Bruce A Jacobs
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 82471 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Bruce A Jacobs |
| PRENOMES | Bruce A |
| SOBRENOME | Jacobs |
| ASSINATURA | JACOBS B A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Missouri–St. Louis |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 336 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1982 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
School Honor Cultures and Violence
We examine whether adolescents attending schools with honor-oriented cultures are more likely to engage in violence, net of their own honor attitudes. Studies typically estimate a culture’s strength by averaging the residents’ attitudes, but this cannot adequately account for variation among residents. Recent research in cultural sociology suggests that a culture’s orientation and dispersion are influential. Using data from the Second Internation…
How people choose between criminal opportunities
The explanatory power of criminological theories may differ across decision‐making stages because involvement decisions (the choice to become involved in crime) and event decisions (the choice between criminal opportunities) are theoretically distinct. Although our understanding of offender decision‐making has advanced greatly in recent years, event decisions remain understudied. Rational choice theory (RCT) indicates that crime benefits, arrest …
Greed Restraint
Based on in-depth interviews with 29 active drug robbers (25 male, 4 female) from St. Louis, MO (USA), we explore restraint among people and in circumstances where there should be none. Focusing on greed restraint at the crime’s payoff point (i.e., not taking everything one could when rewards are seized), we identify the decision-making constructs and conceptual pathways by which this happens and discuss their implications for improved specificat…
Catch and release
Research summary This study investigated the effect of an expanded police station citation release policy enacted in Washington, DC in March 2020 on eight types of crime: homicide, sex abuse, robbery, assault with a dangerous weapon, burglary, motor vehicle theft, theft from motor vehicles, and other theft. Monthly‐level multivariate time series analyses employed data from 2013‐2022 and accounted for the relationship between crime, arrests, and t…
Proterrence, rule illegitimacy, and the ban on tobacco smoke in Amsterdam's coffeeshops
This article examines the concept of proterrence: scaring people into doing something to stop others from doing something bad. This contrasts to deterrence, which involves threatening persons to not do something bad. The tobacco ban in Amsterdam coffeeshops and, more specifically, coffeeshop personnel's reaction to it is used as the empirical vessel to examine proterrence. Proterrence permits examination of the interface between order maintenance…
Carjacking
Carjacking is a violent crime with a broad motivational landscape related to the unique opportunities that a motor vehicle, as the item targeted, makes available to offenders once it is stolen. Although carjacking is technically a form of robbery, carjacking is a hybrid offense because it draws from elements of both regular robbery and motor vehicle theft. Nuanced in its etiology and expression, carjacking boasts a structure and process that requ…
Carjacking and the management of natural surveillance
Robbing Drug Dealers
This volume fills a research gap of striking proportions by exploring the contingencies that mediate the crimes perpetrated on those who are themselves perpetrators. The notion that violence is something that happens only to law-abiding citizens is both widely held and inaccurate. The disproportionate share of victims of crime are, in reality, themselves involved in crime. Yet existing scholarship has failed to explore the contingencies that medi…
Chinese Soldiers as Prisoners in Korea
Gating and residential robbery
Neutralization Without Drift
Prior research suggests that serious predatory offenders are sufficiently committed to illicit conduct that they must neutralize good behaviour, rather than bad behaviour. Drawing from a sample of offenders who commit carjacking, we question that assumption. Specifically, our data reveal the manner in which such offenders neutralize bad conduct without meaningfully drifting. The notion of ‘neutralization without drift’ represents a theoretical re…
The Manipulation of Fear in Carjacking
Although prior studies on robbery decision making have explored how offenders manipulate fear in the coercive process, research has paid little attention to the issue as it relates to carjacking. The gap is significant given that carjacking requires offenders to neutralize victims who are inherently mobile and who can use their vehicles as both weapons and shields. Based on qualitative interviews with 24 active carjackers, the present paper explo…
Deterrence and Deterrability
The first forays into Western criminological theory came in the language of deterrence (Beccaria, 1963 [1764]). The paradigm itself is simple and straightforward, offering an explanation for crime that doubles as a solution (Pratt et al., 2006). Crime occurs when the expected rewards outweigh the anticipated risks, so increasing the risks, at least theoretically, will prevent most crimes in most circumstances. If deterrence describes the perceptu…
Street Justice
Street criminals live in a dangerous world, but they cannot realistically rely on the criminal justice system to protect them from predation by fellow lawbreakers; they are on their own when it comes to dealing with crimes perpetrated against them and often use retaliation as a mechanism for deterring and responding to victimization. Although retaliation lies at the heart of much of the violence that plagues many inner-city neighborhoods across t…
Gender, Streetlife and Criminal Retaliation
