Stephen T Mcgarvey
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 80576 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Stephen T Mcgarvey |
| PRENOMES | Stephen T |
| SOBRENOME | Mcgarvey |
| ASSINATURA | MCGARVEY S T |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Brown University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1233-6970 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 63 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1980 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
The Effect of Internal Migration on Blood Pressure among a Cohort of Young Adults in South Africa
Black South Africans Who Migrate Away From Their Rural Homes and Their Chances of Having Abdominal Obesity
INTRODUCTION: South Africa is experiencing a heterogeneous and rapid nutrition transition. Rural-origin Black South Africans frequently migrate to access employment opportunities in urbanized areas, which could place individuals at risk for obesity due to accompanying dietary and lifestyle changes. METHODS: We utilize longitudinal data-four waves from 2018 to 2022-with detailed internal migration and health information, and negligible participant…
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022
BACKGROUND: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. METHODS: ). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI 2 SD above the median). FINDINGS: From 1990 to 20…
Child, family and household characteristics associated with physical activity in Samoan children aged 3–8 years
Physical activity is a key component of many obesity prevention strategies. The aim of this analysis was to identify child, family, and household characteristics associated with parent-reported physical activity in Samoan children aged 3–8 years. Children (n = 445; 51.2% female, mean age 5.4 years) were part of an ongoing, mixed-longitudinal study of child growth, development, and wellbeing (the Ola Tuputupua’e cohort). Bivariate analyses and mul…
Association between age at menarche and cardiometabolic risk among Samoan adults
OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that early menarche may increase cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Yet few studies have examined this association in the Pacific Islands, where obesity prevalence is among the highest globally. We sought to examine associations between age at menarche and cardiometabolic risk in Samoa. METHODS: Participants were from the Soifua Manuia study (n = 285, age 32-72 years) conducted in Samoa from 2017 to 2019. …
Dietary patterns and their socio-demographic correlates in the context of migration and urbanisation demonstrate nutrition transitions in South Africa
This paper investigates the demographic and socio-economic correlates of dietary patterns in South Africa, drawing on a sample of young adults experiencing internal migration and urbanisation. We use data from the 2018 baseline survey of the Migrant Health Follow-Up Study, an original longitudinal cohort study consisting of 3,087 internal migrants and rural residents aged 18-40 nested within the Agincourt Health and socio-Demographic Surveillance…
Validity of anthropometric equation‐based estimators of fat mass in S amoan adults
Introduction In 1999, a set of highly accurate Polynesian‐specific equations to estimate adult body fat from non‐invasive field measures of age, sex, height, and weight (Equation 1), age, sex, height, weight, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) resistance (Equation 2), and age, sex, height, weight, and the sum of two skinfold thicknesses (Equation 3) were published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the equation‐…
Urban residence and elevated blood pressure among migrant women in South Africa
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019
BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blo…
C‐reactive protein in adult Samoans
These data are among the first to demonstrate CRP correlates in a sample of adult Samoans. CRP differed by sex and was associated with BMI, adiposity, and some cardiometabolic risk markers. These data align with findings in other populations
Effectiveness of the baby‐friendly community initiative on exclusive breastfeeding in Kenya
The baby-friendly hospital initiative (BFHI) promotes exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in hospitals, but this is not accessible in rural settings where mothers give birth at home, hence the need for a community intervention. We tested the effectiveness of the baby-friendly community initiative (BFCI) on EBF in rural Kenya. This cluster randomized study was conducted in 13 community units in Koibatek sub-county. Pregnant women aged 15-49 years were r…
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories
BACKGROUND: Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS: For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease …
Changing body norms in the context of increasing body size
OBJECTIVE: To understand how body size preferences changed in Samoa between 1995 and 2017 to 2019. METHODS: Data were from adults aged from 31 to 59 years, who participated in two separate cross-sectional studies of obesity and cardiometabolic risk conducted in Samoa in 1995 and 2017 to 2019. Participants nominated line drawings representing their current size, ideal size, the most attractive and healthiest size, and the lower/upper limits of "no…
A missense variant in CREBRF is associated with taller stature in Samoans
These results suggest that the missense variant rs373863828 in CREBRF, first identified through an association with larger BMI, may be related to an underlying biological mechanism affecting overall body size including stature
Associations between socioeconomic resources and adiposity traits in adults
In low- and middle-income countries, earlier in economic development, obesity tends to be more prevalent in high socioeconomic resource groups compared to low. Later in development, the distribution of obesity tends to show the opposite pattern, becoming more prevalent in those with low socioeconomic resources. This shift in obesity prevalence tends to occur between a gross national income per capita (GNI) of US$1,000 to $4,000 dollars. Whether a…
