Oswald Werner
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 77342 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Oswald Werner |
| PRENOMES | Oswald |
| SOBRENOME | Werner |
| ASSINATURA | WERNER O |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Northwestern University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 119 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1965 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2004 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Translating Cultures
Ethnographers, Language Skills and Translation
Applications in Computing for Social Anthropologists
As increasing numbers of social anthropologists use a computer for wordprocessing, interest in other applications inevitably follows, Computer Applications in Social Anthropology covers research activities shared by all social anthropologists and introduces new methods for organizing and interpreting data. Lucidly written, and sympathetic to the particular needs of social anthropologists, it will be of immense value to researchers and professiona…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
Complementary distribution analysis is the final test of phonemehood. The author examines the environments in which particular, phonetically similar phones occur and proposes a charting technique to test if these putative allophones belong to one phoneme. That phoneme then becomes part of the set of symbols for unambiguously writing a previously unwritten language. Care has to be taken because complementary distribution alone is insufficient evid…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
The rules of previous columns make phonemic analysis, the reduction of a spoken language to an unambiguous writing system, almost automatic. The emphasis here is on "almost." This column explores some examples (by no means all) that an anthropologist may encounter in field work with languages and texts. Ultimately all phonemic solutions need to be checked by the native speakers' intuitions and linguistic experts with an interest in practical solu…
Ethnographic Mapmaking
The authors introduced the importance and principles of ethnographic mapmaking in Part 1 of this series. Here, they discuss practical matters when making maps in ethnographic situations, including ethics, measurement, and scale. They also provide an example of the triangulation method
Ethnographic Mapmaking
Ethnographers often overlook the importance of space in people's lives. When ethnographers make maps, they often lack key information on scale, orientation, and dimension that is essential for understanding what a map represents. The authors outline basic principles of mapmaking and demonstrate how easily maps can be made under field conditions. If ethnographers take the short amount of time to make decent maps of human cultural behavior, the cru…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
Phonetic analysis can be done with a short list of a few hundred words. First, carefully transcribe the list phonetically. Second, list the inventory of symbols. Third, tabulate the symbols by their articulatory position. Fourth, declare symbols in close articulatory proximity, that is, sounds of great phonetic similarity, as suspicious pairs. Finally, find two words with different meanings that are phonetically identical except for one member of…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
This is the second article on reducing field languages to the written word. Here the author deals with the consonants, setting up a basic set of eighteen consonants and two semivowels and expanding them with Series-Generating Components (SGCs) to forty-eight. There are, of course, many more consonantal varieties in the languages of the world, but this set should be sufficient to get a field ethnographer started. The ethnographer who encounters ex…
Uses of a Fish-Eye Lens
Most wide-angle lenses are not wide enough to show an entire room with material possessions in context. However, such wide coverage can be accomplished with a fish-eye lens. Recently, fish-eye auxiliary lenses have become available at low cost, making them affordable for most ethnographers. The author demonstrates the usefulness of a fish-eye lens with a photograph of his living room in Albuquerque. The limitations of standard lenses are shown wi…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
This is the first of several Short Takes articles that will deal with the reduction of previously unwritten languages or dialects to writing. This series will culminate in one or more articles on how to learn a field language. Obviously, before starting to learn a field language, it becomes necessary to systematically write down and organize words, phrases, and texts in order to aid one's memory and facilitate ethnographic analysis. This article …
Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology . H. Russel Bernard
Ethnographic Debriefing
Debriefing is not a substitute for ethnographic interviewing but a complement to it. It may be about content, context, or both. It is helpful in situations or descriptions of events in which recording is not possible or permitted. It is one of the best methods for supplying ethnographic context to interviews that the interviewer may have overlooked-it then becomes an interview about an interview. Debriefing may be self-debriefing, one-on-one, one…
When Recording Is Impossible
Whenever possible, ethnographers should record conversation (interviews) with the "natives." This Short Take deals with mnemonic procedures that an ethnographer can use when recording is impossible for external reasons. The author recommends two methods: (1) memory training and (2) recalling of the interview "in your mind's eye" three times, each with increasing recall of detail
Short Take 26
Short Take 25
Short Take 24
Short Take 22
Short Take 21
Short Take 23
Notation for Transcribing Conversations and Interviews
Short Take 20
Short Take 19
Short Take 17 How to Design Fonts in Navajo (Or in Any Other Language) Using Fontographer 4.1
Short Take 16
The Construction of Primary Data in Cultural Anthropology
Linguistics and Anthropology
The Basic Assumptions of Ethnoscience
Applications in Computing for Social Anthropologists
As increasing numbers of social anthropologists use a computer for wordprocessing, interest in other applications inevitably follows, Computer Applications in Social Anthropology covers research activities shared by all social anthropologists and introduces new methods for organizing and interpreting data. Lucidly written, and sympathetic to the particular needs of social anthropologists, it will be of immense value to researchers and professiona…
Explaining Explanation