Recent work in criminology has highlighted the central role of retaliation in shaping criminal violence in America's inner cities. Most of this work, however, has been based on male offenders. It has also failed to consider whether and how gender structures payback in real‐life settings and circumstances. In this paper, we analyze in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with forty men and twelve women who recently engaged in one or more episodes of …
Robbing Drug Dealers
This volume fills a research gap of striking proportions by exploring the contingencies that mediate the crimes perpetrated on those who are themselves perpetrators. The notion that violence is something that happens only to law-abiding citizens is both widely held and inaccurate. The disproportionate share of victims of crime are, in reality, themselves involved in crime. Yet existing scholarship has failed to explore the contingencies that medi…
Dealing Crack
An exploration of the crack cocaine trade from the perspective of the American sellers. The author examines the underlying motivations for selling crack, describes the social organization of dealing, and explores how dealers protect transactions from law enforcement, police, and other criminals
Managing Retaliation
The notion that informal sanction threats influence criminal decision‐making is perhaps the most important contribution to neoclassical theory in the past 15 years. Notably absent from this contribution is an examination of the ways in which the risk of victim retaliation—arguably, the ultimate informal sanction—mediates the process. The present article addresses this gap, examining how active drug robbers (individuals who take money and drugs fr…
Race Manners
On a plane, a black passenger nervously scrutinizes an Arab-American passenger. In front of a store, a white woman clutches her purse as a black man walks by. In conversation, the topic of race comes up and both people wonder what they are willing to say--and what they are not. Each scenario reveals that how we act and react to each other on a daily basis stems from racial assumptions, biases, and misunderstandings. Some we acknowledge, others we…
Stick‐up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation
Motivation is the central, yet arguably the most assumed, causal variable in the etiology of criminal behavior. Criminology's incomplete and imprecise understanding of this construct can be traced to the discipline's strong emphasis on background risk factors, open to the exclusion of subjective foreground conditions. In this article, we attempt to remedy this by exploring the decision‐making processes of active armed robbers in real‐life setting…
Crack to heroin? Drug markets and transition
A number of supply and demand-side indicators provide support for heroin's 're-incubation' in an era of crack cocaine's decline. The present paper assesses the extent to which these and other trends converge with reports of heroin market participants operating on the streets of a large midwestern American city. Focal areas of investigation include quality, price and drug use conduct norms. Conceptualization centres on the short and long-term impl…
Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance
Journal Article Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance Get access Bruce A. Jacobs, Bruce A. Jacobs 1University of Missouri–St. Louis **Direct correspondence to Bruce Jacobs, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri, St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jody Miller Jody …
Drug dealing and negative reciprocity
This article explores the notion of negative reciprocity. It uses the experience of drug dealers who sell poor quality heroin to consider the problem conceptually. The article examines the disclaimers and accounts dealers make while attempting to balance negative reciprocity. Disclaimers warn customers before the sale that product quality may be sub‐par and that they may wish to pass. Accounts neutralize customer complaints after purchase and con…
Contingent Ties
No study yet has investigated the process by which undercover officers, as unfamiliar customers, use informants to dramaturgically integrate themselves into dealing circles. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with 24 undercover officers located in a midwestern US municipality, the present paper seeks to address this gap in three ways. First, the paper describes techniques officers use to justify their presence among dealers who have never se…
Cognitive Bridges
This article explores the problem of social integration from a position of isolation. It uses the experiences of high school undercover officers to consider the problem conceptually. Officers must move from new student to peer to drug purchaser without any informant assistance and with severe time constraints. Three specific techniques are used to trigger this process: class clowning, retreatism, and troublemaking. Each is a variation on the sing…
Stick‐up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation
Motivation is the central, yet arguably the most assumed, causal variable in the etiology of criminal behavior. Criminology's incomplete and imprecise understanding of this construct can be traced to the discipline's strong emphasis on background risk factors, open to the exclusion of subjective foreground conditions. In this article, we attempt to remedy this by exploring the decision‐making processes of active armed robbers in real‐life setting…
Deterrence and Deterrability
The first forays into Western criminological theory came in the language of deterrence (Beccaria, 1963 [1764]). The paradigm itself is simple and straightforward, offering an explanation for crime that doubles as a solution (Pratt et al., 2006). Crime occurs when the expected rewards outweigh the anticipated risks, so increasing the risks, at least theoretically, will prevent most crimes in most circumstances. If deterrence describes the perceptu…
Crack Dealers and Restrictive Deterrence
