Richard Youngs
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 779111 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Richard Youngs |
| PRENOMES | Richard |
| SOBRENOME | Youngs |
| ASSINATURA | YOUNGS R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Portsmouth |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 276 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1995 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Democratic resilience in Europe – and its limits
The Source of Georgia's Democratic Resilience
After years of democratic backsliding, Georgia experienced a dramatic shift toward autocratization in 2024, with the Georgian Dream government passing restrictive laws and manipulating parliamentary elections. However, Georgian society's response has grown more determined and inclusive, demonstrating a pattern of cyclical resilience where autocratization and democratic resistance unfold in parallel. While this pushback has not yet sparked a democ…
Playing Defence
Covid‐19 and democratic resilience
The COVID‐19 experience has sharpened debates about democracy's future worldwide. In reflecting on these debates, this paper does three things. First, it assesses how resilient democracy has been in the COVID‐19 emergency. Second, it examines the effect the pandemic has had on the pre‐existing trends in democratic politics. And third, it suggests ways in which the COVID‐19 crisis both requires and possibly opens the door to democratic rejuvenatio…
The EU Energy Crisis and a New Geopolitics of Climate Transition
In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine had a profound effect on EU energy and climate policies. The EU redesigned its approach to the geopolitics of energy security as it sought alternatives to Russian supplies with accelerated urgency. It upgraded its commitments to energy transition internally and through external actions too, whilst member states balanced these with the domestic politics of a cost-of-living crisis triggered by the war. The n…
Reversing the Gaze
For over two decades, the EU has used a wide range of policy instruments to support democratic reform in third countries under the assumption that the rest of the world must learn from Europeans. This one‐way democracy policy is out of tune with the times as political malaise spreads within the EU and as global geopolitics calls for genuine decolonial mindsets. In this contribution, we ask what it would take for the EU to reverse the democratic g…
Re-examining norms-diffusion
This article concludes the special issue by drawing out key points from the foregoing contributions and suggesting what these imply for the future analysis of EU-related norms diffusion
EU Aid Policy in the Middle East and North Africa
Some elements of EU assistance to the countries of MENA have become more politicized in recent years. This is largely because sharper differences of opinion have emerged over EU funds being used to limit migration and for security aims. Contestation has intensified horizontally between different EU institutions and European governments. However, this politicization varies across different policy areas and different parts of the MENA region, and i…
EU foreign policy and energy strategy
The external dimensions of energy security are subject to distinctive forms of contestation within the European Union (EU). Contestation related to the external dimensions of energy strategy is significant, but bounded. EU institutions and member states have contained contestation in at least some areas of external energy strategy, through both de-politicization dynamics and new mechanisms of horizontal coordination. The article demonstrates and …
Civic Activism Unleashed
The book examines the changing shape of contemporary civic activism. It investigates what kind of new civic activism is emerging around the world and assesses how far this is really different from more established forms of civil society activity. The book also analyzes the impact of recent civic activism, in particular mass protest, offering a set of variables to help explain cases of success and failure. Finally, the book examines how far intern…
The EU and the Global Order
Politicians, diplomats and analysts commonly assume that commitment to multilateralism and liberal norms is part of the EU’s very DNA. Increasingly, however, the EU’s commitment to the liberal global order is more selective. We demonstrate the shift to a more contingent liberalism by examining the EU’s recent record in relation to four different challenges: international trade; US leadership; Russian actions in the eastern neighbourhood; and secu…
The Puzzle of Non-Western Democracy
Western democracy is being questioned around the world. At the same time, Western aid groups are quick to say that they are not trying to impose a particular style of democracy on others and that they are open to supporting local, alternative forms of democracy. This book examines what it is about Western democracy that non-Westerners are reacting negatively to and whether the critics often are equating a dislike for certain Western social or eco…
Political order and political decay
With state institutions under profound stress and democracy menaced in all regions of the world, Francis Fukuyama's latest book provides invaluable analytical and historical ballast that helps shed
Exploring “Non-Western Democracy
Calls for non-Western forms of democracy are becoming louder and more ubiquitous. More needs to be done to nurture a wider variation in democratic processes and practices. Forms of democracy that differ from prevailing Western norms should be encouraged rather than simply dismissed as a cloak for illiberalism or authoritarianism. However, it is highly questionable that a wholesale non-Western variety of democracy exists. Indeed, the calls for non…
