A S Tritton
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 697718 |
|---|---|
| NOME | A S Tritton |
| PRENOMES | A S |
| SOBRENOME | Tritton |
| ASSINATURA | TRITTON A S |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Universidad de Londres |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 52 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 8 |
| OBRAS COMO AUTOR | 52 |
| OBRAS COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1925 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2013 |
| ÍNDICE H | 2 |
Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects
Originally published in 1939. After the death of Muhammad his community was ruled by three caliphs who kept their capital as Medina, the City of the Prophet. Under the rule of the caliphs those who did not confess the Muslim faith were under certain restrictions both in public and private life. This volume examines the social, cultural, religious and economic aspects of this period and includes chapters on: Government Service; Churches and Monast…
The Speech of God
In the last chapter of maqdldt al-muslimin (pp. 582-607) al-Ash'ari records opinions of early Muslims on the Qur'qn, most of them anonymous and some of the ascriptions dubious. The reports are usually brief so a summary is scrappy: contrary views are those of different groups. Some are quoted from Zurqdn and some from Ja'far al-Mubashshir are given for what they may be worth. An early opinion is that the Qur'in is the speech of God, it is not God…
Sketches of Life Under the Caliphs (Iii)
The Healing art and the Limits of Change in nature according to Ibn Hazm
The British Museum manuscript Or. 843 is the second part of Kitāb al-fisal fī 'l-milal by Ibn Hazm and includes several additions to the printed text. The longest has two sections and begins on folio 142 r., 1. 7. The first is quite new, is on medicine, and is purely theological, a defence of the healing art because the results are foreordained by God like all else. The second, beginning on folio 143 r., 1. 7, is longer than the print, adds kīmiy…
The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects. A Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar
Originally published in 1939. After the death of Muhammad his community was ruled by three caliphs who kept their capital as Medina, the City of the Prophet. Under the rule of the caliphs those who did not confess the Muslim faith were under certain restrictions both in public and private life. This volume examines the social, cultural, religious and economic aspects of this period and includes chapters on: Government Service; Churches and Monast…
The camel and the needle's eye
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Man, nafs, rūḥ, 'aql
This essay takes for granted articles in the Encyclopaedia of Islam and papers by D. B. Macdonald and W. E. Calverley but a brief summary may be allowed. Nafs and rūh were used loosely to mean almost anything connected with life, but acquired new meanings as the years went by. Men differed about the nature and activity of all three constituents of man. 'Soul' is almost the equivalent of nafs in its precise sense though it may be hard at times to …
The speech of God
This tract is an answer to Ḥanbalī claims; it is badly arranged with much repetition and there are no new ideas in it. It is an example of theological controversy at a low level of intelligence. A summary will show the conclusions reached by Muslims about the speech of God
An Early Work from the School of al-Māturīdī
The British Museum has a manuscript (Or. 12781), a long pamphlet of 82 folios, octavo size; folio 1r carries the title and 82v is blank. The page has 13 lines of big writing with 10 or 11 words to the line. It is modern with no author's name or indication of source; the title is “The book of refutation of the heretics, entitled al-sawād al-a‘zam according to the doctrine of the most great imām, Abū Ḥanīfa”. The author is Abu'l-Qāsim Isḥāq b. Muḥa…
Sketches of Life Under the Caliphs
Umae Khayyam as an Arabic Poet
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The Easter Fire at Jerusalem
The earliest western mention of the Easter fire seems to be by Fulcher of Chartres in a.d. 1101 and this, like later reports, calls it a miracle. An Arabic account exists in a manuscript in the British Museum of the tatimmat ṣiwān al-ḥikma by 'Alī b. Zaid al-Baihaqī († 1174) though it is not in the Lahore print of this book. It runs:— He said: How shall I neglect the judgement of the teacher? The fire comes down in the church of the Resurrection …
Ash-Shafi‘i’s Risalah
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Siege Of Constantinople, A.D. 714–16
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Ma'Ārij Al-Quds
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Theology and Philosophy of the Isma'ilis
The Twelver Shi'a says that the imam Ja'far al-Sadiq disinherited his son Isma'il for drunkenness and gave the succession to another, Musa al-Kazim. Others argued that once an imam always an imam and continued to recognize Isma'il. Prof. Bernard Lewis has pointed out that there are hints at something worse than drunkenness, perhaps heresy. Sunni writers represent the Isma'ilis as godless with seven stages of initiation leading up to a repudiation…
Sidelights on Muslim History
A 'Mirror for magistrates' entitled 'The manners of kings and advice to them' (adab al-mulūk'iḥhum) precedes in MS Or. 9446 of the British Museum the suḥbat al-mulūk (commonly called kitāb al-tāj) which is ascribed to Jāḥiຓ. As the former names Saladin, the ascription to Jāḥiຓ, if meant to apply to it, is wrong. Each section begins with a line or two, 'The prudent king will do this, will not do that', followed by one or more examples from history
False Prophets and Others
In spite of Muḥammad's boast that he was the last of the prophets, many of his followers claimed to be prophets. As a rule little is known about these claimants but there are exceptions
Three Inscriptions from Jerusalem
AJudge from Qanṭūriya in Spain, Khālid b. 'Īsā al-Balawī, spent the years 1336-40 on pilgrimage, passing through Africa and Jerusalem. He was interested in inscriptions and copied several in Jerusalem; those which can be checked, Ma'mūn's in the Dome of the Rock and Saladin's in al-Aqṣā, are accurate, so we may assume that others are also. The record is contained in B.M. Or. 9252 and Paris (B.N.) 2286. It is a pleasant duty to thank the Bibliothè…
Louis Gardet
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Some Arab Superstitions
Notes on the Muslim System of Pensions
Every history book describes the system of registration and pensions ( dīwān ) set up by 'Umar I and the reform attempted by 'Umar II. Wellhausen set out the causes of dissatisfaction with it, the larger sums given to the Syrians, the desire of converts to share equally with the Arabs, and the resentment of the Arabs at the government keeping much of the money instead of handing it all over to the fighters who had earned it. These notes do not cl…
Muslim Education in the Middle Ages (Circa 600–800 A.H.)
