William M Bukowski
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 757524 |
|---|---|
| NOME | William M Bukowski |
| PRENOMES | William M |
| SOBRENOME | Bukowski |
| ASSINATURA | BUKOWSKI W M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Concordia University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5737-3559 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 63 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 835 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1983 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 14 |
Typologies of Young Adolescents’ Close Relationships With Parents, Siblings, and Friends
Relationships with parents, siblings, and friends are salient contexts to study young adolescent adjustment. Internal working models of relationships develop based on early experiences and provide a framework for how individuals navigate later relationships. Despite the enduring and impactful nature of sibling relationships, little research to date focuses on identifying patterns of relationship quality with siblings while in the presence of othe…
Family functioning and youth adjustment
The present study examined the extent to which specific facets of family functioning were associated with adolescents' internalizing difficulties and the moderating effect of relationship security with a sibling and a best friend. This two-wave longitudinal study included 335 adolescents ( M = 10.86, SD = 0.73) who completed a series of questionnaires on sibling and best friend security, as well as internalizing difficulties. Parents completed a …
Sharing cities with the future
Residential preferences for single‐family homes are a key driver of urban sprawl. Using a stated‐preference survey among university students in Montreal, we explored how participants’ residential preferences are related to their perceptions of urban sprawl and intergenerational justice. A surprisingly large proportion of participants knew very little about urban sprawl. Preference for single‐family homes was not particularly pronounced. Preferenc…
Predicting changes in classroom aggression status norms
This study examined variations in the development of classroom aggression popularity norms, as well as the role of homeroom teachers’ aggression beliefs and students’ perceptions of teachers’ support as predictors of such variations. To achieve this goal, a sample of 63 classrooms were assessed at four time points during a school year, in nine Colombian schools. Results indicated that, overall, classroom aggression popularity norms have a nonline…
Change over time in interactions between unfamiliar toddlers
The frequency and length of games, conflicts, and contingency sequences that took place between toddlers as they got to know one another were studied using archival data. The sample consisted of 28 unfamiliar 20- and 30-month-old toddlers (predominantly White, 16 males) who met separately with each of two other toddlers for 18 play dates. The frequency of games increased over time, while the frequency of conflict and contingency sequences decreas…
Unpacking the misfit effect
Social norms are vital for the functioning of adolescent peer groups; they can protect the well-being of groups and individual members, often by deterring harmful behaviors, such as aggression, through enforcement mechanisms like peer victimization; in adolescent peer groups, those who violate aggression norms are often subject to victimization. However, adolescents are nested within several levels of peer group contexts, ranging from small proxi…
Associations between interpersonal behavior and friendship quality in childhood and adolescence
This meta-analysis examined concurrent associations between aggression, withdrawal, assertion, and prosocial behavior and each of positive and negative friendship quality across studies with 22,657 children and adolescents (Mage = 11.71 years; 51.7% girls; 67.7% White). Studies were published between 1995 to 2021 and 32.4% were conducted outside of North America. Aggression was linked to more negative, r ̄ = .19, 95% CI [.14, .24], and less posit…
Self‐perceptions moderate the effect of implicit theories on preadolescent's attributions of their positive and negative social experiences
Associations between implicit theories of personality, perceived social competence, and attributions to explain positive and negative outcomes in social tasks were examined in a study of 103 fifth‐ and sixth‐grade girls and boys. Consistent with the basic model formulated by Dweck and Leggett (1988), it was hypothesized that having an entity, rather than an incremental, perspective would vary as a function of the degree to which children had a po…
The effect of classroom aggression‐related peer group norms on students' short‐term trajectories of aggression
Using a four‐wave/seven‐month longitudinal design with a sample of 1595 preadolescents (53% boys, 47% girls, M age = 10.2 years) from 63 fourth‐, fifth‐ and sixth‐ grade classrooms in nine mixed‐sex schools in Bogotá, Colombia, we examined whether growth trajectories of measures of overt and relational aggression varied as a function of classroom norms for aggression. Multilevel growth mixture modeling revealed (a) distinct trajectories of overt …
Gender is Key
