T J Hatton
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 692481 |
|---|---|
| NOME | T J Hatton |
| PRENOMES | T J |
| SOBRENOME | Hatton |
| ASSINATURA | HATTON T J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Essex |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5535-8710 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 74 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 416 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 72 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 2 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1983 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
Emigrant voyages from the UK to North America and Australasia, 1853-1913
Studies of the determinants of emigration from Europe from 1850 to 1913 include the gains to migrants but often neglect the costs. One component of those costs is earnings forgone on the voyage. In this paper, I present new data on the voyage times for emigrants from the UK traveling to the United States and to Australia. Between 1853-7 and 1909-13 the voyage time from Liverpool to New York fell from 38 days to just 8 days (or 79 per cent). Over …
The political economy of assisted immigration
From 1860 to 1913 the six colonies that became states of Australia strove to attract migrants from the UK with a variety of assisted passages. The colonies/states shared a common culture and sought migrants from a common source, the UK, but set policy independently of each other. This experience provides a unique opportunity to examine the formation of assisted immigration policies. Using a panel of colonies/states over the years 1862 to 1913 I i…
Opening Heaven's Door
The 1965 Immigration Act represented a radical shift in U.S. policy, which has been credited with dramatically expanding the volume and changing the composition of immigration. Its passing has often been described as the result of political machinations negotiated within Congress without regard to public opinion. We show that congressional voting was consistent with public opinion on abolishing the country-of-origin quotas but not with the desire…
Asylum recognition rates in Europe
Emigrant Voyages from the UK to North America and Australasia, 1853-1913
Surviving the Deluge
We estimate the correlates of death and injury in action during the First World War for a sample of 2400 non-officer British servicemen who were born in the 1890s. Among these 13.1% were killed in action and another 23.5% were wounded. Not surprisingly we find that the probability of death or wounding increases with time in the army and was higher among infantrymen. For a serviceman who enlisted in the infantry at the beginning of the war and con…
Explaining trends in adult height in China
Voting Up? The Effects of Democracy and Franchise Extension on Human Stature
We study the effect of the spread of democracy on population health in 15 European countries since the middle of the 19th century, and more specifically the average height of adult males by five‐year birth cohort, and we estimate the effect of transitions to democracy using within‐country variation. We find that the advent of democracy increased average height by about 0.7 cm. When we also account for the extension of the franchise to women, this…
Public opinion on immigration in Europe
Emigration from the United Kingdom to the United States , Canada and Australia/New Zealand, 1870–1913
This paper revisits the determinants of emigration from the United Kingdom to the United States, Canada and Australia/New Zealand from 1870 to 1913. In the absence of restrictive immigration policies, the flow of emigration to these destinations responded to economic shocks and trends. Emigrants to Australia and New Zealand were more skilled on average than those heading across the Atlantic, a feature that does not correspond well with skill diff…
Asylum Migration to the Developed World
The European migration crisis of 2015-2016 and the migrants from Central America gathering on the US border since 2017 have created headlines and presented challenges for Western governments. In this paper, I examine the trends in, and determinants of, the number of asylum seekers applying for refugee status in the developed world. This must be understood against the background of an international policy regime that evolved in response to refugee…
Atmospheric Pollution, Health, and Height in Late Nineteenth Century Britain
In nineteenth century Britain atmospheric pollution from coal-fired industrialization was on the order of 50 times higher than today. We examine the effects of these emissions on child development by analysing the heights on enlistment during WWI of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s. We find a strong negative relationship between adult heights and the coal intensity of the districts in which these men were observed as children in the 190…
Fertility and the health of children in Indonesia
Refugees and asylum seekers, the crisis in Europe and the future of policy
The recent asylum crisis has highlighted the inadequacies of European asylum policies. The existing asylum system, which encourages migrants to make hazardous maritime or overland crossings to gain access to an uncertain prospect of obtaining refugee status, is inefficient, poorly targeted and lacks public support. In the long run it should be replaced by a substantial joint programme of refugee resettlement that would help those most in need of …
Immigration, public opinion and the recession in Europe
It is widely believed that the recent recession has soured public attitudes towards immigration. But most existing studies are cross-sectional and can shed little light on the economy-wide forces that shift public opinion on immigration. In this paper I use the six rounds of the European Social Survey (2002-2012) to test the effects of macro-level shocks on immigration opinion for 20 countries. For Europe as a whole the shifts in opinion have bee…
Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Policy in OECD Countries
