Margaret S Clark
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 629332 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Margaret S Clark |
| PRENOMES | Margaret S |
| SOBRENOME | Clark |
| ASSINATURA | CLARK M S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Yale University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6511-113X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 61 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 775 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 60 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1976 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
Impartial Beneficence Predicts Greater and More Uniform Concern for Others Across Social Relationships
The principle of impartial beneficence (IB) holds that we should strive to maximize others’ well-being regardless of their relationship to us. But does endorsement of IB in principle translate to more uniform concern for others irrespective of relationship type? Three pre-registered studies in online samples of U.S. participants (total N =1,716) found IB endorsement predicts greater and more uniform concern for others across social relationships …
More real together
Links between partnering, relationship quality and mental well-being among sexual minority and straight individuals
Perceiving and responding to another's interest in initiating friendship
The present research examines two early steps in friendship initiation: (1) Perceiving potential friends' interest, and (2) responding to that interest. We also consider how attachment insecurity might create challenges with these steps. In Study 1, two unacquainted participants briefly interacted, then reported their own interest in friendship and their perceptions of the other person's interest in friendship. People generally underestimated oth…
The development of a novel scale to assess intra- and interpersonal emotion regulation strategies
Existing emotion regulation research focuses on how individuals use different strategies to manage their own emotions-also called intra-personal emotion regulation. However, people often leverage connections with others to regulate their own emotions-interpersonal emotion regulation. The goal of the present studies was to develop a comprehensive and efficient scale-the Emotion Regulation Strategies Scale (ERSS)-to assess nine specific emotion reg…
Psychological Selfishness
Selfishness is central to many theories of human morality, yet its psychological nature remains largely overlooked. Psychologists often draw on classical conceptions of selfishness from evolutionary biology (i.e., selfish gene theory), economics (i.e., rational self-interest), and philosophy (i.e., psychological egoism), but such characterizations offer limited insight into the psychology of selfishness. To address this gap, we propose a novel fr…
Can I tell you how I feel? Perceived partner responsiveness encourages emotional expression
When do people express their emotions to other people and when do they choose not to do so? Emotional experience-positive or negative-often leads people to reveal their feelings to others, especially to close relationship partners. Although emotional expression has been incorporated into recent dyadic models of emotion regulation, little research has examined the specific interpersonal processes responsible for facilitating or inhibiting emotiona…
Does expressing emotions enhance perceptual accuracy of negative emotions during relationship interactions
Partners' negative emotions communicate social information necessary for individuals to respond appropriately to important relational events. Yet, there is inconsistent evidence regarding whether partners' emotional expression enhances accurate perceptions of partners' emotions. The current studies make methodological and theoretical extensions to the extant literature by directly assessing whether partners' emotional expression during relationsh…
Anxious attachment as an antecedent of people's aversion towards pattern deviancy
Research suggests that people's aversion towards pattern deviancy—distortions of repeated forms or models—contributes to social phenomena, such as prejudice. Yet, the factors motivating pattern deviancy aversion remain unclear. Potentially, anxious attachment, as it entails hypervigilant detection of and reactivity to social inconsistency and unreliability, heightens pattern deviancy aversion. In Studies 1 ( N = 137) and 2 ( N = 102), anxious but…
Perceived partner responsiveness promotes intellectual humility
The world looks better together
People derive a number of benefits from sharing experiences with close others. However, most research on this topic has been restricted to forms of sharing involving explicit socializing, including verbal communication, emotion expression, and behavioral interaction. In two studies, these complexities were eliminated to find out whether merely experiencing visual stimuli (photographs) simultaneously with a close other—without communicating—enhanc…
The invisibility cloak illusion
Whether at a coffee shop, in a waiting room, or riding the bus, people frequently observe the other people around them. Yet they often fail to realize how much other people engage in the same behavior, and that they, therefore, also are being observed. Because it is logically impossible that people, on average, are the subjects of observation more than they are objects of it, the belief that one watches others more than one is watched is an illus…
When do we offer more support than we seek? A behavioral replication and developmental extension
Beck and Clark (2009) found self-report evidence that adults are more likely to offer support to a potential friend than to seek identical support from that potential friend, but that this asymmetry between offering and seeking support weakens among close friends. The present study sought to behaviorally replicate these findings in adults as well as to explore the developmental emergence of this phenomenon by examining when children would display…
Accuracy and projection in perceptions of partners’ recent emotional experiences
In 2 studies involving 96 married couples (Study 1) and 118 romantic couples (Study 2), we investigated partners' perceptions of each others' recently experienced emotions. In both studies, both individuals within each couple independently provided reports of (a) their own recently experienced emotions, (b) their perceptions of their partners' recently experienced emotions, and (c) the extent to which they had expressed the emotions they had expe…
Social Relationships in Adulthood
Communal Strength Norms in the United States and Egypt
Two studies investigated norms related to communal strength in the United States and Egypt. Communal strength reflects the extent to which individuals feel responsible for meeting the needs of relationship partners, varies between relationships, and predicts caregiving. Participants indicated the communal strength marital partners should feel towards their spouse, mother, and best friend. In the United States, women reported wives should feel the…
Close Relationships
A Theory of Communal (and Exchange) Relationships
A qualitative distinction between communal and exchange relationships (Clark and Mills, 1979; Mills and Clark, 1982) together with a quantitative dimension to communal relationships (Mills and Clark, 1982; Mills et al., 2004) is described. A review is given ...
Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger
This research compared the experiences and consequences of hurt feelings and anger in 3 retrospective studies (Studies 1a, 1b, and 2), a dyadic daily diary study (Study 3), and a dyadic behavioral observation study (Study 4). Although victims felt both hurt and angry in response to perpetrators' behaviors that signaled relational devaluation (Studies 1-4), hurt and anger differed in terms of victims' subjective experiences and behaviors, perpetra…
Why Do Men Benefit More from Marriage Than Do Women? Thinking More Broadly About Interpersonal Processes That Occur Within and Outside of Marriage
Close Relationships
25.1 What is Closeness? 25.2 The Many Forms of Responsiveness 25.3 Focusing on Process 25.4 A Broad, Integrative Process Model of Responsiveness Dynamics 25.5 Responsiveness as A Relationship-Specific Construct 25.6 Do People Want Responsiveness? 25.7 Model of Responsiveness Given and Received 25.8 Summary
Benefits of Expressing Gratitude
This research was conducted to examine the hypothesis that expressing gratitude to a relationship partner enhances one’s perception of the relationship’s communal strength. In Study 1 ( N = 137), a cross-sectional survey, expressing gratitude to a relationship partner was positively associated with the expresser’s perception of the communal strength of the relationship. In Study 2 ( N = 218), expressing gratitude predicted increases in the expres…
What Constitutes a Healthy Communal Marriage and Why Relationship Stage Matters
The authors take a position that high‐quality marriages are best defined in terms of theoretically grounded sets of intra‐ and interpersonal processes that promote both individuals' mental and physical health and the health of their relationship. On the basis of a long‐standing research program on communal and exchange relationships, they set forth one set of marital processes, those surrounding the provision of mutual responsiveness, that contri…
Looking a gift horse in the mouth as a defense against increasing intimacy
Heightened interpersonal security diminishes the monetary value of possessions
Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships
Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior
The influence of polyacrylic acid (MW 2000-10 000) on the stability of TiO2 dispersions was studied both in dil. suspensions (by light transmission) and in concd. dispersions (by rheol.). Polyacrylic acid in low concns. destabilizes TiO2 dispersions, but at higher concns., a stabilizing influence is found. In the high-concn. region, esp. stable dispersions can be obtained when electrostatic and steric stabilization act simultaneously. [on SciFind…
Recipient's mood, relationship type, and helping
Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships
Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships was investigated in two experiments. In both, subjects could check to see if another person needed help. The first experiment tested the hypotheses that When there is no opportunity for the other to reciprocate in kind, keeping track of the other's needs will be greater if the person desires a communal relationship with the other than if the person desires an exchange relationship with…
Projection of responsiveness to needs and the construction of satisfying communal relationships
This research tested a social projection model of perceived partner responsiveness to needs. According to this model, people project their own care and supportiveness for a partner onto their perceptions of their partner's caring and supportiveness. In 2 dyadic marriage studies, participants' self-reported responsiveness to the needs of a spouse predicted perceptions of the spouse's responsiveness to the self more strongly than did the spouse's s…
Social skills and the stress-protective role of social support
Perceiving unfairness in the family
This research tests a model suggesting that marital distress leads individuals to scrutinize what is given and received in the relationship. This scrutiny elicits perceptions of unfairness that maintain or exacerbate marital distress. In a 3-panel longitudinal study tracking married couples across the transition to parenthood, both wives' and husbands' reports of marital conflict and wives' marital dissatisfaction at Time 1 positively predicted p…
Record keeping in two types of relationships
On the basis of a distinction between communal and exchange relationships (Clark & Mills, 1979; Mills & Clark, 1982), the following predictions were made: (a) Members of exchange relationships would keep track of individual inputs into joint tasks and (b) members of communal relationships would not. These hypotheses were tested in three studies. In each study, subjects worked on a task with a partner with whom they (a) desired or had a communal r…
Reactions to and willingness to express emotion in communal and exchange relationships
Perceptions of Exploitation in Communal and Exchange Relationships
Using the distinction between communal and exchange relationships, it was hypothesized that failure to offer repayment for a favour would create perceptions of exploitativeness and decreases in attraction in exchange relationships but not in communal relationships. To test these hypotheses, subjects were led to expect a communal or an exchange relationship with a confederate. Shortly afterwards, the confederate asked the subject for a favour and …
How the head liberates the heart
In 5 studies, the authors tested predictions that (a) people project their own felt communal responsiveness onto partners, perceiving partners to be just as caring and supportive as they are, and (b) projected perceptions guide perceivers' orientation toward further promotion of communal relationships. In Study 1, a manipulation of felt communal responsiveness toward a partner affected perceptions of the partner's responsiveness to the self, whic…
