Louis Schmidt
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 7445854 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Louis Schmidt |
| PRENOMES | Louis |
| SOBRENOME | Schmidt |
| ASSINATURA | SCHMIDT L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | McMaster University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7954-0664 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 59 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 19 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 59 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1992 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Socioeconomic inequity in extreme outcomes within very pre-term and/or very low birthweight infants
Background Pre-term birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) is a major cause of neonatal mortality, with very pre-term (< 32 weeks' gestation) and extremely pre-term (< 28 weeks' gestation) infants facing the highest risks. While socioeconomic disparities in pre-term birth are well-documented, relatively little is known about inequities among the highest risk subgroups. Methods Using data from the RECAP Pre-term Project across six high-income countries, we…
Social withdrawal in an ecologically salient real-world context
Little research has examined the correlates of children’s social withdrawal in real-world contexts beyond the classroom. Here, we used a surgical setting as an ecologically salient stress model to study one type of social withdrawal: shyness. Participants were 171 children ( M age = 10.1 years, SD age = 1.7, range = 7–13 years, 50.1% boys), who were undergoing elective surgery, and their parents ( M age = 40.7 years, SD age = 6.8, range = 29–59 y…
Shyness Associations With Approach/Avoidance Behaviors in Emerging Adulthood
Previous research has shown that shyness is a risk factor for poor socio‐emotional outcomes, although not all shy adults develop these problematic behaviors. Emotional intelligence (EI) may be one explanatory factor that helps facilitate adaptive social behaviors and buffers against developing internalizing behaviors in some shy individuals. Accordingly, this study investigated whether EI moderated the relation between shyness and social approach…
Shyness Associations With Approach/Avoidance-Related Behaviors in Clinically Anxious Adults in Canada
We explored whether emotional intelligence (EI) and its four dimensions individually promoted approach-related behaviors (i.e., sociability) or mitigated avoidance-related behaviors (i.e., internalizing behaviors) in adults clinically diagnosed with anxiety prior to undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy. Participants were 160 patients ( M age = 39.50 years, SD = 13.65, 28.1% male) who completed online questionnaires related to shyness, EI, soci…
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Different Types of Shyness
Previous studies have shown that the expression of childhood shyness varies across Western and Eastern cultures. This study examined whether two East Asian subtypes of shyness (anxious and regulated) existed in both a Western and East Asian context; and if so, whether there were differences in the relation between these two subtypes and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors across country. Participants were children aged 8–10 years…
My parent is acting different, should I be worried?” child temperament and caregiver emotional consistency in predicting child anxiety in the surgical setting
Parent-child interactions can vary in different contexts contributing to differences in children's behaviors. Using a short-term longitudinal design, we examined whether caregiver emotional consistency (CEC) moderated the relation between children's temperament and preoperative anxiety in a unique real-world, ecologically salient context: the surgical setting. Participants were 102 children ( M age = 10.5 years, SD age = 1.7, range = 8-13 years, …
What Do We Think of Shy Adults? Influence of One's Own Shyness and Sociability
OBJECTIVE: Shyness is a ubiquitous personality characteristic present across historical time and cultures. Yet, little is known about perceptions of shy adults in Western society. We examined emerging adults' perceptions of shy and sociable women and whether one's own personality influenced their perceptions. METHOD: = 19.07 years) were randomized to read a vignette describing either a prototypical shy woman or a prototypical sociable woman and r…
State and trait late positive potential predict maternal mental health
Neural processes of emotional reactivity are putative mechanisms of risk for psychopathology in children and adults. Individual differences in neural processes of emotion in adults are linked to poor adult mental health and to developing emotion in offspring. At the level of observed and self-reported behavior, both state and trait-level variations in emotional reactivity are associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, whether st…
Generational Trends in Children’s Shyness
Neural Sensitivity to Ambiguous Social Exclusion Reflects Information Processing Bias in Midadolescents With Higher Levels of Aggression
Aggression is commonly associated with increased experiences of peer rejection and maladaptive social information processing biases throughout development. Little is known about the neural correlates of peer rejection that might underlie social information processing biases, and whether these neural correlates are common or different across early‐ and mid‐adolescents on a continuum of aggression. Using the Cyberball task, we examined mediofrontal…
Caring Too Much or Too Little? Relations Among Motivations for Social Withdrawal, Empathy, and Prosociality in Emerging Adulthood
Most previous work examining relations between social withdrawal and social cognition has focused primarily on empathy‐related behaviors in shy children. However, there are different underlying reasons to withdraw from social interactions, which may be differentially related to aspects of social cognition throughout the lifespan. The present study investigated relations among the different motivations for social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, avoidan…
