidence for claims that a given lang…
Eskimo Influence on the Formation of the Chukotkan Ergative Clause
It has generally been assumed in the literature on ergativity that the phenomenon of ergative clause structure in Chukotkan languages represents a family-internal development reflecting the common source of such constructions in earlier passives. On closer inspection it appears that Chukotkan ergativity is of a typologically quite aberrant kind, however, whose most likely source is to be found in influence from neighbouring Eskimo. Prior to that,…
Content, Expression and Structure
Indo-European Reflections
Thoughts about thought
This article compares verbal expressions for mental activity across a wide range of languages, extracting thereby a general framework for “folk models of thinking” that can be related to Whitehead's processual analysis of cognition. The core concepts examined are “understanding”, “knowing”, “remembering”, “thinking”, and “meaning”. It is argued that this domain is essentially organized along metonymic lines, as revealed by prevailing patterns of …
Evidentiality in West Greenlandic
Historical Linguistics 2003
This volume consists of 19 papers presented at the 16th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, which was held in August 2003 in Copenhagen and drew the largest number of participants and the widest array of languages that this important biannual conference has ever had. As with previous volumes, the papers selected cover a wide range of subjects besides the core areas of historical linguistics, and this time include studies on ethnol…
Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan
The considerable divergence in inflectional complexity between the northern and the southern branches of the Wakashan family calls out for an explanation. Both branches are equally rich with regard to derivational potential, but only in the northern branch have fine‐grained inflectional systems of clitics evolved for demarcating clausal constituents and expressing grammatical relations between them. These are built upon deictic/demonstrative elem…
How far west into Asia have Eskimo languages been spoken, and which ones
It has long been suggested by archaeologists that Eskimo-speaking groups were present along the coasts of northeastern Asia much further west than their present confinement to the tip of the Chukotkan Peninsula suggests. However, little linguistic evidence confirming this has been adduced. The pitfalls of misinterpretation of early word-list materials is illustrated with an examination of the facts and non-facts concerning the so-called Anadyr Es…
Lexical Suffixes and the Position of Proto-Wakashan within the Northwest Coast Linguistic Area
It is argued that the numerous “restrictive” lexical suffixes typifying the Wakashan languages today actually represent the result of influence from neighbouring Salishan languages. The evidence for this lies in their fluctuating status as lexical head or dependent within Wakashan as opposed to their typological normalcy in Salishan (where they simply modify the stem, the lexical head). A historical framework is suggested that would explain this …
The trials and joys of comparative dictionary making
The motivation behind and the methods used in putting together comparative dictionaries for language families in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic is illustrated from the author's experience in working on the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary (Fortescue et al. 1994), the Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary (Fortescue 2005) and Wakashan Comparative Dictionary (Fortescue 2007). The historical background behind these three projects is sketched and, altho…
Orientation systems of the North Pacific Rim
Orientation Systems of the North Pacific Rim is an extension of the author’s earlier volume Eskimo Orientation Systems (also published in the series Monographs on Greenland | Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society, 1988). This time it covers all the contiguous languages – and cultures – across the northern Pacific rim from Vancouver Island in Canada to Hokkaido in northern Japan, plus the adjacent Arctic coasts of Alaska and Chukotka. These form …
The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited
Where 'Out to Sea' Equals 'Towards the Fire
An unusual conflation in the meaning of directional terms whereby 'out to sea (or the open water)' is equated with 'towards the fireplace' (and the converse, 'to shore' with 'away from the fireplace') has been observed in a number of languages of the Northwest Coast of America and of the Russian Far East. The origin and motivation for this correlation has remained a mystery, being much more specific than the overlap between terms referring to the…
Linguistics (23 obras) · Philosophy (23 obras) · History (15 obras) · Philosophy (11 obras) · Computer Science (10 obras) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (10 obras) · Linguistics and language evolution (10 obras) · Geography (8 obras) · Lexicography and Language Studies (8 obras) · History (7 obras)