Data drawn from semistructured interviews with 40 active street‐level crack dealers are used to illustrate, apply, and expand the concept of restrictive deterrence. The article focuses on the perceptual shorthand dealers use to determine whether buyers in question are “narcs.” In presenting this shorthand, the article seeks to demonstrate how interactions among marketplace democratization (i.e., the idea of selling to as many different customers …
Managing Retaliation
The notion that informal sanction threats influence criminal decision‐making is perhaps the most important contribution to neoclassical theory in the past 15 years. Notably absent from this contribution is an examination of the ways in which the risk of victim retaliation—arguably, the ultimate informal sanction—mediates the process. The present article addresses this gap, examining how active drug robbers (individuals who take money and drugs fr…
Gender, Streetlife and Criminal Retaliation
Recent work in criminology has highlighted the central role of retaliation in shaping criminal violence in America's inner cities. Most of this work, however, has been based on male offenders. It has also failed to consider whether and how gender structures payback in real‐life settings and circumstances. In this paper, we analyze in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with forty men and twelve women who recently engaged in one or more episodes of …
Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance
Journal Article Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance Get access Bruce A. Jacobs, Bruce A. Jacobs 1University of Missouri–St. Louis **Direct correspondence to Bruce Jacobs, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri, St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jody Miller Jody …
Undercover Deception Clues
Although studies on drug dealing have examined techniques sellers use to ensure against undercover infiltrations, none has explored the use of such techniques at the interactional level. The objective here is to address this void by exploring the perceptual shorthand dealers use to determine whether buyers in question are undercover. This perceptual shorthand processes one of two types of deception clues in making this judgment: trend discontinui…
Undercover Deception
This article addresses the deception strategies deployed by undercover narcotics agents located in a moderate-sized midwestern municipality and offers a typology of deception based on four central components: rehearsal, appearance manipulation, verbal diversion, and physical diversion. Observations are then made concerning the implications of undercover deception for dramaturgical theory. The article provides a continuum of impression management …
Neutralization Without Drift
Prior research suggests that serious predatory offenders are sufficiently committed to illicit conduct that they must neutralize good behaviour, rather than bad behaviour. Drawing from a sample of offenders who commit carjacking, we question that assumption. Specifically, our data reveal the manner in which such offenders neutralize bad conduct without meaningfully drifting. The notion of ‘neutralization without drift’ represents a theoretical re…
The Manipulation of Fear in Carjacking
Although prior studies on robbery decision making have explored how offenders manipulate fear in the coercive process, research has paid little attention to the issue as it relates to carjacking. The gap is significant given that carjacking requires offenders to neutralize victims who are inherently mobile and who can use their vehicles as both weapons and shields. Based on qualitative interviews with 24 active carjackers, the present paper explo…
Undercover Drug‐Use Evasion Tactics
Although research has examined the corruptive influences of undercover drug operations on agents (Girodo 1991 b; Manning and Reddlinger 1977, 1978), it has not examined the processes by which these influences can be neutralized. In this paper, I address these neutralization processes through a typology of routine and non‐routine drug‐use evasion tactics. Routine tactics involve excuses based on greed, business constraints, and role obligations (o…
Drug dealing and negative reciprocity
This article explores the notion of negative reciprocity. It uses the experience of drug dealers who sell poor quality heroin to consider the problem conceptually. The article examines the disclaimers and accounts dealers make while attempting to balance negative reciprocity. Disclaimers warn customers before the sale that product quality may be sub‐par and that they may wish to pass. Accounts neutralize customer complaints after purchase and con…
Getting narced
Communicative work directed to transforming an individual's total identity into an identity lower in the group's social types is called a ‘status degradation ceremony'” (Garfinkel 1956, p. 420). Status degradation ceremonies are particularly troublesome for undercover narcotics agents. In this context, they act as the mechanism by which agents’ dissembled identities are questioned and their real police ones revealed. This process, what officers c…
Crack to heroin? Drug markets and transition
A number of supply and demand-side indicators provide support for heroin's 're-incubation' in an era of crack cocaine's decline. The present paper assesses the extent to which these and other trends converge with reports of heroin market participants operating on the streets of a large midwestern American city. Focal areas of investigation include quality, price and drug use conduct norms. Conceptualization centres on the short and long-term impl…
Contingent Ties
No study yet has investigated the process by which undercover officers, as unfamiliar customers, use informants to dramaturgically integrate themselves into dealing circles. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with 24 undercover officers located in a midwestern US municipality, the present paper seeks to address this gap in three ways. First, the paper describes techniques officers use to justify their presence among dealers who have never se…