This article addresses a fundamental misunderstanding in cultural anthropology of a system of analysis borrowed and converted from linguistics. In setting the record straight on emics/ etics, several issues of importance to anthropological theory are touched upon, including the role of discourse with natives in the generation of cultural explanations. Particular reference is made to the several critiques of "cultural idealism" advanced by Marvin …
Navaho Systems of Classification
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
This is the first of several Short Takes articles that will deal with the reduction of previously unwritten languages or dialects to writing. This series will culminate in one or more articles on how to learn a field language. Obviously, before starting to learn a field language, it becomes necessary to systematically write down and organize words, phrases, and texts in order to aid one's memory and facilitate ethnographic analysis. This article …
Ethnographic Mapmaking
Ethnographers often overlook the importance of space in people's lives. When ethnographers make maps, they often lack key information on scale, orientation, and dimension that is essential for understanding what a map represents. The authors outline basic principles of mapmaking and demonstrate how easily maps can be made under field conditions. If ethnographers take the short amount of time to make decent maps of human cultural behavior, the cru…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
This is the second article on reducing field languages to the written word. Here the author deals with the consonants, setting up a basic set of eighteen consonants and two semivowels and expanding them with Series-Generating Components (SGCs) to forty-eight. There are, of course, many more consonantal varieties in the languages of the world, but this set should be sufficient to get a field ethnographer started. The ethnographer who encounters ex…
Short Take 13
Ethnoscience 1972
Semantics of Navaho Medical Terms
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
Phonetic analysis can be done with a short list of a few hundred words. First, carefully transcribe the list phonetically. Second, list the inventory of symbols. Third, tabulate the symbols by their articulatory position. Fourth, declare symbols in close articulatory proximity, that is, sounds of great phonetic similarity, as suspicious pairs. Finally, find two words with different meanings that are phonetically identical except for one member of…
Ethnographic Debriefing
Debriefing is not a substitute for ethnographic interviewing but a complement to it. It may be about content, context, or both. It is helpful in situations or descriptions of events in which recording is not possible or permitted. It is one of the best methods for supplying ethnographic context to interviews that the interviewer may have overlooked-it then becomes an interview about an interview. Debriefing may be self-debriefing, one-on-one, one…
A Lexemic Typology of Navajo Anatomical Terms I
Ethnographic Mapmaking
The authors introduced the importance and principles of ethnographic mapmaking in Part 1 of this series. Here, they discuss practical matters when making maps in ethnographic situations, including ethics, measurement, and scale. They also provide an example of the triangulation method
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
Complementary distribution analysis is the final test of phonemehood. The author examines the environments in which particular, phonetically similar phones occur and proposes a charting technique to test if these putative allophones belong to one phoneme. That phoneme then becomes part of the set of symbols for unambiguously writing a previously unwritten language. Care has to be taken because complementary distribution alone is insufficient evid…
How to Reduce an Unwritten Language to Writing
The rules of previous columns make phonemic analysis, the reduction of a spoken language to an unambiguous writing system, almost automatic. The emphasis here is on "almost." This column explores some examples (by no means all) that an anthropologist may encounter in field work with languages and texts. Ultimately all phonemic solutions need to be checked by the native speakers' intuitions and linguistic experts with an interest in practical solu…
Short Take 24
Short Take 14
Short Take 10
Semantics of Navaho Medical Terms
Communication and Culture
"Systematized Lexicography or "Ethnoscience
The principle of keyword- in -context indexing can be applied to material other than bibliographic references, as shown in this attempt to build a dictionary of Navaho medical terms using a special alphabet for the computer. Dr. Oswald Werner is Assistant Professor in the Departments of An thropology and Linguistics at Northwestern University
Navaho Systems of Classification
The Basic Assumptions of Ethnoscience
A Lexemic Typology of Navajo Anatomical Terms I
Ethnoscience 1972
Semantics and Translation - E. A. Nida. Language structure and translation. Selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil. Stanford
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Linguistics and Anthropology
Explaining Explanation
This article addresses a fundamental misunderstanding in cultural anthropology of a system of analysis borrowed and converted from linguistics. In setting the record straight on emics/ etics, several issues of importance to anthropological theory are touched upon, including the role of discourse with natives in the generation of cultural explanations. Particular reference is made to the several critiques of "cultural idealism" advanced by Marvin …
Anthropology in Trouble at Nimh
Linguistics
Lexical-Semantic Relations
Buku ini merupakan hasil survey yang dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti yang pusat perhatiannya berasal dari berbagai disiplin ilmu. Dengan latar belakang pengetahuan seperti antropologi, psikologi, linguistik dan ilmu komputer, para peneliti ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti bagaimana caranya menciptakan mesin yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan linguistik, bagaimana anak-anak mempelajari makna, bagaimana anggota kebudayaan memperoleh…
The Navajo Atlas
The Construction of Primary Data in Cultural Anthropology
The Formal Content of Ethnography . Philip K. Bock
Short Takes
Social/Cultural Anthropology
Design Your Own Exotic Alphabet
Short Takes
Short Take 7
Short Take 8
Short Take 10
Short Take 11
Short Take 14
Computer Science (34 obras) · Sociology (25 obras) · Philosophy (22 obras) · Anthropology (20 obras) · Linguistics (20 obras) · History (15 obras) · Ethnography (14 obras) · Psychology (11 obras) · History (10 obras) · Natural language processing (9 obras)