William Eckhardt
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 654377 |
|---|---|
| NOME | William Eckhardt |
| PRENOMES | William |
| SOBRENOME | Eckhardt |
| ASSINATURA | ECKHARDT W |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Peace Research Institute Oslo |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 145 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1965 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2006 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Causal time asymmetry
Authoritarianism
We the people’ go to war
(1990). ‘We the people’ go to war: The legal significance of the Weinberger Doctrine. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 1, The Recourse to War: An Appraisal of the ‘Weinberger Doctrine’, pp. 131-145
Civilizations, Empires, and Wars
We can learn a lot about war through the study of civilization. We can learn a lot about civilization through the study of war. We can learn a lot about empires through the study of civilization and war. These three have grown up together. Did they foster one another? Did one cause the others? Or were they all products of a cause which they had in common? Can we have one without the others? What light can they throw on one another's nature? on on…
"Comment on Ray's "Why the F Scale Predicts Racism
Ray claims that the ability of the F scale to predict racism is a function of the old-fashioned wording of its items. The ability of the F scale to predict real-life and experimental situations calls this conclusion into question. Some other questions are also raised about the concept of old-fashionedness. Some more important questions are raised by Ray's paper concerning the politics of psychologists who are studying or teaching political psycho…
Bridging the Gap Between Peace Action, Education and Research
In this article, definitions of peace action, education, and research are suggested. Although there are good reasons why these various approaches to peace should be cooperative, there is some evidence to suggest that this has seldom been the case. Rapoport's concept of 'fusion' provides one way of bringing these three activities together without any need for cooperation between them According to this concept, and my generalizations from it, activ…
Rudolph J. Rummel — Apostle of peace and justice through freedom
(1987). Rudolph J. Rummel — Apostle of peace and justice through freedom. International Interactions: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 183-223
Soviet Military Interventions Since 1945. Foreword by Milton Leitenberg (Leiden, Netherlands
Global imperialism and global inequality
(1984). Global imperialism and global inequality. International Interactions: Vol. 11, No. 3-4, pp. 299-332
Peace Studies and Attitude Change
Pioneers of peace research VII
Azar's COPDAB is the most comprehensive world events data bank for the years 1948–1978. His scale from cooperation to conflict has been researched more than any other such scale. More research is needed on the concepts of cooperation and conflict so far as these have been operationalized by judges’ values. While cooperation is generally desirable in our culture, and conflict is generally undesirable, empirical results suggest that cooperation als…
Pioneers of peace research V
Rapoport challenged the strategic theory of rationality in terms of individual interest, because this theory of rationality led to its own contradiction when confronted with game theory. In order to avoid the irrationality of self‐contradiction, Rapoport defined rationality in terms of social interest. On this basis, Rapoport challenged and criticized the rationality of the two superpowers, whose war machines were a threat to humanity. Rapoport s…
Pioneers of peace research VI
From the beginning of his peace research in 1961, Alcock expected some happy combination of disarmament and world government to lead to world peace. By 1971 this happy combination included world development, which involved a world government in redistributing the savings from disarmament. Since no progress resulted from arms control and disarmament talks and treaties by 1978, and since no progress was made in revising the United Nations charter t…
Pioneers of peace research III
This is a critical review of Sorokin's facts and theories about wars and revolutions. Although his facts remained relatively constant, his theories changed considerably over time. In the 1920s he held a power theory of peace, similar to the “peace through strength” theories so common today. In the 1930s peace was presented as a function of stable cultures and integrated values. In the 1940s the Golden Rule pointed the way to peace. In the 1950s l…
Pioneers of peace research IV
From a science of character in the 1930s, Lentz moved on to a science of democracy in the 1940s. Character was defined in terms of concern for others, and democracy was defined in terms of respect for others. A science of character was required to evaluate the character of science, and a science of democracy was required to evaluate the democraticness of science. Character research and democracy research became peace research in the 1950s and 196…
Pioneers of peace research — Lewis Fry Richardson