Europe's democracy trilemma
A truly democratic European Union seems to have become the graal of European politics, the project's redemptive promise and unreachable horizon. Much has been written about the gap between promise and performance and about the obstacles to EU democratization. Here, we suggest that one way to apprehend the ‘democratic deficit’ debate as it has evolved in the wake of the euro crisis is to think of it as a ‘democratic trilemma’. While the very notio…
Reviving global Europe
L'Union européenne
Avec les évolutions du « Printemps arabe », l’approche par l’Union européenne de cette région n’a pas manqué d’être soulignée. L’auteur revient sur cet aspect, en démontrant que, n’ayant pas été à la hauteur de ses moyens jusqu’à peu, la diplomatie européenne prend toujours le risque de manquer le tournant des évolutions arabes. Or, entre une présence perçue comme encombrante par les pays arabes et un retrait distant, un juste milieu existe, qui …
New Challenges to Democratization
"This important text explores the widespread contention that new challenges and obstacles have arisen to democratization, assessing the claim that support for democratization around the world is facing a serious challenge. Bringing together leading international scholars of democratization, including Thomas Carothers, Michael McFaul, Laurence Whitehead, Bassma Kodmani, Nancy Bermeo, Marina Ottaway, Shaun Breslin and, Renske Doorenspleet, this boo…
A door neither closed nor open’
Democracy promotion as external governance
In supporting democratic norms in third countries the European Union (EU) uses network more than hierarchical modes of governance. The exception is where the adoption of internal modes is set as a condition for countries to join the Union. In other cases, limited bargaining power and complex domestic political structures in third countries militate against the use of hierarchy in democracy support policies. Geostrategic concerns over stability re…
The end of the 'Euro-Mediterranean vision
Relations between the European Union and North Africa have veered away from the political vision expounded under the Barcelona Process. The Union for the Mediterranean will likely deepen this trend. The Euro—Mediterranean space is increasingly characterized by competitive, containment-based and exclusionary security strategies. The more political dimensions of the partnership are now given short shrift and the EU appears inattentive to the dynami…
Fusing Security and Development
This article reveals that the European Union has made some modest progress towards according concrete substance to the security–development link. In particular, an increased focus on supporting governance reforms acts as a potential link between security and development objectives within several layers of European policies. However, what the link means in practice is still contested. Few in the EU would doubt that security and development go toge…
Trends in Democracy Assistance
European governments are spending more on political aid and democratization in particular. The ways in which this money is being spent have evolved. This has corrected many shortcomings of previous European democracy-promotion policies but also leaves many doubts about the effectiveness of this funding. In particular, it remains uncertain how pertinent the strong European focus on governance and social policies is to broad, systemic-level politic…
Reports
In January 2005, the Fundacion para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Dialogo Exterior (FRIDE) sponsored a workshop in Madrid designed to explore ideas that could feed into preparations for the s
Democratic institution-building and conflict resolution
Support for democratization has become a central feature of European conflict resolution policies. However, the conceptualization of precisely how different institution building strategies dovetail with conflict resolution imperatives remains relatively weak. Approaches to democratic reform in conflict scenarios have emerged in an ad hoc fashion and are still unduly short-termist. Serious obstacles persist to the practical linking together of the…
Democracy promotion as external governance
In supporting democratic norms in third countries the European Union (EU) uses network more than hierarchical modes of governance. The exception is where the adoption of internal modes is set as a condition for countries to join the Union. In other cases, limited bargaining power and complex domestic political structures in third countries militate against the use of hierarchy in democracy support policies. Geostrategic concerns over stability re…
Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU's External Identity
Focus on the ideational dimensions of the EU's international presence has unduly diverted attention away from the persistence of power politics instrumentalism. De spite general recognition that these elements co‐exist, analysis of EU external policies can benefit from a more precise exploration of how strategic calculation invests a broadly normative agenda with notable characteristics. The article demonstrates this in relation to the promotion …
Trends in Democracy Assistance
European governments are spending more on political aid and democratization in particular. The ways in which this money is being spent have evolved. This has corrected many shortcomings of previous European democracy-promotion policies but also leaves many doubts about the effectiveness of this funding. In particular, it remains uncertain how pertinent the strong European focus on governance and social policies is to broad, systemic-level politic…
The European Union and Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean
Fusing Security and Development