Contextual variations in associations between measures of aggression and withdrawal and functioning with peers
Data from 790 older school-age (Mage = 10.2 years, SD = 1.2 years) girls (N = 427) and boys from Barranquilla, Colombia (N = 449) and Montréal, Canada (N = 331) were used to replicate findings reported by Valdivia et al. (2005). This prior study revealed contextual variations in the association between two measures of social behavior, specifically aggression and withdrawal, and two measures of effective functioning with peers, specifically sociom…
Replication studies of critical findings from the peer literature
Despite its importance, replication has remained in the background of social development research. The aim of this special section was to elucidate and elevate the role of replication in peer relations research, examining its challenges and its utility for moving the field forward. To accomplish this aim, five sets of researchers undertook identifying an important finding from a widely cited article in the peer literature and tried to replicate i…
Being fun
OBJECTIVE: The present study concerns an overlooked trait indicator of childhood peer status: Being fun. The study is designed to identify the degree to which being fun is uniquely associated with the peer status variables of likeability and popularity. METHOD: Two studies of children in grades 4 to 6 (ages 9 to 12) are reported. The first involved 306 girls and 305 boys attending school in northern Colombia. The second involved 363 girls and 299…
Manifesto for new directions in developmental science
Although developmental science has always been evolving, these times of fast-paced and profound social and scientific changes easily lead to disorienting fragmentation rather than coherent scientific advances. What directions should developmental science pursue to meaningfully address real-world problems that impact human development throughout the lifespan? What conceptual or policy shifts are needed to steer the field in these directions? The p…
Peer relationships during late childhood in internationally adopted and institutionalized children
The aim of this study was to analyse the interpersonal relationships in the school context of children living in different care settings (adoptive families, residential care centres, birth families). Participants were 76 children between eight and fourteen years of age ( M = 10.78, SD = 1.38), belonging to one of three groups: international adoptees, children living in residential care in Spanish institutions, and a comparison sample of Spanish c…
Self‐Continuity Moderates the Association Between Peer Victimization and Depressed Affect
Two longitudinal studies conducted with early adolescents (ages 10-13) examined the hypothesis that self-continuity, or the degree to which individuals feel that they remain the same person over time regardless of how their specific characteristics may change, would moderate the association between victimization and depressed affect. Both Study 1 (N = 141) and Study 2 (N = 100) provided evidence of the moderating role of self-continuity as a buff…
Bullying Involvement and Empathy
This study investigated how the bullying involvement of a child and a target peer are related to empathy. The role of gender was also considered. We hypothesized that empathy primarily varies depending on the bullying role of the target peer. Participants were 264 7–12‐year‐old children (M age = 10.02, SD = 1.00; 50% girls) from 33 classrooms who had been selected based on their bullying involvement (bully, victim, bully/victim, noninvolved) in t…
Androgyny in Liking and in Being Liked Are Antecedent to Well-Being in Pre-Adolescent Boys and Girls
Attribution of human characteristics and bullying involvement in childhood
This investigation researched the association between the attribution of human characteristics and bullying involvement in children by distinguishing between targets. Study 1 focused on the attribution of human characteristics by bullies, victims, bully/victims, and non-involved children toward friends and non-friends. The data from 405 children (M = 10.7 years old) showed that they attributed fewer prosocial and more antisocial human characteris…
Adolescent friend similarity on alcohol abuse as a function of participation in romantic relationships
This study tests the hypothesis that adolescents with romantic partners are less similar to their friends on rates of alcohol abuse than adolescents without romantic partners. Participants (662 girls, 574 boys) ranging in age from 12 to 19 years nominated friends and romantic partners, and completed a measure of alcohol abuse. In hierarchical linear models, friends with romantic partners were less similar on rates of alcohol abuse than friends wi…
Children in Peer Groups
The features, processes, and effects of children's experiences with their peers exist on multiple levels of social complexity and intersect with many other developmental domains. Peers are implicated in several theoretical accounts of multiple development domains, including the models proposed by Piaget, Sullivan, the social learning theorists, Vygotsky, ethologists, and the symbolic interactionists. The extensive data base on peer relations poin…
Empathy and Involvement in Bullying in Children and Adolescents