(1981). Pioneers of peace research — Lewis Fry Richardson: Apostle of math. International Interactions: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 247-273
Pioneers of peace research
This is an interpretative review of Quincy Wright's A Study of War. In his anthropological and historical surveys, Wright traced warfare from the animals to the atomic age, including primitive warfare, civilized warfare, and modern warfare. These surveys suggested that war was primarily a function of civilization and imperialism. In order to control war, the conditions of peace have to be established. This means creating a new world order oriente…
Limits to Knowledge
Structural and armed violence in the 20th century
This paper uses the term “violence” in the broader sense, monitors the changing magnitudes of armed violence and structural violence at the global and regional levels for the 20th century. It compares the magnitudes of the two types of violence and, discerns long‐term trends in the magnitudes of armed and structural violence that may exist in this century
Changes in UN voting patterns, 1946–75
A previous study reported on voting blocs in the UN General Assembly, 1946–70, and traced the changes in the number of members supporting the USA and the USSR over this period of time (Newcombs, Eckhardt, & Young, 1973). The purpose of this paper is to update these changes to 1975, and to analyze them at the regional level as well as at the global level. The previous study showed that USA support was seven times USSR support in the first five yea…
Major world conflicts and interventions, 1945 to 1975
A list of 641 major conflict events was used to generate a list of 265 major conflicts. Using conflict‐years as a measure of conflict, most of our findings were generally consistent with those of other authors, such as major conflicts were increasing from 1945 to 1970, as were external interventions, and most major conflicts were happening in the Third World. However, we found a significant decrease in both conflicts and interventions from 1971 t…
Major world cooperation events, 1945 to 1975
Using event‐interaction data from Azar's Conflict and Peace Data Bank, the authors examine the distributions of major world cooperations and major international interventions by regions of cooperation, types of cooperation, and times of cooperation. Also examined are the distributions of major intervening parties by regions of intervening parties and intervening by intervened regions. In terms of location, it was found that the developed regions …
Research Communication
Research mostly by Canadian peace researchers on attitudes and policies at the personal, group and national level toward international issues in summarized and discussed. The organizing concept is the compassion — compulsion dimension, compassionate views representing values such as freedom, justice, peace, and globalism, whereas compulsion tends to stand for militarism, pushishment, religiousness. The main part of this RC deals with compassion a…
Value—analysis of the Arab—Israeli conflict
This paper employs White's value‐analysis (1951) to gain insights into the role of values in the resolution of the conflict between the Arab states and Israel following the 1973 October War. Our analysis of the documents of key decision‐makers from both groups revealed that the values of “peace” and “sovereignty” (freedom) were especially important to them. The Arabs saw Israel as being an imperialist power in this context, while Israel felt that…
Primitive Militarism
Authoritarianism
Militarism, personality, and other social attitudes
Major world conflicts and interventions, 1945 to 1975
A list of 641 major conflict events was used to generate a list of 265 major conflicts. Using conflict‐years as a measure of conflict, most of our findings were generally consistent with those of other authors, such as major conflicts were increasing from 1945 to 1970, as were external interventions, and most major conflicts were happening in the Third World. However, we found a significant decrease in both conflicts and interventions from 1971 t…
A test of the mirror-image hypothesis
Many Americans seem to assume that the tone of Communist propaganda is similar to Khrushchev's celebrated statement, We will bury you. This statement has usually been interpreted to reflect the assumed Communist intention to conquer the world by force of arms. In this context it has been interpreted to mean, We will kill you and then bury you. However, in its own context the statement could be better interpreted as meaning: We will outlast you an…
War propaganda, Welfare values, and political ideologies
R. K. White analyzed the values expressed in public speeches made by Hitler and Roosevelt during the prewar years 1935-39. In spite of some basic similarities, Hitler's speeches were significantly different from those of Roosevelt in the following seven ways: higher percent of denunciation, higher percent of strength values, higher percent of moral values, lower percent of economic values, lower percent of meansend relationships, higher percent o…
Major world cooperation events, 1945 to 1975