This article reveals that the European Union has made some modest progress towards according concrete substance to the security–development link. In particular, an increased focus on supporting governance reforms acts as a potential link between security and development objectives within several layers of European policies. However, what the link means in practice is still contested. Few in the EU would doubt that security and development go toge…
The EU Energy Crisis and a New Geopolitics of Climate Transition
In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine had a profound effect on EU energy and climate policies. The EU redesigned its approach to the geopolitics of energy security as it sought alternatives to Russian supplies with accelerated urgency. It upgraded its commitments to energy transition internally and through external actions too, whilst member states balanced these with the domestic politics of a cost-of-living crisis triggered by the war. The n…
Themes in European Democracy Promotion
European approaches to democracy assistance
Democracy and human rights assistance has established itself as a notable component of European Union (EU) development aid budgets. The EU's approach to promoting democratic reform in developing states exhibits distinctive features focused on the enhancement of grass roots democratic capacities. Efforts have been made to invest developmental approaches with genuine political impact and to ensure mutually enhancing linkages between democracy proje…
Exploring “Non-Western Democracy
Calls for non-Western forms of democracy are becoming louder and more ubiquitous. More needs to be done to nurture a wider variation in democratic processes and practices. Forms of democracy that differ from prevailing Western norms should be encouraged rather than simply dismissed as a cloak for illiberalism or authoritarianism. However, it is highly questionable that a wholesale non-Western variety of democracy exists. Indeed, the calls for non…
EU Aid Policy in the Middle East and North Africa
Some elements of EU assistance to the countries of MENA have become more politicized in recent years. This is largely because sharper differences of opinion have emerged over EU funds being used to limit migration and for security aims. Contestation has intensified horizontally between different EU institutions and European governments. However, this politicization varies across different policy areas and different parts of the MENA region, and i…
Reversing the Gaze
For over two decades, the EU has used a wide range of policy instruments to support democratic reform in third countries under the assumption that the rest of the world must learn from Europeans. This one‐way democracy policy is out of tune with the times as political malaise spreads within the EU and as global geopolitics calls for genuine decolonial mindsets. In this contribution, we ask what it would take for the EU to reverse the democratic g…
Democratic institution-building and conflict resolution
Support for democratization has become a central feature of European conflict resolution policies. However, the conceptualization of precisely how different institution building strategies dovetail with conflict resolution imperatives remains relatively weak. Approaches to democratic reform in conflict scenarios have emerged in an ad hoc fashion and are still unduly short-termist. Serious obstacles persist to the practical linking together of the…
The Politics of the Single Currency
Integration theorists have increasingly called for a more comprehensive assessment of the evolving relationship between domestic politics and the process of European integration. Responding to this challenge, the article analyses the politicization of debate over EMU in the period following the Maastricht summit. It contrasts the limited engagement of domestic actors prior to 1991 with their increasingly influential reaction against convergence‐d…
Conversational Styles in Language Proficiency Interviews
This study compares the conversational styles of intermediate and advanced learners of ESL in language proficiency interviews. Eleven intermediate learners and 12 advanced learners participated in a regular administration of the Cambridge First Certificate in English oral interview. I analyzed interview discourse constructed by both interviewer and nonnative speakers (NNSs), using a quantitative model of topical organization. I found differences …
Democracy and the multinationals
The relationship between western multinational corporations' perceived commercial interests and democratic quality in developing markets is more varied than habitually argued. While autocratic policy making and low-intensity democracy have been judged to provide benefits to investors, they are also increasingly recognized to generate features prejudicial to commercial operations. Many investment trends reflect the adverse impact of democratic lim…
The Source of Georgia's Democratic Resilience
After years of democratic backsliding, Georgia experienced a dramatic shift toward autocratization in 2024, with the Georgian Dream government passing restrictive laws and manipulating parliamentary elections. However, Georgian society's response has grown more determined and inclusive, demonstrating a pattern of cyclical resilience where autocratization and democratic resistance unfold in parallel. While this pushback has not yet sparked a democ…
The end of the 'Euro-Mediterranean vision
Relations between the European Union and North Africa have veered away from the political vision expounded under the Barcelona Process. The Union for the Mediterranean will likely deepen this trend. The Euro—Mediterranean space is increasingly characterized by competitive, containment-based and exclusionary security strategies. The more political dimensions of the partnership are now given short shrift and the EU appears inattentive to the dynami…