The Digital Self
Disentangling the Frequency and Severity of Bullying and Victimization in the Association with Empathy
This study disentangled the frequency and perceived severity of experienced bullying and victimization by investigating their associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Participants were 800 children (7–12 years old) from third‐ to fifth‐grade classrooms who completed self‐report measures of the frequency and perceived severity of their bullying and victimization and of cognitive and affective empathy. Results showed that the frequency an…
Dehumanization in children
The current study explored subtle dehumanization-the denial of full humanness-in children, using distinctions of forms (i.e., animalistic vs. mechanistic) and social targets (i.e., friends vs. non-friends). In addition, the link between dehumanization and moral disengagement in bullying and victimization was investigated. Participants were 800 children (7-12 years old) from third to fifth grade classrooms. Subtle animalistic and mechanistic dehum…
Measuring Friendship Quality During Pre- and Early Adolescence
The Friendship Qualities Scale is a theoretically grounded, multidimensional measurement instrument to assess the quality of children's and early adolescents' relationships with their best friends according to five conceptually meaningful aspects of the friendship relation. These dimensions are companionship, conflict, help/aid, security and closeness. A confirmatory factor analysis, used to evaluate the factor structure of this instrument, demon…
The power of friendship
Variations in patterns of attraction of same- and other-sex peers during early adolescence
Differences in attraction to same- and other-sex peers as a function of sex, age, individual characteristics (i.e., aggression), and context were examined in a longitudinal study of early adolescent boys and girls (N = 217) that covered the transition from elementary school (Time 1) to middle school (Times 2 and 3). Consistent with T. Moffitt's (1993) concept of the "maturity gap," attraction to aggressive peers, especially attraction to aggressi…
Social impact and social preference as determinants of children's peer group status
Three sociometric procedures, which utilize a two-dimensional social-impact and social-preference framework, were evaluated on three independent samples of fourthand fifth-grade children (N = 334, 173, 89). The stability and distribution of classification, the relationship between dimensions, the validation of dimensions, and the validation of classificatio n groups were considered. Overall, the Peery (1979) method appeared most problematic, due …
Differences and consistency between same-sex and other-sex peer relationships during early adolescence
Children's and early adolescents' preference for same-sex peers and the consistency of individual differences in reputation and popularity across the same- and other-sex domains were studied with 3 samples. Findings indicated that individual differences in the same-sex preference (a) derived from children's liking of other-sex peers, (b) were consistent over relatively long intervals, and (c) were related to children's preferences for activities …
Stability and Change in Peer Relationships During the Transition to Middle-Level School
In this short-term longitudinal study, Canadian young adolescents’ peer relationships were assessed as students moved from Grade 6 in small elementary schools to Grade 7 in a middle-level school offering Grades 7 through 12. Sociometric nominations were conducted in May of Grade 6, monthly during the fall term, and in May of Grade 7. Peer rejection was stable; peer acceptance was less stable during the transition than subsequently. Girls experien…
Stability and determinants of sociometric status and friendship choice
The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences
The goal of the current study was to examine how the presence of a best friend might serve as protection against the effect of negative experiences on global self-worth and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA axis). A total of 103 English-speaking male (n = 55) and female (n = 48) participants from Grade 5 (M = 10.27 years) and Grade 6 (M = 11.30 years) completed booklets about their experiences that occurred 20 min previously and…
Deviant Friends and Early Adolescents' Emotional and Behavioral Adjustment
This study investigated whether friendships with deviant peers, in addition to being related to adolescents' behavioral adjustment problems, would also be negatively related to adolescents' emotional adjustment. Three hundred five adolescents who had either no mutual friends, nondeviant friends, or deviant friends were compared, with respect to their levels of delinquent behavior, depression, and loneliness at age 13. As expected, adolescents wit…
Is Gender Identity Disorder in Children a Mental Disorder
Siblings as Confidants
Associations among (a) self‐disclosures between early adolescent siblings, (b) emotional understanding, and (c) relationship warmth were investigated. Grade 5–6 children (M age = 11.5 years) were interviewed concerning the incidence of disclosures to closest‐in‐age siblings (20 = older, 20 = younger), feelings regarding disclosing (or not), and sibling relationship quality. Warmth was measured with the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Furman &…