Effect of maternal nutrient intake during 31–37 weeks gestation on offspring body composition in Samoa
While maternal dietary intake was not associated with infant adiposity or lean mass, we observed an effect on bone mass whose role in regulating metabolic health is overlooked
Assessing the impact of high blood pressure referrals on hypertension awareness and management, BMI, and blood pressure values in adult Samoans 2010–2019
The Samoan population has experienced rapid increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and NCD risk factors over the last 30 years. However, understanding how increased awareness and treatment of these conditions in reducing disease burden remains understudied. Using data from a longitudinal study (2010-2019) of cardiometabolic health among Samoan adults, we assess the impact of a referral for elevated blood pressure (BP) on …
Dimensions of internal migration and their relationship to blood pressure in South Africa
Hypertension prevalence is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like South Africa, and migration and its concomitant urbanization are often considered to be associated with this rise. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and internal migration – a highly prevalent population process in LMICs. This study employed data for a group of 194 adult men and women from an original pilot …
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3–6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean B…
Reproductive health, obesity, and cardiometabolic risk factors among Samoan women
OBJECTIVES: Obesity leads to deleterious effects on not only cardiovascular health but also on the reproductive health of women. We estimate the prevalence of menstrual irregularity and of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in Samoan women, among whom obesity prevalence is extremely high. We explore the association of these reproductive health conditions with adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and androgen levels. METHODS: A cross-sectional…
Continued increases in blood pressure over two decades in Samoa (1991–2013); around one-third of the increase explained by rising obesity levels
Significant increases have occurred in SBP/DBP and hypertension prevalence in both sexes in Samoa during 1991-2013, which would contribute significantly to premature mortality from cardiovascular disease. Obesity accounts for around one-third of the rising trend in blood pressure in the Samoan population. Strengthening of population control of hypertension through reduction in obesity and salt intake, and case detection and treatment through prim…
Human biology of the Pacific
As a growing body of literature continues to document the global pandemic of obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases, attention is being increasingly drawn to the Pacific Island nations and enclav
Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015
BACKGROUND: Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. METHODS: For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or comm…
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016
BACKGROUND: Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. METHODS: We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height…
Tobacco smoking trends in Samoa over four decades
BACKGROUND: The island country of Samoa (population 188,000 in 2011) forms part of Polynesia in the South Pacific. Over the past several decades Samoa has experienced exceptional modernization and globalization of many sectors of society, with noncommunicable diseases (NCD) now the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The evolution of risk factor prevalence underpinning the increase in NCDs, however, has not been well described, including to…
The influence of socioeconomic factors on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the context of economic development in the Samoan archipelago
Genetic and environmental correlations between various anthropometric and blood pressure traits among adult Samoans
Shared polygenic effects (i.e., pleiotropy) are assumed to exist for such obesity‐related phenotypes as blood pressure and adiposity. It is possible to identify these shared genetic effects through bivariate genetic analyses. This analysis of 1,342 adult Samoans, across 801 pedigrees, indicates that significant heritable components ( P
Part II
Familial correlations of blood pressure corrected for age, sex, and body weight are described in, and compared among, four Samoan samples which differ in exposure to modern life. An initial assessment of the genetic effects on blood pressure variation is performed in the most traditional sample. The juvenile sibling correlation of systolic pressure increases with modernization, whereas the adult sibling systolic correlation decreases with moderni…
Cultural Translation of Interventions
Translation of research advances into clinical practice for at-risk communities is important to eliminate disease disparities. Adult type 2 diabetes prevalence in the US territory of American Samoa is 21.5%, but little intervention research has been carried out there. We discuss our experience with cultural translation, drawing on an emerging implementation science, which aims to build a knowledge base on adapting interventions to real-world sett…
Health, Well-being, and Social Context of Samoan Migrant Populations
A minimal estimate suggests 300,000 Samoans reside outside the Samoan archipelago in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Anthropological studies of Samoan migration provide a broader perspective that emphasizes the deep connections among individuals and families residing in and outside the Samoas, and the adaptive nature of these connections. A review of the published socioeconomic, demographic, public health, and medical literatures i…
Patient and health care provider views of depressive symptoms and diabetes in American Samoa