Sociability across Eastern–Western cultures
In this study, we examined cross‐cultural differences in sociability, a core personality facet of the higher order extraversion trait, which has been reported at lower levels in Eastern versus Western cultures several decades ago. Up until now, however, East–West cultural comparisons on the Western‐defined construct of sociability have been limited, despite the extensive research published on extraversion indicating that this personality dimensio…
Shyness and inhibitory control in preschool dyads
The risk potentiation model of cognitive control posits that inhibitory control heightens children's risk for problematic outcomes in the context of shyness because it limits shy children's ability to engage flexibly with their environment. Although there is empirical support for the risk potentiation model, most studies have been restricted to parent report of children's outcomes and do not consider the influence of shyness and inhibitory contro…
How biology shapes the development of shyness within specific contexts
Shyness is a temperamental trait that refers to fear and wariness in the face of social novelty and is known to have a biological basis. One proposed physiological correlate of shyness has been the change in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) from baseline to a stressor. However, past research linking shyness and RSA change has been mixed, which may be, in part, due to a failure to carefully consider the context under which RSA change is measured…
Latent profiles of children's shyness
Shyness can manifest on behavioral, affective, and physiological levels, but little is known about how these components cluster. We coded behavioral expressions of avoidance/inhibition, collected self-reported nervousness, and measured cardiac vagal withdrawal in 152 children (M age = 7.82 years, 73 girls, 82% White) to a speech task in 2018–2021. A latent profile analysis using these behavioral, affective, and physiological indicators revealed f…
Developmental patterns of children's shyness
The dysregulation of social fear has been widely studied in children's shyness, but we know little about how shy children regulate during unfair treatment. We first characterized developmental patterns of children's shyness (N = 304, n girls = 153; 74% White, 26% Other) across 2 (M age = 2.07), 3 (M age = 3.08), 4 (M age = 4.08), and 6 (M age = 6.58) years of age. Data collection occurred from 2007 to 2014. At age 6, the high stable group had hig…
Maternal involvement and adolescents' psychological and academic adjustment after Covid ‐19 return‐to‐school
The current study examined the idea that maternal involvement during the COVID-19 school closure period could contribute to the development of adolescents' daily routines, which could ultimately associate with their psychological and academic adjustment after return-to-school. Data were collected from 520 Chinese adolescents (M age = 12.75 years, SD age = 1.48 years) and their mothers during the COVID-19 school closure and one year after return-t…
Inhibitory control, dyadic social behavior, and mental health difficulties in preschoolers
Although inhibitory control is typically associated with positive outcomes, several theoretical frameworks suggest that too little and too much inhibitory control may be problematic. Using a longitudinal, latent variable approach, we examined whether a multi-method index of inhibitory control at Time 1 (N = 105, 52 girls, Mage = 3.50 years, 87% White) predicted observed social behavior with an unfamiliar peer and maternal report of preschoolers’ …
Shyness, inhibitory control, and social support seeking in preschoolers
The risk potentiation model of cognitive control posits that inhibitory control may heighten the risk for problematic outcomes among some temperamental styles characterized by high reactivity. Because shyness is a temperamental style defined as wariness and heightened reactivity to social novelty, we examined whether the interaction between shyness and inhibitory control predicted social support seeking differently depending on context using a be…
Psychometric perspectives on shyness across the lifespan
This study examined mean-levels of shyness from childhood to senescence. To improve validity in our shyness measure across age, we used two different but comparable shyness scales in adult and child/adolescent datasets that were created separately within a repeated cross-sectional design. In the adult analysis (N = 1,294, ages = 17–86), measurement invariance (through multi-group confirmatory factor analysis and the alignment method) was establis…
Age-related differences in behavioral problems between shy adults and shy children
Preschoolers' Social Cognitive Development in the Age of Screen Time Ubiquity
Is screen time exposure a double-edged sword for children's social cognitive development among today's children? We conducted a short-term prospective longitudinal study of 57 typically developing children (Mage = 54.7 months, standard deviation = 2.5 months; 27 female) to examine the association between quantity of screen time exposure during the preschool years (Time 1; age 4) and social cognitive outcomes 1 year later (Time 2; age 5), coincidi…
Revisiting Shyness and Sociability in Schizophrenia
Although there is a long and rich empirical history of demonstrating differences on psychological self-report measures between people with schizophrenia and healthy controls, the question of whether both groups respond to psychological measures in the same way has gone largely unexplored. That is, is there measurement equivalence, or invariance, across the samples? To our knowledge, there have been no published studies on measurement equivalency …