Victimization and Gender Identity in Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Schools
Developmental profiles of peer social preference over the course of elementary school
Using a new longitudinal clustering technique, this study aimed to (a) empirically identify groups of children with distinct longitudinal profiles of peer social preference during elementary school; (b) compare these groups regarding their longitudinal pattern of classification into J. D. Coie, K. A. Dodge, and H. Coppotelli's (CDC; 1982) sociometric categories; and (c) compare these groups regarding their longitudinal trajectories of antisocial,…
Popularity as an Affordance for Friendship
The associations between measures of popularity (acceptance, rejection and preference) and friendship were examined in three independent samples of elementary and middle school children. Data were obtained by means of sociometric nomination and rating scale procedures. Results reveal that, regardless of measurement technique, acceptance is generally more strongly related to friendship than is either rejection or preference. The size of the associ…
Friendship Conceptions among Early Adolescents
Stability and change in early adolescents' friendship conceptions were examined in a one-year longitudinal study. Once during sixth grade, and again during seventh grade, 99 girls and 98 boys were asked to rate 14 items according to how important each item was for friendship. These items were grouped according to the results of a factor analysis into three clusters referred to as Commonality, Help/Support, and Intimacy. A multivariate analysis of…
Stability and Variability of Adolescents’ Affiliation with Delinquent Friends
The effects of stability versus change in adolescents’ affiliation with delinquent or nondelinquent friends over a two‐year period (T1–T2) on delinquent behavior one year later (T3) were examined. In addition, T1 predictors of stability and change in the affiliation with delinquent or nondelinquent friends from T1 to T2 were assessed. Participants were 152 adolescents (77 girls, mean age 12.1 years at T1). Friends’ delinquent behavior was assesse…
Coping With Daily Hassles in the Peer Group During Early Adolescence
Coping strategy use within the peer domain was examined to determine whether adolescents of varying levels of peer experience cope differently with their daily hassles. Two distinct behavioral profiles were examined: aggressive behavior and socially withdrawn behavior. It was hypothesized that these 2 behavioral profiles (in conjunction with overall popularity within the peer group) would predict differential coping strategy use in the peer domai…
Dehumanization in children
The current study explored subtle dehumanization-the denial of full humanness-in children, using distinctions of forms (i.e., animalistic vs. mechanistic) and social targets (i.e., friends vs. non-friends). In addition, the link between dehumanization and moral disengagement in bullying and victimization was investigated. Participants were 800 children (7-12 years old) from third to fifth grade classrooms. Subtle animalistic and mechanistic dehum…
Adjusting for Group Size Effects in Peer Nomination Data
Adjusting nomination‐based sociometric and peer assessment scores for biases due to variations in group size has been a long‐standing concern for peer relations researchers. The techniques that have been typically used to make these adjustments (e.g., proportion and standardized scores) are known to have fundamental problems that limit their utility. This study introduces a regression‐based procedure that adjusts nomination‐based scores for varia…
Same and Other
Using Rating Scale and Nomination Techniques to Measure Friendship and Popularity
The associations between measures of friendship and popularity derived from nomination and rating scales procedures were studied with a sample of school-age and early adolescent boys and girls. Confirmatory factor analyses and comparisons of the correlations among these measures showed that each of these techniques can provide parallel measures of popularity (i.e. sociometric preference) and friendship (i.e. whether the child is participating in …
Bullying Involvement and Empathy
This study investigated how the bullying involvement of a child and a target peer are related to empathy. The role of gender was also considered. We hypothesized that empathy primarily varies depending on the bullying role of the target peer. Participants were 264 7–12‐year‐old children (M age = 10.02, SD = 1.00; 50% girls) from 33 classrooms who had been selected based on their bullying involvement (bully, victim, bully/victim, noninvolved) in t…
Disentangling the Frequency and Severity of Bullying and Victimization in the Association with Empathy
This study disentangled the frequency and perceived severity of experienced bullying and victimization by investigating their associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Participants were 800 children (7–12 years old) from third‐ to fifth‐grade classrooms who completed self‐report measures of the frequency and perceived severity of their bullying and victimization and of cognitive and affective empathy. Results showed that the frequency an…