Using event‐interaction data from Azar's Conflict and Peace Data Bank, the authors examine the distributions of major world cooperations and major international interventions by regions of cooperation, types of cooperation, and times of cooperation. Also examined are the distributions of major intervening parties by regions of intervening parties and intervening by intervened regions. In terms of location, it was found that the developed regions …
"Comment on Ray's "Why the F Scale Predicts Racism
Ray claims that the ability of the F scale to predict racism is a function of the old-fashioned wording of its items. The ability of the F scale to predict real-life and experimental situations calls this conclusion into question. Some other questions are also raised about the concept of old-fashionedness. Some more important questions are raised by Ray's paper concerning the politics of psychologists who are studying or teaching political psycho…
Attitudes of Canadian peace groups
Peace Research Institute were compared with a national sample of adults in 1962 and found to be relatively high in educational and economic levels, internationally responsible, welfare-minded, nondogmatic, and noncynical (Laulicht and Alcock, 1966). When peace-seeking adults were compared with war-oriented people in Japan, they were found to be more socially oriented, higher in their sense of civic duty, more politically active, and more liberal …
Symbiosis between Peace Research and Peace Action
There exist some empirically established bases for a symbiosis between peace research and peace action. For example, both researchers and peace activists are intellectually oriented rather than profit motivated (Parkin, 1968: Lipset, 1970). There is obviously not much money to be made in either of these activities. Activists need and want research done on the effects of their actions. This need was explicated by activists at the 1970 Grindstone S…
The Factor of Militarism
To investigate the nature of militarism, two different but related questionnaires were admini stered to two different samples of adults and university students, N = 122 and 261, respectively. Both questionnaires contained a variety of ideological and personality scales selected on the basis of a review of the literature. In both cases, the scale scores were standardized, correlated with each other, and factor analyzed by the principal components …
Civilizations, Empires, and Wars
We can learn a lot about war through the study of civilization. We can learn a lot about civilization through the study of war. We can learn a lot about empires through the study of civilization and war. These three have grown up together. Did they foster one another? Did one cause the others? Or were they all products of a cause which they had in common? Can we have one without the others? What light can they throw on one another's nature? on on…
Pioneers of peace research — Lewis Fry Richardson
(1981). Pioneers of peace research — Lewis Fry Richardson: Apostle of math. International Interactions: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 247-273
Primitive Militarism
Pioneers of peace research III
This is a critical review of Sorokin's facts and theories about wars and revolutions. Although his facts remained relatively constant, his theories changed considerably over time. In the 1920s he held a power theory of peace, similar to the “peace through strength” theories so common today. In the 1930s peace was presented as a function of stable cultures and integrated values. In the 1940s the Golden Rule pointed the way to peace. In the 1950s l…
Structural and armed violence in the 20th century
This paper uses the term “violence” in the broader sense, monitors the changing magnitudes of armed violence and structural violence at the global and regional levels for the 20th century. It compares the magnitudes of the two types of violence and, discerns long‐term trends in the magnitudes of armed and structural violence that may exist in this century
Value—analysis of the Arab—Israeli conflict
This paper employs White's value‐analysis (1951) to gain insights into the role of values in the resolution of the conflict between the Arab states and Israel following the 1973 October War. Our analysis of the documents of key decision‐makers from both groups revealed that the values of “peace” and “sovereignty” (freedom) were especially important to them. The Arabs saw Israel as being an imperialist power in this context, while Israel felt that…
A Conformity Theory of Aggressian
Eastern and Western Religiosity
The data from a multiP-national student survey were used to compare religiosity in 6 African and Asian nations with religiosity in 9 North American, West European, and Scandinavian nations. The responses to a "religious" item were correlated with the responses to 99 other variables. It was found that Eastern and Western religiosity shared about 80% of their correlates with each other, so that they were about 80% similar to each other. The shared …
The Values of Fascism
Bridging the Gap Between Peace Action, Education and Research