High Type 2 diabetes prevalence, associated with recent cultural changes in diet and physical activity, characterizes the U.S. territory of American Samoa. Comorbid diabetes and depression rates are high worldwide and contribute to negative diabetes outcomes; these rates have not been assessed in American Samoa. In this study, 6 focus groups were conducted with 39 American Samoan adults with diabetes; questions on perceptions of diabetes and depr…
Part II
Familial correlations of blood pressure corrected for age, sex, and body weight are described in, and compared among, four Samoan samples which differ in exposure to modern life. An initial assessment of the genetic effects on blood pressure variation is performed in the most traditional sample. The juvenile sibling correlation of systolic pressure increases with modernization, whereas the adult sibling systolic correlation decreases with moderni…
Biocultural predictors of age increases in adult blood pressure among Samoans
A five‐year follow‐up sample of 509 adult male and female Samoans experiencing modernization in American Samoa was studied to determine the relation between baseline biocultural factors and follow‐up blood pressure level. Analyses were stratified by sex and baseline age: 18–44 and ≥45 years. Baseline factors in the predictive models included blood pressure level, sum of skinfolds, age, education level, and reported salt intake. This Samoan adult …
Population change in adult obesity and blood lipids in American Samoa from 1976–1978 to 1990
Obesity in American Samoan adults in 1990 was compared to that in 1976–1978 to evaluate population changes concomitant with modernization. Body weight, stature, the body mass index (BMI), and two skinfolds were measured in 1990 in 830 males and females 25–74 years old, and were compared to corresponding data from 1976 and 1978 for 1,621 adults. Mean BMI and skinfold thicknesses increased markedly from 1976–1978 to 1990 in males at all ages. Mean …
Modernization in the Samoas and childrenʼs reactivity
This investigation studied the potential effects of societal modernization on Samoan children's blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to a standardized television video game procedure. Ethnic Samoan children were sampled from Western Samoa (N = 72), a relatively underdeveloped country with a largely agricultural economy, and American Samoa (N = 70), a territory of the United States that has undergone substantial modernization due to recent eco…
Fourteen year changes in adiposity and blood pressure in American Samoan adults
A cohort of 194 American Samoan adults with no history of antihypertensive treatment was seen at two times, 14 years apart, 1976 and 1990. Anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) data in 1976 and 1990, and the chages, were described and correlated within age (
Dietary intake changes associated with post‐cyclone food aid in Western Samoa
This study examines dietary intake responses to a food aid program in Western Samoa, which consisted primarily of rice and flour supplements. Using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, intake estimates were made for 147 Samoans (72 men, 75 women), 5 months before and 8 months after a tropical cyclone. Study participants were from urban Apia (n = 34) and three rural, more traditional villages (n = 113). For the total sample, consumpti…
Lifestyle Incongruity and Adult Blood Pressure in Western Samoa
OBJECTIVE: The effects of lifestyle incongruity on blood pressure were tested in a cross-sectional study of 711 modernizing adult men and women, ages 25 to 64 years, residing in nine villages throughout Western Samoa. METHODS: Lifestyle incongruity (LI) was conceptualized as the mismatch between a 21-item material possessions and lifestyle scale and an eight-part occupational rank score. LI was measured by the arithmetic difference between the st…
Expression of Anger by Samoan Adults
A modified version of Spielberger's 1988 Anger Expression Inventory including four Samoan culture-specific anger terms was administered to 593 adult American and Western Samoans, 25 to 55 years, to assess intrasample age, sex, and location differences and to examine its cross-cultural utility by an exploratory factor analysis. American Samoans men's and women's scores showed greater difficulty controlling anger than Western Samoan men and women, …
Anger Expression, Age, and Blood Pressure in Modernizing Samoan Adults
OBJECTIVE: Relationships among anger expression, age, and blood pressure (BP) were studied in a cross-sectional sample of 593 American and Western Samoan adult men and women, 25 to 55 years of age. Prior studies indicated that anger coping is an important psychosocial domain in modernizing Samoans. METHODS: Anger expression was assessed using a modified 24-item version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory composed of anger-in, anger-out, and ange…
Longitudinal Association of Cardiovascular Reactivity and Blood Pressure in Samoan Adolescents
OBJECTIVE: The longitudinal association between blood pressure (BP) reactivity to a video game and resting BP 3 to 4 years later was investigated in 83 Samoan adolescents from American and (Western) Samoa as part of a multidisciplinary study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in modern Samoans. METHODS: Participants ranged in age from 11 to 14 years at baseline, in 1992 to 1993, and 14 to 18 years at follow-up in 1996. Video game BP reactivity …
Analysis of five y-Specific microsatellite loci in Asian and Pacific populations
We have analyzed five Y-specific microsatellite loci (DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS394, DYS395) in 17 Asian and Pacific populations representing a broad geographical area and different linguistic families, with an emphasis on populations from mainland and insular Southeast Asia. Analysis of gene diversity indicates that several of the studied populations have experienced substantial genetic isolation, and a reduction in male effective sizes (viz. t…
Analysis of five y‐Specific microsatellite loci in Asian and Pacific populations
Body image, body size, and Samoan ecological and individual modernization