The Domestic Politics of Spanish European Economic Policy, 1986–94
This article analyses the role played by domestic political considerations in the evolution of Spanish European economic policy between 1986 and 1994. The article finds that the European policies of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) government, particularly those related to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), shifted over the early 1990s, coming to accord greater priority to short-term national interests. EMU engendered a more politiciz…
Democratic resilience in Europe – and its limits
Re-examining norms-diffusion
This article concludes the special issue by drawing out key points from the foregoing contributions and suggesting what these imply for the future analysis of EU-related norms diffusion
EU foreign policy and energy strategy
The external dimensions of energy security are subject to distinctive forms of contestation within the European Union (EU). Contestation related to the external dimensions of energy strategy is significant, but bounded. EU institutions and member states have contained contestation in at least some areas of external energy strategy, through both de-politicization dynamics and new mechanisms of horizontal coordination. The article demonstrates and …
Political order and political decay
With state institutions under profound stress and democracy menaced in all regions of the world, Francis Fukuyama's latest book provides invaluable analytical and historical ballast that helps shed
Europe's democracy trilemma
A truly democratic European Union seems to have become the graal of European politics, the project's redemptive promise and unreachable horizon. Much has been written about the gap between promise and performance and about the obstacles to EU democratization. Here, we suggest that one way to apprehend the ‘democratic deficit’ debate as it has evolved in the wake of the euro crisis is to think of it as a ‘democratic trilemma’. While the very notio…
Reviving global Europe
A door neither closed nor open’
Conversational Styles in Language Proficiency Interviews
This study compares the conversational styles of intermediate and advanced learners of ESL in language proficiency interviews. Eleven intermediate learners and 12 advanced learners participated in a regular administration of the Cambridge First Certificate in English oral interview. I analyzed interview discourse constructed by both interviewer and nonnative speakers (NNSs), using a quantitative model of topical organization. I found differences …
The Barcelona process after the UK presidency
Developments within the Barcelona process during the UK presidency illustrate a number of limitations to EU strategy in the southern Mediterranean. First, in relying on the expectation that its economic, political and social initiatives will naturally reinforce each other in stabilizing relations with the Mediterranean region, the EU has failed to recognize the need for a coherent prioritization between potentially conflicting objectives in the d…
The Domestic Politics of Spanish European Economic Policy, 1986–94
This article analyses the role played by domestic political considerations in the evolution of Spanish European economic policy between 1986 and 1994. The article finds that the European policies of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) government, particularly those related to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), shifted over the early 1990s, coming to accord greater priority to short-term national interests. EMU engendered a more politiciz…
The Politics of the Single Currency
Integration theorists have increasingly called for a more comprehensive assessment of the evolving relationship between domestic politics and the process of European integration. Responding to this challenge, the article analyses the politicization of debate over EMU in the period following the Maastricht summit. It contrasts the limited engagement of domestic actors prior to 1991 with their increasingly influential reaction against convergence‐d…
Spain, Latin America and Europe
Spain's commercial, diplomatic and developmental ties with Latin America strengthened considerably during the 1990s. While policy towards the region was one of Spain's most notable success stories, in some areas it was still subject to significant limitations. Conversely, in other areas it might be argued that the focus on Latin America was disproportionate and optimal neither for Spain's own substantive interests nor in terms of Madrid's relatio…
Conclusion
Spain's international challenges at the turn of the century
A new study of Spain's external relations is called for owing to the various international challenges encountered since the end of the cold war. Many of these relate to the European arena (the single currency, eastern enlargement, reform of the EU in preparation for expansion), and to its unstable southern periphery, while others emanate from broader processes of globalization. Spanish foreign policy has become the subject of almost continuous ad…
The European Union and Democracy in Latin America
The European Union has developed a significant range of democracy promotion initiatives in Latin America since the 1990s. The E.U.'s approach to democracy building has been seen to possess a number of strengths relative to U.S. policy, especially in connection with grassroots developmental imperatives. European policy itself, however, has a number of limitations. It has inadequately conceptualized the linkages between economic and political dimen…
Themes in European Democracy Promotion
The European Union and Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean
European approaches to democracy assistance