Refugees and asylum seekers are only a small proportion of the 60 million forcibly displaced persons. But those seeking asylum in the developed world have received much of the attention as western governments have struggled to develop a policy response. An analysis of asylum applications by origin and destination indicates that these flows are largely driven by political terror and human rights abuses. Poor economic conditions in origin countries…
Stature and sibship
This paper examines historical evidence for a quality–quantity trade-off between sibship size and height as an indicator of health. The existing literature has focused more on education than on health and it has produced mixed results. Historical evidence is limited by the lack of household-level data with which to link an individual’s height with his or her childhood circumstances. Nevertheless a few recent studies have shed light on this issue.…
Health, height, and the household at the turn of the twentieth century
This article examines the health and height of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s who enlisted in the army at the time of the First World War, using a sample of recruits from the army service records. These are linked to their childhood circumstances as observed in the 1901 census. Econometric results indicate that height on enlistment was positively related to socio-economic class, and negatively to the number of children in the househol…
Migration Out of Europe
Immigrant Selection in the OECD
In this paper, we examine the determinants of educational selectivity in immigration using immigrant stock data for 70 source countries and 21 OECD destination countries, as observed in the year 2000/2001. We develop a variant of the Roy model to estimate the determinants of educational selectivity. Two key findings emerge. First, the effect of the skill premium, which is at the core of the Roy model, can be observed only after we take into accou…
Infant mortality and the health of survivors
The first half of the twentieth century saw rapid improvements in the health and height of British children. Average height and health can be related to infant mortality through a positive selection effect and a negative scarring effect. Examining town-level panel data on the heights of school children, no evidence is found for the selection effect, but there is some support for the scarring effect. The results suggest that the improvement in the…
Long run trends in the heights of European men, 19th–20th centuries
Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating
Fertility decline and the heights of children in Britain, 1886–1938
Immigrants assimilate as communities, not just as individuals
Refugees and asylum seekers, the crisis in Europe and the future of policy
The recent asylum crisis has highlighted the inadequacies of European asylum policies. The existing asylum system, which encourages migrants to make hazardous maritime or overland crossings to gain access to an uncertain prospect of obtaining refugee status, is inefficient, poorly targeted and lacks public support. In the long run it should be replaced by a substantial joint programme of refugee resettlement that would help those most in need of …
The Rise and Fall of Asylum
In the last 20 years, developed countries have struggled with what seemed to be an ever-rising tide of asylum seekers, a trend that has now gone into reverse. This paper examines what happened and why. How have oppression, violence and economic conditions in origin countries shaped worldwide trends in asylum applications? And has the toughening of policy towards asylum seekers since 2001 reduced the numbers? What policies have been effective and …
Explaining trends in UK immigration
What Drove the Mass Migrations from Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century
This article examines the cross-country and intertemporal determinants of overseas migration from Europe in the late 19th century. Using a new real wage data base, the results support the pioneering work of Richard Easterlin: rates of natural increase in Europe and income gaps between Europe and overseas were both important, while any additional influence associated with industrialization was modest. The network effects of previous migrants were …
The Immigrant Assimilation Puzzle in Late Nineteenth-Centuty America
Recent studies suggest that the earnings of pre-1890 immigrants grew slowly compared with those of natives and imply that these immigrants did not assimilate well into the American labor market. Using data for Michigan and California this article estimates new specifications for immigrant and native-born earnings, and finds that immigrants who arrived as children had similar earnings profiles to the native-born. Immigrants who arrived as adults s…
Migration and Labour Market Integration in Late Nineteenth-Century England and Wales
[Excerpt] There is a long and well established tradition of studies analysing the pattern and causes of internal migration and assessing the degree of labour market integration in late nineteenth-century Britain. Some studies document the flows of migrants from one area to another and describe migrant characteristics and the directions of the predominant streams of migration. Others analyse the determinants of gross or net migration flows at the …
After the Famine
This article examines the determinants of emigration from post-Famine Ireland. As Irish real wages rose relative to those in destination countries, the emigration rate fell. We argue, from time series analysis, that much of the secular fall in the rate can be explained by that narrowing of the wage gap. County-level, cross-sectional analysis of emigration rates indicates that poverty and low wages, large family size, and limited opportunities to …
Fertility decline and the heights of children in Britain, 1886–1938
Immigration and Inter‐Regional Mobility in the UK, 1982–2000
Most studies that look across local labour markets have found the effects of immigration to be benign. One possibility is that immigrants to a specific area simply push non-immigrants onwards elsewhere, thereby diffusing the labour market effects, Examining net internal migration between 11 regions of Britain over two decades, we find consistently negative displacement effects but their magnitude and significance varies. The effects are somewhat …