Diversity and the social mind
Articles in this issue by A. C. Casiglia, A. LoCoco, and C. Zappulla; D. S. Crystal, H. Watanabe, K. Weinfurt, and C. Wu; M. Keller, N. Edelstein, C. Schmid, F. Fang, and G. Fang; and J. J. Han, M. D. Leichtman, and Q. Wang are discussed according to (a) the extent to which cultural variability can be reconciled with developmental theory and (b) the dimensions of cultural variability that matter most for development. It is argued that (a) cross-c…
Peer Victimization and Social Dominance as Intervening Variables of the Link Between Peer Liking and Relational Aggression
The current study examined social dominance and peer victimization as possible intervening and moderating variables of the association between peer liking and relational aggression because previous findings suggest that social dominance and peer victimization are important for predicting the acceptableness and success of aggression. A total of 367 5th- and 6th-grade students from Quebec, Canada, completed peer ratings of their classmates on measu…
The Association between Peer Experiences and Identity Formation in Early Adolescence
Sixth grade boys and girls (N = 315) were asked to complete the Perceived Competence Scale for Children and a sociometric questionnaire in an investigation of the multidimensional nature of self-concept and the association between identity formation and social relations among early adolescents. Perceptions of general self-worth were found to be related to perception of social, physical, and cognitive competence. The strongest relationship was obs…
Social impact and social preference as determinants of children's peer group status
Three sociometric procedures, which utilize a two-dimensional social-impact and social-preference framework, were evaluated on three independent samples of fourthand fifth-grade children (N = 334, 173, 89). The stability and distribution of classification, the relationship between dimensions, the validation of dimensions, and the validation of classificatio n groups were considered. Overall, the Peery (1979) method appeared most problematic, due …
Stability and determinants of sociometric status and friendship choice
Variability in peer group perceptions
Judgments of the Features of Friendship among Early Adolescent Boys and Girls
Sex differences in children's impressions of the features of friendship were examined in a study of 201 fourth-grade and seventh-grade boys and girls. The subjects read descriptions of hypothetical pairs of boys and hypothetical pairs of girls, and rated each pair on a five-point scale according to the likelihood that they were friends. The characters in each dyad were described as being either similar or not similar to each other, helpful or not…
Friendship Conceptions among Early Adolescents
Stability and change in early adolescents' friendship conceptions were examined in a one-year longitudinal study. Once during sixth grade, and again during seventh grade, 99 girls and 98 boys were asked to rate 14 items according to how important each item was for friendship. These items were grouped according to the results of a factor analysis into three clusters referred to as Commonality, Help/Support, and Intimacy. A multivariate analysis of…
Children's peer relations
Children's peer relations
Two-dimensional sociometric models have had a critical role in the investigation of children's peer relations in the past decade. In a meta-analysis, fitting categorical models (Hedges, 1982), sociometric group differences on behavioral and information source typologies were assessed. The broad-band behavioral analysis showed that popular children's array of competencies makes them likely recipients of positive peer nominations, whereas high leve…
Differences and consistency between same-sex and other-sex peer relationships during early adolescence
Children's and early adolescents' preference for same-sex peers and the consistency of individual differences in reputation and popularity across the same- and other-sex domains were studied with 3 samples. Findings indicated that individual differences in the same-sex preference (a) derived from children's liking of other-sex peers, (b) were consistent over relatively long intervals, and (c) were related to children's preferences for activities …
Using Rating Scale and Nomination Techniques to Measure Friendship and Popularity
The associations between measures of friendship and popularity derived from nomination and rating scales procedures were studied with a sample of school-age and early adolescent boys and girls. Confirmatory factor analyses and comparisons of the correlations among these measures showed that each of these techniques can provide parallel measures of popularity (i.e. sociometric preference) and friendship (i.e. whether the child is participating in …
Measuring Friendship Quality During Pre- and Early Adolescence
The Friendship Qualities Scale is a theoretically grounded, multidimensional measurement instrument to assess the quality of children's and early adolescents' relationships with their best friends according to five conceptually meaningful aspects of the friendship relation. These dimensions are companionship, conflict, help/aid, security and closeness. A confirmatory factor analysis, used to evaluate the factor structure of this instrument, demon…