In this article, definitions of peace action, education, and research are suggested. Although there are good reasons why these various approaches to peace should be cooperative, there is some evidence to suggest that this has seldom been the case. Rapoport's concept of 'fusion' provides one way of bringing these three activities together without any need for cooperation between them According to this concept, and my generalizations from it, activ…
Peace Studies and Attitude Change
Pioneers of peace research V
Rapoport challenged the strategic theory of rationality in terms of individual interest, because this theory of rationality led to its own contradiction when confronted with game theory. In order to avoid the irrationality of self‐contradiction, Rapoport defined rationality in terms of social interest. On this basis, Rapoport challenged and criticized the rationality of the two superpowers, whose war machines were a threat to humanity. Rapoport s…
Pioneers of peace research
This is an interpretative review of Quincy Wright's A Study of War. In his anthropological and historical surveys, Wright traced warfare from the animals to the atomic age, including primitive warfare, civilized warfare, and modern warfare. These surveys suggested that war was primarily a function of civilization and imperialism. In order to control war, the conditions of peace have to be established. This means creating a new world order oriente…
Research Communication
Research mostly by Canadian peace researchers on attitudes and policies at the personal, group and national level toward international issues in summarized and discussed. The organizing concept is the compassion — compulsion dimension, compassionate views representing values such as freedom, justice, peace, and globalism, whereas compulsion tends to stand for militarism, pushishment, religiousness. The main part of this RC deals with compassion a…
Notes Toward a Science of Value
In the two articles that follow, William Eckhardt's “Notes Toward a Science of Value” and Hanna Newcombe's “Venn Diagrams of Value: Peace, Justice, Freedom, Love”, the authors examine the dimensions of value systems that would inform a more peaceful society. Such discussion is a basic theoretical question for this journal and it would welcome additional articles on this subject
War propaganda, Welfare values, and political ideologies
R. K. White analyzed the values expressed in public speeches made by Hitler and Roosevelt during the prewar years 1935-39. In spite of some basic similarities, Hitler's speeches were significantly different from those of Roosevelt in the following seven ways: higher percent of denunciation, higher percent of strength values, higher percent of moral values, lower percent of economic values, lower percent of meansend relationships, higher percent o…
Criminal responsibility
Alcoholic Values and Alcoholics Anonymous
A test of the mirror-image hypothesis
Many Americans seem to assume that the tone of Communist propaganda is similar to Khrushchev's celebrated statement, We will bury you. This statement has usually been interpreted to reflect the assumed Communist intention to conquer the world by force of arms. In this context it has been interpreted to mean, We will kill you and then bury you. However, in its own context the statement could be better interpreted as meaning: We will outlast you an…
The Values of Fascism
Militarism, personality, and other social attitudes
The Factor of Militarism
To investigate the nature of militarism, two different but related questionnaires were admini stered to two different samples of adults and university students, N = 122 and 261, respectively. Both questionnaires contained a variety of ideological and personality scales selected on the basis of a review of the literature. In both cases, the scale scores were standardized, correlated with each other, and factor analyzed by the principal components …
Symbiosis between Peace Research and Peace Action
There exist some empirically established bases for a symbiosis between peace research and peace action. For example, both researchers and peace activists are intellectually oriented rather than profit motivated (Parkin, 1968: Lipset, 1970). There is obviously not much money to be made in either of these activities. Activists need and want research done on the effects of their actions. This need was explicated by activists at the 1970 Grindstone S…
Eastern and Western Religiosity
The data from a multiP-national student survey were used to compare religiosity in 6 African and Asian nations with religiosity in 9 North American, West European, and Scandinavian nations. The responses to a "religious" item were correlated with the responses to 99 other variables. It was found that Eastern and Western religiosity shared about 80% of their correlates with each other, so that they were about 80% similar to each other. The shared …
Conservatism, East and West
A multi-national student survey was administered to about 5000 male university students, aged 22 to 24, by 42 researchers in 18 nations. A self-rated conservatism item in this questionnaire was correlated with 93 other variables in order to compare the pattern of conservatism in the West with that in the East. It was found that both Eastern and Western conservatives generally shared the following variables in common. Affectively, they valued pers…