Idealization of slim bodies is a powerful cultural value in economically advantaged Western societies, and this value appears to be taking global dimensions. To examine the relationship between increasing ecological and individual modernity and acculturation to slim ideals, Samoans living in three environments with different degrees of modernization (Samoa, American Samoa, Auckland) were compared on actual and perceptual measures of body size. Wo…
Genetic and environmental correlations between various anthropometric and blood pressure traits among adult Samoans
Shared polygenic effects (i.e., pleiotropy) are assumed to exist for such obesity‐related phenotypes as blood pressure and adiposity. It is possible to identify these shared genetic effects through bivariate genetic analyses. This analysis of 1,342 adult Samoans, across 801 pedigrees, indicates that significant heritable components ( P
Youth blood pressure levels in Samoa in 1979 and 1991–93
Blood pressure (BP) levels were studied in 524 youth ages 4–19.9 years who reside in Samoa. The data were collected in two separate cross‐sectional samples taken in 1979 (n = 292) and in 1991–93 (n = 232). BP was compared between these two study samples to evaluate the temporal change in BP among youth in response to the processes of economic modernization in Samoa, and specifically on how temporal increases in body size influenced BP levels. Pro…
Anger expression and lifestyle incongruity interactions on blood pressure in Samoan adults
Prior research on psychosocial stress and blood pressure (BP) in adult Samoans identified the separate influences of lifestyle incongruity and anger expression within the context of societal modernization. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to determine the interactions between lifestyle incongruity and anger expression on BP in 376 men and women 25–65 years of age from Samoa. Participants were randomly selected from nine villages. B…
Farming and adiposity in Samoan adults
Samoans are experiencing some of the highest prevalences of obesity and associated health conditions in the world. Sustainable interventions are needed to prevent further increases in obesity. This study describes the cross‐sectional association between farm work and adiposity among 754 adults residing in American Samoa in 2002 and 957 adults residing in Samoa in 2003. Adiposity was measured by body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (% BF), b…
A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of intensity of infection with Schistosoma japonicumin 50 irrigated and rain-fed villages in Samar Province, the Philippines
We found very important village-to-village variation in prevalence of infection intensity. This variation is probably due to village-level variables other than that explained by a crude classification of villages into the irrigated and non-irrigated categories. We are planning to capture this spatial heterogeneity by updating our initial transmission dynamics model with the data reported here combined with 1-year post-treatment follow-up of study…
The influence of socioeconomic factors on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the context of economic development in the Samoan archipelago
Population Health
Too many girls, too much dowry’
The southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility, accompanied by a trend of increased son preference. This paper reports on findings from qualitative interviews with women in rural villages about their fertility decision-making. Specifically addressed are the reasons behind increasing son preference and the consequences of this change. Findings suggest that daughter aversion, fuelled primarily by the perceiv…
Applying Novel Genome-Wide Linkage Strategies to Search for Loci Influencing Type 2 Diabetes and Adult Height in American Samoa
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common complex phenotype that by the year 2010 is predicted to affect 221 million people globally. In the present study we performed a genome-wide linkage scan using the allele-sharing statistic Sall implemented in Allegro and a novel two-dimensional genome-wide strategy implemented in Merloc that searches for pairwise interaction between genetic markers located on different chromosomes linked to T2DM. In addi…
Interdisciplinary Translational Research in Anthropology, Nutrition, and Public Health
This review focuses on several human population health research topics that exemplify interdisciplinary concepts and approaches from anthropology, nutrition, and public health with an emphasis on applied or translational global health implications. First, a recent study on neonatal survival in a resource-poor region emphasizes how health can be markedly improved with detailed translation and implementation of evidence from all three disciplines. …
Adiponectin and type 2 diabetes in Samoan adults
OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have established an association between adiponectin and type 2 diabetes. It is unclear whether adiponectin will be useful among Samoan Islanders, characterized by markedly elevated levels of obesity, in differentiating those at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Cross-sectional, genetic epidemiology study of obesity in American Samoa and Samoa 2002-2003 (n = 1,599). Logistic regression provided adjusted odds …
Ecological and sociodemographic effects on urinary catecholamine excretion in adult Samoans
General residential exposure to modernization in urban villages is a significant correlate of increased overnight catecholamine excretion rates and is consistent with past studies. Caffeine consumption in younger women plays a complex role in stress-related catecholamine excretion. Further studies of individual level attitudinal and behavioural factors in Samoans are needed to understand psychosocial stress, physiologic arousal and health
Medicine (51 obras) · Demography (41 obras) · Population (32 obras) · Environmental health (25 obras) · Internal Medicine (25 obras) · Samoan (22 obras) · Body mass index (21 obras) · Obesity (21 obras) · Geography (20 obras) · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet (19 obras)