Richard Bell
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An Old Man of the Sea
Muslim Funeral Customs
There is no article "funeral" in the Enchclopædia of Islam so it seemed good to collect the material on this subject. The first charge on a Musulim' estate was the cost of his funeral, the provision of grave-clothes, tomb, and the expense of washing the body.WashingThe body was washed by those nearest to the dead; normally men prepared a man for burial. "They turned up their sleeves, tucked their shirts into their belts, washed him, and wrapped h…
Islam and the Protected Religions
In legal terminology kharáj means land tax, and jizya poll tax. It has been proved conclusively, and here it is only needful to mention the fact, that this usage is not primitive, and that both words, kharáj in the east and jizya in Egypt, meant tribute. The commonly accepted tradition is that 'Umar I imposed two taxes, land and poll, which were uniform throughout the empire
Man, nafs, rūḥ, 'aql
This essay takes for granted articles in the Encyclopaedia of Islam and papers by D. B. Macdonald and W. E. Calverley but a brief summary may be allowed. Nafs and rūh were used loosely to mean almost anything connected with life, but acquired new meanings as the years went by. Men differed about the nature and activity of all three constituents of man. 'Soul' is almost the equivalent of nafs in its precise sense though it may be hard at times to …
Muslim Education in the Middle Ages (Circa 600–800 A.H.)
Spirits and Demons in Arabia
The Arabs believed in the existence of beings to which they gave commonly the generic name “djinn”. For convenience we may call them spirits. Muḥammad carried these ideas over into Islam where theologians developed and systematized them. These Muslim ideas are of no interest to the student of folk-lore unless it can be shown that they contain older material
The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle
IN the year 1405 ( a.d. 1098, a.h. 472), fifty-one years after the Turks had conquered these lands, when Alexius was emperor in Constantinople, the Turk Yághí-Siyán (Aksin) had been made governor of Antioch by Abu 'l Fatḥ, the Egyptian Afḍal was in Jerusalem, which he had taken from the Turks Suqmán and his brothers, the sons of Ortuk, two years before, and all the sea-coast was subject to the Egyptians, Theodore Kurbalát the son of Hátim was in …
A Conflate Story in Tabari
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Islam and the Protected Religions
In Muslim countries adherents of the protected religions had to put up with certain restrictions on their public life. It was held that this was sanctioned by the Ḳur'ān, “Until they pay tribute out of hand, and they be humbled.” This humiliation is often mentioned in the early treaties
Islam and the Protected Religions
In legal terminology kharáj means land tax, and jizya poll tax. It has been proved conclusively, and here it is only needful to mention the fact, that this usage is not primitive, and that both words, kharáj in the east and jizya in Egypt, meant tribute. The commonly accepted tradition is that 'Umar I imposed two taxes, land and poll, which were uniform throughout the empire
Dār-ur-raḳīḳ
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The Caliphs and their Non-Muslim Subjects
Islam and the Protected Religions
Since the manuscript of The Caliphs and their non-Muslim Subjects was given to the printer further material has accumulated. Most of it, though interesting or amusing, only confirms what was said in the book. The Ecclesiastical History of Bar Hebraeus, however, gives a clearer idea of the relations between the state and the church
An-Nābita
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The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle
IN the year 1405 ( a.d. 1098, a.h. 472), fifty-one years after the Turks had conquered these lands, when Alexius was emperor in Constantinople, the Turk Yághí-Siyán (Aksin) had been made governor of Antioch by Abu 'l Fatḥ, the Egyptian Afḍal was in Jerusalem, which he had taken from the Turks Suqmán and his brothers, the sons of Ortuk, two years before, and all the sea-coast was subject to the Egyptians, Theodore Kurbalát the son of Hátim was in …
Notes on some Ismaïli Manuscripts
The School of Oriental Studies has bought a small collection of Ismaili books which were the property of a Bohra mullah in India. He died about three years ago, and some of his books went to his son who had become a Christian. Having no interest in Ismaili theology he arranged with a missionary to sell them outside India. It looks as if the library had been divided in a way typical of India, one heir getting the first volume of a work and another…
Spirits and Demons in Arabia
The Arabs believed in the existence of beings to which they gave commonly the generic name “djinn”. For convenience we may call them spirits. Muḥammad carried these ideas over into Islam where theologians developed and systematized them. These Muslim ideas are of no interest to the student of folk-lore unless it can be shown that they contain older material
The place of n in forminģ Semitic roots