Why Do Men Benefit More from Marriage Than Do Women? Thinking More Broadly About Interpersonal Processes That Occur Within and Outside of Marriage
Interest in Another's Consideration of One's Needs in Communal and Exchange Relationships
Noncomparability of Benefits Given and Received
In three studies subjects read paragraphs describing one person benefiting another, then the other benefiting the person. In the first two studies, the comparability of the benefits was varied. In the second, length of the delay between benefits was also varied. After reading each paragraph, subjects judged the degree offriendship between the two people. In both studies perceived friendship was greater when benefits were noncomparable than when t…
Duration of the effect of good mood on helping
Walking on eggshells
The authors present a model positing that when people are insecure about a relationship partner's acceptance, they often express emotional vulnerabilities to the partner, which causes them to believe the partner views them as highly vulnerable and insecure. In turn, this belief causes them to doubt the authenticity of the partner's expressions of positive regard, which may perpetuate the experience and expression of insecurity that initiated the …
Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger
This research compared the experiences and consequences of hurt feelings and anger in 3 retrospective studies (Studies 1a, 1b, and 2), a dyadic daily diary study (Study 3), and a dyadic behavioral observation study (Study 4). Although victims felt both hurt and angry in response to perpetrators' behaviors that signaled relational devaluation (Studies 1-4), hurt and anger differed in terms of victims' subjective experiences and behaviors, perpetra…
Distributive Justice Norms and Family Work
Providing help and desired relationship type as determinants of changes in moods and self-evaluations
Observed in 2 initial studies was converging evidence that helping improves the helpers' moods and self-evaluations. In these studies Ss induced to help showed improved moods and self-evaluations relative to Ss not given an opportunity to help. A 3rd study examined the moderating effects of desired relationship type on reactions to having helped. In this study Ss were led to desire either a communal or an exchange relationship with another. They …
Perceived partner responsiveness promotes intellectual humility
Heightened interpersonal security diminishes the monetary value of possessions
Children's Acquisition of Appropriate Norms for Friendships and Acquaintances
Research with adults demonstrates the existence of distinct norms governing the intentional giving and receiving of benefits within the context of different types of relationships. This study focuses on the development of children's adherence to these norms. We examined first and third grade children's allocation of jointly earned rewards after they had worked on a task with either an acquaintance or a friend. In both grades, more children workin…
You’re Just Saying That.” Contingencies of self-worth, suspicion, and authenticity in the interpersonal affirmation process
Looking a gift horse in the mouth as a defense against increasing intimacy
The communal/exchange distinction and some implications for understanding justice in families
Duration of the effect of good mood on helping
Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior
The influence of polyacrylic acid (MW 2000-10 000) on the stability of TiO2 dispersions was studied both in dil. suspensions (by light transmission) and in concd. dispersions (by rheol.). Polyacrylic acid in low concns. destabilizes TiO2 dispersions, but at higher concns., a stabilizing influence is found. In the high-concn. region, esp. stable dispersions can be obtained when electrostatic and steric stabilization act simultaneously. [on SciFind…
Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships
Noncomparability of Benefits Given and Received
In three studies subjects read paragraphs describing one person benefiting another, then the other benefiting the person. In the first two studies, the comparability of the benefits was varied. In the second, length of the delay between benefits was also varied. After reading each paragraph, subjects judged the degree offriendship between the two people. In both studies perceived friendship was greater when benefits were noncomparable than when t…
Effects of Moods on Thoughts About Helping, Attraction and Information Acquisition
Past research has demonstrated that positive moods increase helping, attraction toward others, and peoples' willingness to pick up a free brochure. Negative moods have been shown to have mixed effects on helping and to decrease attraction. It has been suggested by Isen (1975), that such effects are mediated by the impact of feelings on the accessibility of mood congruent thoughts. In an effort to find support for this suggestion, the present stud…
Effects of arousal on judgments of others' emotions
Record keeping in two types of relationships
On the basis of a distinction between communal and exchange relationships (Clark & Mills, 1979; Mills & Clark, 1982), the following predictions were made: (a) Members of exchange relationships would keep track of individual inputs into joint tasks and (b) members of communal relationships would not. These hypotheses were tested in three studies. In each study, subjects worked on a task with a partner with whom they (a) desired or had a communal r…
Perceptions of Exploitation in Communal and Exchange Relationships
Using the distinction between communal and exchange relationships, it was hypothesized that failure to offer repayment for a favour would create perceptions of exploitativeness and decreases in attraction in exchange relationships but not in communal relationships. To test these hypotheses, subjects were led to expect a communal or an exchange relationship with a confederate. Shortly afterwards, the confederate asked the subject for a favour and …
Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships
Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships was investigated in two experiments. In both, subjects could check to see if another person needed help. The first experiment tested the hypotheses that When there is no opportunity for the other to reciprocate in kind, keeping track of the other's needs will be greater if the person desires a communal relationship with the other than if the person desires an exchange relationship with…
Social skills and the stress-protective role of social support
Recipient's mood, relationship type, and helping
Interpersonal Processes in Close Relationships
A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes ...Read More
Providing help and desired relationship type as determinants of changes in moods and self-evaluations
Observed in 2 initial studies was converging evidence that helping improves the helpers' moods and self-evaluations. In these studies Ss induced to help showed improved moods and self-evaluations relative to Ss not given an opportunity to help. A 3rd study examined the moderating effects of desired relationship type on reactions to having helped. In this study Ss were led to desire either a communal or an exchange relationship with another. They …
The communal/exchange distinction and some implications for understanding justice in families
Reactions to and willingness to express emotion in communal and exchange relationships
The Difference between Communal and Exchange Relationships
Replying to Batson (this issue), who argues that the difference between communal and exchange relationships is less than might be imagined, the authors review the communal/exchange distinction, discuss what it does and does not mean, and address specific issues raised by Batson. They conclude, contrary to claims by Batson, that (a) ingratiation cannot account for all the findings supporting the communal/exchange distinction; (b) if desire for a c…
Children's Acquisition of Appropriate Norms for Friendships and Acquaintances
Research with adults demonstrates the existence of distinct norms governing the intentional giving and receiving of benefits within the context of different types of relationships. This study focuses on the development of children's adherence to these norms. We examined first and third grade children's allocation of jointly earned rewards after they had worked on a task with either an acquaintance or a friend. In both grades, more children workin…
Interest in Another's Consideration of One's Needs in Communal and Exchange Relationships
Distributive Justice Norms and Family Work
Perceiving unfairness in the family
This research tests a model suggesting that marital distress leads individuals to scrutinize what is given and received in the relationship. This scrutiny elicits perceptions of unfairness that maintain or exacerbate marital distress. In a 3-panel longitudinal study tracking married couples across the transition to parenthood, both wives' and husbands' reports of marital conflict and wives' marital dissatisfaction at Time 1 positively predicted p…
Perceiving unfairness in the family
Measurement of communal strength
Communal strength refers to a person's degree of motivation to respond to a communal partner's needs. The development and testing of a questionnaire measure of communal strength is described. Study 1 involved item selection. Studies 2 and 3 found that the 10‐item communal strength measure taps a construct distinct from behavioral interdependence as measured by the Relationship Closeness Inventory of Berscheid, Snyder, and Omoto (1989) and distinc…
Normative data for tasks of executive function and working memory for Australian-born women aged 56 – 67
Normative data for tests of working memory and executive function (a term adopted to cover a range of cognitive skills) are primarily based on the U.S. population and are not always specific for gender or education levels. The diagnosis of, and research into, cognitive diseases rely on the use of relevant normative data. This study presents normative data for an ageing, female, Australian-born population, and an analysis of the factors that contr…
Willingness to express emotion
This research examines the effects of relationship type (close vs. business), a personality variable (dispositional communal orientation), and the interaction of these two variables on individuals’ willingness to express emotions to relationship partners. Results supported our predictions that (a) people are willing to express more emotion in relationships likely to be high in communal strength than in relationships likely to be low in communal s…
Normative data for Australian midlife women on category fluencyand a short form of the Boston Naming Test
This study presents Australian normative data for verbal fluency and visual confrontational naming for midlife women and examines factors that mediate verbal performance in this population. Two hundred and fifty-seven healthy Australian-born women aged 56 – 67 years who participated in the Melbourne Women's Midlife Longitudinal Health Project were assessed for verbal fluency and visual confrontational naming. Verbal fluency was assessed using the…
Psychology (56 obras) · Social Psychology (52 obras) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (35 obras) · Social Psychology (33 obras) · Developmental psychology (28 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (19 obras) · Interpersonal communication (15 obras) · Perception (13 obras) · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior (12 obras) · Emotions and Moral Behavior (11 obras)