Popularity as an Affordance for Friendship
The associations between measures of popularity (acceptance, rejection and preference) and friendship were examined in three independent samples of elementary and middle school children. Data were obtained by means of sociometric nomination and rating scale procedures. Results reveal that, regardless of measurement technique, acceptance is generally more strongly related to friendship than is either rejection or preference. The size of the associ…
Preadolescent Friendship and Peer Rejection as Predictors of Adult Adjustment
Although peer-rejected children appear to be at risk for later difficulties, the contribution of preadolescent friendship to adaptive adjustment lacks an empirical foundation. In this 12 year follow-up investigation, 30 young adults who had a stable, reciprocal best friend in fifth grade and 30 who had been chumless completed measures of adjustment in multiple domains. Friendship and peer rejection were found to have unique implications for adapt…
The peer ecology of popularity
The stability of children's popularity is affected by the popularity of their best friends
Affiliation with Delinquent Friends
Examined in this study was whether a perceived lack of closeness with parents (a) would be related indirectly to early adolescents' association with delinquent friends and (b)would be mediated by a lack of self-esteem. The mediated relation, however, was expected to hold only for (a) delinquent early adolescents who might be attracted to delinquent friends because of the similarity of behavioral characteristics or (b) early adolescents who are re…
Diversity and the social mind
Articles in this issue by A. C. Casiglia, A. LoCoco, and C. Zappulla; D. S. Crystal, H. Watanabe, K. Weinfurt, and C. Wu; M. Keller, N. Edelstein, C. Schmid, F. Fang, and G. Fang; and J. J. Han, M. D. Leichtman, and Q. Wang are discussed according to (a) the extent to which cultural variability can be reconciled with developmental theory and (b) the dimensions of cultural variability that matter most for development. It is argued that (a) cross-c…
Same and Other
The power of friendship
Pages from a sociometric notebook
The association between acceptance and rejection measured with nominations is not adequately described by a simple linear relationship. Sociometric ratings measure social preference but can also yield indicators of acceptance and rejection
Stability and Variability of Adolescents’ Affiliation with Delinquent Friends
The effects of stability versus change in adolescents’ affiliation with delinquent or nondelinquent friends over a two‐year period (T1–T2) on delinquent behavior one year later (T3) were examined. In addition, T1 predictors of stability and change in the affiliation with delinquent or nondelinquent friends from T1 to T2 were assessed. Participants were 152 adolescents (77 girls, mean age 12.1 years at T1). Friends’ delinquent behavior was assesse…
Deviant Friends and Early Adolescents' Emotional and Behavioral Adjustment
This study investigated whether friendships with deviant peers, in addition to being related to adolescents' behavioral adjustment problems, would also be negatively related to adolescents' emotional adjustment. Three hundred five adolescents who had either no mutual friends, nondeviant friends, or deviant friends were compared, with respect to their levels of delinquent behavior, depression, and loneliness at age 13. As expected, adolescents wit…
Coping With Daily Hassles in the Peer Group During Early Adolescence
Coping strategy use within the peer domain was examined to determine whether adolescents of varying levels of peer experience cope differently with their daily hassles. Two distinct behavioral profiles were examined: aggressive behavior and socially withdrawn behavior. It was hypothesized that these 2 behavioral profiles (in conjunction with overall popularity within the peer group) would predict differential coping strategy use in the peer domai…
Is Gender Identity Disorder in Children a Mental Disorder
Variations in patterns of attraction of same- and other-sex peers during early adolescence
Differences in attraction to same- and other-sex peers as a function of sex, age, individual characteristics (i.e., aggression), and context were examined in a longitudinal study of early adolescent boys and girls (N = 217) that covered the transition from elementary school (Time 1) to middle school (Times 2 and 3). Consistent with T. Moffitt's (1993) concept of the "maturity gap," attraction to aggressive peers, especially attraction to aggressi…
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The historical and conceptual foundations of friendship research provide the backdrop for a provocative integrative discussion
Psychology (57 obras) · Developmental psychology (52 obras) · Social Psychology (45 obras) · Social Psychology (37 obras) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (32 obras) · Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression (31 obras) · Peer group (20 obras) · Friendship (16 obras) · Attachment and Relationship Dynamics (13 obras) · Child Development and Digital Technology (12 obras)