Democracy and human rights assistance has established itself as a notable component of European Union (EU) development aid budgets. The EU's approach to promoting democratic reform in developing states exhibits distinctive features focused on the enhancement of grass roots democratic capacities. Efforts have been made to invest developmental approaches with genuine political impact and to ensure mutually enhancing linkages between democracy proje…
Democratic institution-building and conflict resolution
Support for democratization has become a central feature of European conflict resolution policies. However, the conceptualization of precisely how different institution building strategies dovetail with conflict resolution imperatives remains relatively weak. Approaches to democratic reform in conflict scenarios have emerged in an ad hoc fashion and are still unduly short-termist. Serious obstacles persist to the practical linking together of the…
A new approach in the Great Lakes? Europe's evolving conflict-resolution strategies
Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU's External Identity
Focus on the ideational dimensions of the EU's international presence has unduly diverted attention away from the persistence of power politics instrumentalism. De spite general recognition that these elements co‐exist, analysis of EU external policies can benefit from a more precise exploration of how strategic calculation invests a broadly normative agenda with notable characteristics. The article demonstrates this in relation to the promotion …
Democracy and the multinationals
The relationship between western multinational corporations' perceived commercial interests and democratic quality in developing markets is more varied than habitually argued. While autocratic policy making and low-intensity democracy have been judged to provide benefits to investors, they are also increasingly recognized to generate features prejudicial to commercial operations. Many investment trends reflect the adverse impact of democratic lim…
Reports
In January 2005, the Fundacion para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Dialogo Exterior (FRIDE) sponsored a workshop in Madrid designed to explore ideas that could feed into preparations for the s
Fusing Security and Development
This article reveals that the European Union has made some modest progress towards according concrete substance to the security–development link. In particular, an increased focus on supporting governance reforms acts as a potential link between security and development objectives within several layers of European policies. However, what the link means in practice is still contested. Few in the EU would doubt that security and development go toge…
Trends in Democracy Assistance
European governments are spending more on political aid and democratization in particular. The ways in which this money is being spent have evolved. This has corrected many shortcomings of previous European democracy-promotion policies but also leaves many doubts about the effectiveness of this funding. In particular, it remains uncertain how pertinent the strong European focus on governance and social policies is to broad, systemic-level politic…
New Challenges to Democratization
"This important text explores the widespread contention that new challenges and obstacles have arisen to democratization, assessing the claim that support for democratization around the world is facing a serious challenge. Bringing together leading international scholars of democratization, including Thomas Carothers, Michael McFaul, Laurence Whitehead, Bassma Kodmani, Nancy Bermeo, Marina Ottaway, Shaun Breslin and, Renske Doorenspleet, this boo…
A door neither closed nor open’
Democracy promotion as external governance
In supporting democratic norms in third countries the European Union (EU) uses network more than hierarchical modes of governance. The exception is where the adoption of internal modes is set as a condition for countries to join the Union. In other cases, limited bargaining power and complex domestic political structures in third countries militate against the use of hierarchy in democracy support policies. Geostrategic concerns over stability re…
The end of the 'Euro-Mediterranean vision
Relations between the European Union and North Africa have veered away from the political vision expounded under the Barcelona Process. The Union for the Mediterranean will likely deepen this trend. The Euro—Mediterranean space is increasingly characterized by competitive, containment-based and exclusionary security strategies. The more political dimensions of the partnership are now given short shrift and the EU appears inattentive to the dynami…
L'Union européenne
Avec les évolutions du « Printemps arabe », l’approche par l’Union européenne de cette région n’a pas manqué d’être soulignée. L’auteur revient sur cet aspect, en démontrant que, n’ayant pas été à la hauteur de ses moyens jusqu’à peu, la diplomatie européenne prend toujours le risque de manquer le tournant des évolutions arabes. Or, entre une présence perçue comme encombrante par les pays arabes et un retrait distant, un juste milieu existe, qui …
Reviving global Europe
Europe's democracy trilemma
A truly democratic European Union seems to have become the graal of European politics, the project's redemptive promise and unreachable horizon. Much has been written about the gap between promise and performance and about the obstacles to EU democratization. Here, we suggest that one way to apprehend the ‘democratic deficit’ debate as it has evolved in the wake of the euro crisis is to think of it as a ‘democratic trilemma’. While the very notio…
Political science (37 obras) · Law (32 obras) · Politics (30 obras) · Economics (27 obras) · Law (25 obras) · Political economy (25 obras) · Democracy (20 obras) · European Union Policy and Governance (18 obras) · European union (16 obras) · Sociology (15 obras)