In Semitic languages a root containing n often agrees in meaning, wholly or partially, with some weak root. Brockelmann (Grundriss, i, 536) suggests that the Syriac nhp "barefooted", corresponding to the Arabic hfy, shows that Aramaic once possessed a reflexive in n. This explanation will not serve when n comes at the end of the root
The Illustration to the Doctrine of the “Leap”
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Arabic Grammar
Arabic Grammar: Inductive Method. By E. E. Elder. (American University at Cairo; Oriental Series.) pp. 352. American University at Cairo, School of Oriental Studies, Cairo, Egypt, 1937. 8s. - Volume 9 Issue 2
Muslim Funeral Customs
There is no article "funeral" in the Enchclopædia of Islam so it seemed good to collect the material on this subject. The first charge on a Musulim' estate was the cost of his funeral, the provision of grave-clothes, tomb, and the expense of washing the body.WashingThe body was washed by those nearest to the dead; normally men prepared a man for burial. "They turned up their sleeves, tucked their shirts into their belts, washed him, and wrapped h…
A Theological Miscellany
Manuscripts from the Yemen mention this sect. The following account of it is taken from works in the British Museum; possibly further details could be found in manuscripts in Berlin. It is said that these heretics are to be found in most countries. One writer declares tantalizingly that their errors are too many for him to mention them all. By their show of devotion to the family of the prophet they spread error in Islam, making men think that it…
The Average Man in Early Islam
Literature is full of the saints of Islam, like the man who was so oppressed by the seriousness of life that he always looked as if he were coming from the funeral of a near relative, and another who fainted when he saw a bedouin smearing his camel with hot tar, because it reminded him of hell. It is a mistake to think that all Muslims lived up to this standard.Even the pious 'Umar lost his temper at a formula consecrated by religion. In reply to…
Non-Muslim Subjects of the Muslim State
The law books tell how the state should treat its subjects who were not of the Muslim faith, the dhimmis ; it does not follow that the laws were observed
Foreign Influences on Muslim Theology
A New religion has no theology; that develops later. It is only natural that Islam should show some influence of the older religions among which it grew up. New ideas came in with converts or through talk with men of other faiths. Muslim theology moved in a circle, and came back to its starting-point with the same ideas deeper and riper. The second and third centuries of the Hijra were the formative period, after which thought degenerated into th…
Najran Inscriptions
All the epigraphic material dealt with in this note was recorded in and about the oasis of Najran, situated in the Wadi of the same name at the point where it begins to leave the mountains and to splay out into the great south desert of Arabia. The oasis lies at an altitude of 4,500 feet above sea-level between rugged granite and basalt walls surmounted by a frieze of reddish, rather friable, sandstone averaging 300 feet in thickness with peaks r…
Theology in the Making
Muslim theology was helped in its growth by the disputes of Muslims with Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, philosophers, and with one another. There are many tales of these arguments and they reveal something of the atmosphere of early Islam. Most of them concern heretics
The Student of Arabic
He intends going to India as a merchant but, previous to his embarkation, wishes to give some time to the study of foreign languages, European and Asiatic, and particularly the Persian." These words are taken from a letter of introduction which Jones wrote to be presented to Schultens; even a professor must regard a language as something to be used, not merely an object of study. Jones had begun to learn Arabic at Harrow, and at Oxford a friend e…
A Theological Text
The kitāb al-fisal wa'l-nihal by Ibn Hazm has been expanded by the insertion of pamphlets which were originally separate works; see Friedlaender's article in the Noeldeke Festschrift. The British Museum manuscript Or. 843 does not contain these additions, but does contain a summary of theological ideas which is not in the printed book. This summary is in five sections, the tenets of the Qadariyya, Murji'a, Khawārij, and Shī'a, and what was though…
Folklore in Arabic Literature
MUSLIMS have a high sense of the dignity of literature so they exclude anything in the nature of folklore except from the bestiaries. Then, belief in djinn is an article of faith so tales about them are part of religion. At the present day the people of Tunis believe that djinn live in the sea. No Muslim, who prides himself on his orthodoxy, can accept this for djinn are made of fire and it is obvious that djinn cannot live in water. As a curiosi…
Folklore in Islam
Catalogue of Oriental Manuscripts in the Library of the Royal College of Physicians
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