Differences in Established Joint Attention in Hearing-Hearing and Hearing-Deaf Mother-Child Dyads
The authors examined relations among observed joint attention, maternal report of child’s social competence, setting (home vs. laboratory), task (unstructured vs. semi-structured), and dyad type [hearing mother–hearing child (n = 55, Mage = 25.8 months) vs. hearing mother–deaf child (n = 27, Mage = 26.9 months)]. Hearing child dyads scored higher on joint attention during unstructured tasks, especially in their home environment. Hearing child dya…
Temperamental Shyness, Frontal EEG Theta/Beta Ratio, and Social Anxiety in Children
The authors examined how children’s frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) theta/beta ratio—an index of neurocognitive control—changed from baseline to a social stressor, and whether these EEG changes moderated the relation between temperament and anxiety. Children (N = 152; Mage = 7.82 years, 52% male, 81% White) had their EEG recorded during a baseline and speech anticipation condition. Children’s frontal theta/beta ratio decreased from baseline to…
Variation in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity among bullied and non‐bullied children
We examined the relationship between being bullied during childhood and activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis as assessed through repeated measures of salivary cortisol. A non‐clinical sample of 154 (74 boys) predominantly Caucasian middle‐class 12‐year‐olds each provided detailed information about their experiences with bullying and six saliva samples were standardized across time and day. Children with a history of child mal…
Identification with ancestral culture is associated with fewer internalizing problems among older Naskapi adolescents
The manifestations of externalizing and internalizing behaviors among minority adolescents might best be understood by examining their relation to culturally specific factors, such as cultural identity, as well as to factors that seem to be relevant across cultures, such as age and gender. In this study, we examined the roles of age and gender in moderating the relation between self-reported cultural identity and externalizing and internalizing p…
Is shyness context specific? Relation between shyness and online self-disclosure with and without a live webcam in young adults
Approach-avoidance conflict and shyness
One long-standing theoretical model of shyness proposes that the origins and maintenance of shyness are associated with an approach-avoidance motivational conflict (Asendorpf, 1990), such that shy individuals are motivated to socially engage (high approach motivation) but are too anxious to do so (high avoidance motivation). However, this model has not been empirically tested in predicting the development of shyness. In two separate longitudinal …
Sex Differences in the Expression and Use of Computer-Mediated Affective Language
Although women have been stereotyped as more emotionally expressive than men, the extant empirical evidence on sex differences in the expression and use of affective communication is equivocal. The authors examined the influence of sex and context on the expression and use of computer-mediated affective language in a sample of young adults. A total of 56 undergraduates (28 males, 28 females) were paired in same-sex dyads and randomly assigned to …
How biology shapes the development of shyness within specific contexts
Shyness is a temperamental trait that refers to fear and wariness in the face of social novelty and is known to have a biological basis. One proposed physiological correlate of shyness has been the change in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) from baseline to a stressor. However, past research linking shyness and RSA change has been mixed, which may be, in part, due to a failure to carefully consider the context under which RSA change is measured…
Low Self-Esteem in Differentiating Fearful and Self-Conscious Forms of Shyness
Differences between fearfully and self-consciously shy individuals in self-esteem were investigated. Analysis indicated that fearfully (n = 45) compared to self-consciously (n = 40) shy individuals self-reported lower self-esteem. This result suggests that the role of low self-esteem may be different for each shyness subtype. A possible explanation was proffered
Are Women Who Are Shy Reluctant to Take Risks? Behavioral and Psychophysiological Correlates
Continuity and Discontinuity of Behavioral Inhibition and Exuberance
Four-month-old infants were screened (N = 433) for temperamental patterns thought to predict behavioral inhibition, including motor reactivity and the expression of negative affect. Those selected (N = 153) were assessed at multiple age points across the first 4 years of life for behavioral signs of inhibition as well as psychophysiological markers of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry. Four-month temperament was modestly predictive of …
Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Asymmetry During Sleep
Electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha (8-12 Hz) asymmetries were collected from the mid-frontal and central regions during presleep wakefulness and Stage 1, Stage 2, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 11 healthy right-handed participants who were free of psychiatric, neurological, and sleep problems. The authors found significant correlations between presleep wakefulness and different stages of sleep in the frontal, but not central, EEG alpha asymm…
Frontal Electroencephalogram Activation Asymmetry, Emotional Intelligence, and Externalizing Behaviors in 10-Year-Old Children
Scraps as it were’
Is shyness context specific? Relation between shyness and online self-disclosure with and without a live webcam in young adults
The “dual usage problem” in the explanations of “joint attention” and children’s socioemotional development
Variation in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity among bullied and non‐bullied children