Attitudes of Canadian peace groups
Peace Research Institute were compared with a national sample of adults in 1962 and found to be relatively high in educational and economic levels, internationally responsible, welfare-minded, nondogmatic, and noncynical (Laulicht and Alcock, 1966). When peace-seeking adults were compared with war-oriented people in Japan, they were found to be more socially oriented, higher in their sense of civic duty, more politically active, and more liberal …
Research and Education as Approaches to Peace and Justice
Religious Beliefs and Practices in Relation to Peace and Justice
Sur la base des écrits sacrés des grandes religions, on pourrait s'attendre à voir les comportements religieux associés à des attitudes favorables à la paix, l'égalité, la liberté, l'amour et d'autres valeurs semblables. Cependant, les résultats des études réalisées depuis quarante ans, ne confirment pas cette hypothèse. Au contraire, ces études suggèrent de façon vigoureuse que les adeptes les plus « orhodoxes » de ces religions font preuve de s…
Toward a science of value
Notes Toward a Science of Value
In the two articles that follow, William Eckhardt's “Notes Toward a Science of Value” and Hanna Newcombe's “Venn Diagrams of Value: Peace, Justice, Freedom, Love”, the authors examine the dimensions of value systems that would inform a more peaceful society. Such discussion is a basic theoretical question for this journal and it would welcome additional articles on this subject
A Conformity Theory of Aggressian
Primitive Militarism
Value—analysis of the Arab—Israeli conflict
This paper employs White's value‐analysis (1951) to gain insights into the role of values in the resolution of the conflict between the Arab states and Israel following the 1973 October War. Our analysis of the documents of key decision‐makers from both groups revealed that the values of “peace” and “sovereignty” (freedom) were especially important to them. The Arabs saw Israel as being an imperialist power in this context, while Israel felt that…
Major world conflicts and interventions, 1945 to 1975
A list of 641 major conflict events was used to generate a list of 265 major conflicts. Using conflict‐years as a measure of conflict, most of our findings were generally consistent with those of other authors, such as major conflicts were increasing from 1945 to 1970, as were external interventions, and most major conflicts were happening in the Third World. However, we found a significant decrease in both conflicts and interventions from 1971 t…
Major world cooperation events, 1945 to 1975
Using event‐interaction data from Azar's Conflict and Peace Data Bank, the authors examine the distributions of major world cooperations and major international interventions by regions of cooperation, types of cooperation, and times of cooperation. Also examined are the distributions of major intervening parties by regions of intervening parties and intervening by intervened regions. In terms of location, it was found that the developed regions …
Research Communication
Research mostly by Canadian peace researchers on attitudes and policies at the personal, group and national level toward international issues in summarized and discussed. The organizing concept is the compassion — compulsion dimension, compassionate views representing values such as freedom, justice, peace, and globalism, whereas compulsion tends to stand for militarism, pushishment, religiousness. The main part of this RC deals with compassion a…
Structural and armed violence in the 20th century
This paper uses the term “violence” in the broader sense, monitors the changing magnitudes of armed violence and structural violence at the global and regional levels for the 20th century. It compares the magnitudes of the two types of violence and, discerns long‐term trends in the magnitudes of armed and structural violence that may exist in this century
Changes in UN voting patterns, 1946–75
A previous study reported on voting blocs in the UN General Assembly, 1946–70, and traced the changes in the number of members supporting the USA and the USSR over this period of time (Newcombs, Eckhardt, & Young, 1973). The purpose of this paper is to update these changes to 1975, and to analyze them at the regional level as well as at the global level. The previous study showed that USA support was seven times USSR support in the first five yea…
Pioneers of peace research — Lewis Fry Richardson
(1981). Pioneers of peace research — Lewis Fry Richardson: Apostle of math. International Interactions: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 247-273
Pioneers of peace research
This is an interpretative review of Quincy Wright's A Study of War. In his anthropological and historical surveys, Wright traced warfare from the animals to the atomic age, including primitive warfare, civilized warfare, and modern warfare. These surveys suggested that war was primarily a function of civilization and imperialism. In order to control war, the conditions of peace have to be established. This means creating a new world order oriente…
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