New Estimates of British Unemployment, 1870–1913
We present new estimates of the British industrial unemployment rate for 1870–1913, which improve on the Board of Trade's prior estimates. We use similar sources, but our series includes additional industrial sectors, allows for short-time working, and aggregates the various sectors using appropriate labor-force weights from the census. The resulting index suggests a rate of industrial unemployment that was generally higher, but less volatile, th…
Infant mortality and the health of survivors
The first half of the twentieth century saw rapid improvements in the health and height of British children. Average height and health can be related to infant mortality through a positive selection effect and a negative scarring effect. Examining town-level panel data on the heights of school children, no evidence is found for the selection effect, but there is some support for the scarring effect. The results suggest that the improvement in the…
Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating
What Explains Emigration Out of Latin America
Asylum Migration to the Developed World
The European migration crisis of 2015-2016 and the migrants from Central America gathering on the US border since 2017 have created headlines and presented challenges for Western governments. In this paper, I examine the trends in, and determinants of, the number of asylum seekers applying for refugee status in the developed world. This must be understood against the background of an international policy regime that evolved in response to refugee…
Health, height, and the household at the turn of the twentieth century
This article examines the health and height of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s who enlisted in the army at the time of the First World War, using a sample of recruits from the army service records. These are linked to their childhood circumstances as observed in the 1901 census. Econometric results indicate that height on enlistment was positively related to socio-economic class, and negatively to the number of children in the househol…
Immigrants assimilate as communities, not just as individuals
Stature and sibship
This paper examines historical evidence for a quality–quantity trade-off between sibship size and height as an indicator of health. The existing literature has focused more on education than on health and it has produced mixed results. Historical evidence is limited by the lack of household-level data with which to link an individual’s height with his or her childhood circumstances. Nevertheless a few recent studies have shed light on this issue.…
Wage gaps between farm and city
Women's work in census and survey, 1911-1931
Unemployment, employment contracts, and compensating wage differentials
Surveys taken by the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics in the 1890s reveal that unemployment was pervasive among unskilled workers. The incidence of unemployment was not associated with personal characteristics, but rather with the type of employment contract and job: those with high risk of layoff commanded a wage premium. Seasonality is an important part of this late nineteenth-century story, and the subsequent demise of season…
Natives and migrants in the London labour market, 1929–1931
Eighteenth-century British trade
Atmospheric Pollution, Health, and Height in Late Nineteenth Century Britain
In nineteenth century Britain atmospheric pollution from coal-fired industrialization was on the order of 50 times higher than today. We examine the effects of these emissions on child development by analysing the heights on enlistment during WWI of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s. We find a strong negative relationship between adult heights and the coal intensity of the districts in which these men were observed as children in the 190…
What Explains Wage Gaps between Farm and City? Exploring the Todaro Model with American Evidence, 1890-1941
The demand for British exports, 1870-1913
Eighteenth-century British trade
The Origins and Development of Labor Economics
Since economics emerged as a distinct field of inquiry, no other single factor has occupied so central an analytical role as labor. A review in the library journal, Choice, noted that this book does for labor in the history of economic thought what Joseph A 5chumpeter's History of Economics Analysis did more generally for the whole of economics.Beginning with the origins of labor economics' in medieval times, the book discusses the primacy of lab…
Unemployment in the 1930s and The ‘Keynesian Solution’
The British labor market in the 1920s
Keynesian Policy and British Unemployment in the 1930s
Tn a recent survey in this Review Glynn and Booth suggest that the much proclaimed 'End of the Keynesian Era' cast doubts on the ability of established theories to explain not only the problems of the contemporary world but also, by extension, those of the interwar period.' They condemn the simple and crude Keynesian analysis of deficient aggregate demand for having neglected the essentially structural and regional dimensions of the problem and f…
Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective
Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective
Recovery from the Depression
In Australia's economic history, as in the nation's politics and culture, the Great Depression is a dominant theme. An international group of economists and economic historians has collaborated, in this volume, to look at the ways in which Australia survived economic depression and recovered from it, in the context of international comparison. A range of different aspects of these questions are considered. Chapters look at both the agricultural s…
Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective
The outstanding internal economic problem of the interwar period in all countries studied was undoubtedly unemployment.Next to war, unemployment has been the most widespread, most insidious and most corroding malady of our generation; it is the specific disease of western countries in our time.It varied in intensity in the different countries but in nearly every industrial country it held the center of the social and economic stage in the interwa…
Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective
1 Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective: An Overview.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Emergence of the Problem.- 3 Aggregate Unemployment Statistics.- 4 Labour Demand and Supply.- 5 Unemployment and Labour Market Adjustment.- 6 The Incidence of Unemployment.- 7 Labour Turnover and Unemployment Duration.- 8 The Effects of Unemployment.- 9 Conclusion.- 2 The Macroeconomics of the Interwar Years: International Comparisons.- 1 Introduction.- 2 R…
Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective
The outstanding internal economic problem of the interwar period in all countries studied was undoubtedly unemployment.Next to war, unemployment has been the most widespread, most insidious and most corroding malady of our generation; it is the specific disease of western countries in our time.It varied in intensity in the different countries but in nearly every industrial country it held the center of the social and economic stage in the interwa…
The demand for British exports, 1870-1913
Integrated and Segmented Labor Markets
The broblem with recent historical debates over the segmentation and intergration of labor markets iis that they typically fail to sort out disequlibrium demand shocks from equlibrating migrant-supply responses. This article does so, by exploring the determinants of wage gaps between farm and city for eight countries over the century following 1860
The Earnings Gap Between Agricultural and Manufacturing Laborers, 1925–1941
We estimate the monthly and hourly earnings ratio between agricultural and manufacturing laborers, adjusting for compensation received in-kind and differences in the cost of living. Our results indicate that prior to the Great Depression, agricultural compensation was similar to that in manufacturing within geographic regions, and a substantial earnings gap in favor of manufacturing emerged in the early thirties
Unemployment, employment contracts, and compensating wage differentials
Surveys taken by the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics in the 1890s reveal that unemployment was pervasive among unskilled workers. The incidence of unemployment was not associated with personal characteristics, but rather with the type of employment contract and job: those with high risk of layoff commanded a wage premium. Seasonality is an important part of this late nineteenth-century story, and the subsequent demise of season…
Wage gaps between farm and city
Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective
The outstanding internal economic problem of the interwar period in all countries studied was undoubtedly unemployment.Next to war, unemployment has been the most widespread, most insidious and most corroding malady of our generation; it is the specific disease of western countries in our time.It varied in intensity in the different countries but in nearly every industrial country it held the center of the social and economic stage in the interwa…
What Explains Wage Gaps between Farm and City? Exploring the Todaro Model with American Evidence, 1890-1941
Household Labor Supply and Women′s Work in Interwar Britain
After the Famine
This article examines the determinants of emigration from post-Famine Ireland. As Irish real wages rose relative to those in destination countries, the emigration rate fell. We argue, from time series analysis, that much of the secular fall in the rate can be explained by that narrowing of the wage gap. County-level, cross-sectional analysis of emigration rates indicates that poverty and low wages, large family size, and limited opportunities to …
The Union Wage Effect in Late Nineteenth Century Britain
This paper offers an historical dimension to the impact of trade unions on earnings by estimating the union wage effect in Britain in 1989-90 using data from the US Commissioner of Labor survey conducted at that time. The determinants of union status are also investigated in terms of a probit estimation using individual characteristics which may be correlated with union membership. The results of this first step are used in the computation of sel…
What Drove the Mass Migrations from Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century
This article examines the cross-country and intertemporal determinants of overseas migration from Europe in the late 19th century. Using a new real wage data base, the results support the pioneering work of Richard Easterlin: rates of natural increase in Europe and income gaps between Europe and overseas were both important, while any additional influence associated with industrialization was modest. The network effects of previous migrants were …
Did Joseph Arch Raise Agricultural Wages
The outbreak of rural unionism in the early 1870s and its subsequent collapse is a well-known milestone in labour history. It was one of the earliest attempts to raise wages among unskilled labourers through unionism. There has been much conjecture but little systematic analysis of its effect on rural wages. Using two different approaches we provide the first econometric estimates of the impact of rural unionism on wages during this era. We find …
A Model of U.K. Emigration, 1870-1913
This paper develops a simple time series model of emigration and applies it to data for emigration from the UK, 1870-1913. The model is derived from a microeconomic analysis of the migration decision and provides a specific functional form and dynamic structure. It encompasses and explains many of the empirical findings of earlier research on the determinants of emigration over this historical period. The results support the model strongly in mos…
Migration and the International Labour Market, 1850-1939
Economics (64 obras) · Political science (41 obras) · Demographic economics (34 obras) · Geography (30 obras) · Migration and Labor Dynamics (28 obras) · Sociology (26 obras) · Labour economics (25 obras) · Law (21 obras) · Immigration (20 obras) · Demography (19 obras)