We examined the relationship between being bullied during childhood and activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis as assessed through repeated measures of salivary cortisol. A non‐clinical sample of 154 (74 boys) predominantly Caucasian middle‐class 12‐year‐olds each provided detailed information about their experiences with bullying and six saliva samples were standardized across time and day. Children with a history of child mal…
Shy Children are Less Sensitive to Some Cues to Facial Recognition
Sex Differences in the Expression and Use of Computer-Mediated Affective Language
Although women have been stereotyped as more emotionally expressive than men, the extant empirical evidence on sex differences in the expression and use of affective communication is equivocal. The authors examined the influence of sex and context on the expression and use of computer-mediated affective language in a sample of young adults. A total of 56 undergraduates (28 males, 28 females) were paired in same-sex dyads and randomly assigned to …
An Investigation of Control Among Parents of Selectively Mute, Anxious, and Non-Anxious Children
Joint Attention in Parent–Child Dyads Involving Children with Selective Mutism
Maternal Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Offspring Temperament and Behavior at 1 and 2 Years of Age
Early Violence Exposure and Executive Function
Child and youth exposure to violence is a widespread problem in the United States [Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, & Hamby, 2009]. Exposure to violence is associated with numerous negative outcomes related to children’s development, including their social and academic performance, as well as their mental health [Margolin & Gordis, 2000; Martinez-Torteya, Anne Bogat, Von Eye, & Levendosky, 2009; Schwartz & Gorman, 2003]. McCoy [this issue] offers a the…
Temperament and its relation to social functioning in schizophrenia
BACKGROUND: We previously noted increased shyness in stable community outpatients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and that shyness may be a risk factor for social functioning impairment in this population (Goldberg & Schmidt, 2001). AIMS: We attempted to replicate and extend these findings by comparing the use of a brief trait measure of shyness and sociability (SS; Cheek, 1983; Cheek & Buss, 1981) with the longer Temperament and …
Linking Temperamental Shyness and Social Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence
Personality Development Within a Generational Context
Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors
Although individuals born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW; < 1,000 g) are the most vulnerable of all preterm survivors, their risk for mental health problems across the life span has not been systematically reviewed. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to ascertain whether the risk for mental health problems is greater for ELBW survivors than their normal birth weight (NBW) peers in childhood, adolescence, an…
Neurodevelopmental differences to social exclusion
Although the neural correlates of social exclusion have been well-documented, most studies have examined single age groups. No studies have directly compared specific age-related differences in social exclusion across children, adolescents, and adults using event-related oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) dynamics. The authors examined event-related theta EEG power and phase coherence in fair play and social exclusion conditions during the Cy…
Smiling through the shyness
Most research treats shyness as a homogenous phenomenon when examining its correlates and consequences, which limits the identification of specific groups of shy children who may be at differential risk for maladaptive social outcomes. Here, we examined whether different types of shyness were uniquely associated with social adjustment and physiological stress reactivity in school-age children (n = 92; Mage = 7.47 years; SD = 2.23 years). During t…
Shyness and sociability among extremely low birth weight survivors in the third and fourth decades of life
OBJECTIVE: We examined differences between the oldest known longitudinally followed cohort of extremely low birth weight survivors (ELBW; 2,500 grams) control participants on shyness and sociability, as well as conflicted shyness in adulthood across nearly a decade from their 20s to 30s. METHOD: 100 ELBW survivors and 88 NBW control participants self-reported on shyness and sociability using the Cheek and Buss (1981; Cheek, 1983) shyness and soci…
Personality and opponent processes
The opponent process theory of emotion posits that emotional states evoke opposite emotion states as they wane, resulting in sequential approach and withdrawal motivations. However, whether opponent processes are associated with individual differences in personality remains an empirical question. Using visual afterimage responses to emotional faces as an index of opponent processes, we found that young adults (N = 101; Mage = 19.41 years, SD = 2.…
Maternal Metabolic Complications in Pregnancy and Offspring Behavior Problems at 2 Years of Age
Trajectories of Dissociative Experiences in Adolescent Females Exposed to Child Maltreatment
Introduction: Dissociative experiences resulting in disruptions in the integration of an organized sense of self are one consequence of childhood maltreatment, and is associated with psychopathology and maladjustment across development. Despite the consequences of dissociative experiences, we know relatively little about the physiological factors associated with the development of dissociative experiences in children exposed to maltreatment. Meth…
Psychology (52 obras) · Developmental psychology (50 obras) · Anxiety (36 obras) · Social Psychology (33 obras) · Shyness (32 obras) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (30 obras) · Psychiatry (23 obras) · Personality (22 obras) · Clinical Psychology (19 obras) · Temperament (18 obras)