Drugs and Deception
This paper addresses interactional strategies used by undercover narcotics agents during covert drug transactions. Specific emphasis is given to the extent to which these strategies depend on particular drugs involved. In this regard, four narcotics are examined: marijuana, LSD, crack cocaine, and heroin. Discussion revolves around the concept of "interaction as infiltration," a new reading of dramaturgical theory which considers the relationship…
Undercover Social‐distancing Techniques
This article explores the excuses undercover narcotics officers in high schools make to maintain social distance (i.e., affective detachment) from students. Social distance is necessary to prevent students from later claiming in court they were entrapped. Officers used four social‐distancing techniques, each linked to particular conditions and circumstances: (1) claims of existing interpersonal attachment, (2) parental‐recrimination excuses, (3) …
Anticipatory undercover targeting in high schools
Carjacking
Carjacking is a violent crime with a broad motivational landscape related to the unique opportunities that a motor vehicle, as the item targeted, makes available to offenders once it is stolen. Although carjacking is technically a form of robbery, carjacking is a hybrid offense because it draws from elements of both regular robbery and motor vehicle theft. Nuanced in its etiology and expression, carjacking boasts a structure and process that requ…
The Politics of Welfare
Innovation and the Public Policy Predicaments
The Political Economy of Organizational Change
The Politics of Welfare
Audiovisual Review
Undercover Drug‐Use Evasion Tactics
Although research has examined the corruptive influences of undercover drug operations on agents (Girodo 1991 b; Manning and Reddlinger 1977, 1978), it has not examined the processes by which these influences can be neutralized. In this paper, I address these neutralization processes through a typology of routine and non‐routine drug‐use evasion tactics. Routine tactics involve excuses based on greed, business constraints, and role obligations (o…
Drugs and Deception
This paper addresses interactional strategies used by undercover narcotics agents during covert drug transactions. Specific emphasis is given to the extent to which these strategies depend on particular drugs involved. In this regard, four narcotics are examined: marijuana, LSD, crack cocaine, and heroin. Discussion revolves around the concept of "interaction as infiltration," a new reading of dramaturgical theory which considers the relationship…
Undercover Deception
This article addresses the deception strategies deployed by undercover narcotics agents located in a moderate-sized midwestern municipality and offers a typology of deception based on four central components: rehearsal, appearance manipulation, verbal diversion, and physical diversion. Observations are then made concerning the implications of undercover deception for dramaturgical theory. The article provides a continuum of impression management …
New Ethnographies
Undercover Deception Clues
Although studies on drug dealing have examined techniques sellers use to ensure against undercover infiltrations, none has explored the use of such techniques at the interactional level. The objective here is to address this void by exploring the perceptual shorthand dealers use to determine whether buyers in question are undercover. This perceptual shorthand processes one of two types of deception clues in making this judgment: trend discontinui…
Getting narced
Communicative work directed to transforming an individual's total identity into an identity lower in the group's social types is called a ‘status degradation ceremony'” (Garfinkel 1956, p. 420). Status degradation ceremonies are particularly troublesome for undercover narcotics agents. In this context, they act as the mechanism by which agents’ dissembled identities are questioned and their real police ones revealed. This process, what officers c…
Undercover Social‐distancing Techniques
This article explores the excuses undercover narcotics officers in high schools make to maintain social distance (i.e., affective detachment) from students. Social distance is necessary to prevent students from later claiming in court they were entrapped. Officers used four social‐distancing techniques, each linked to particular conditions and circumstances: (1) claims of existing interpersonal attachment, (2) parental‐recrimination excuses, (3) …
Anticipatory undercover targeting in high schools
Poetry
Cognitive Bridges
This article explores the problem of social integration from a position of isolation. It uses the experiences of high school undercover officers to consider the problem conceptually. Officers must move from new student to peer to drug purchaser without any informant assistance and with severe time constraints. Three specific techniques are used to trigger this process: class clowning, retreatism, and troublemaking. Each is a variation on the sing…
Crack Dealers and Restrictive Deterrence
Data drawn from semistructured interviews with 40 active street‐level crack dealers are used to illustrate, apply, and expand the concept of restrictive deterrence. The article focuses on the perceptual shorthand dealers use to determine whether buyers in question are “narcs.” In presenting this shorthand, the article seeks to demonstrate how interactions among marketplace democratization (i.e., the idea of selling to as many different customers …
Contingent Ties
No study yet has investigated the process by which undercover officers, as unfamiliar customers, use informants to dramaturgically integrate themselves into dealing circles. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with 24 undercover officers located in a midwestern US municipality, the present paper seeks to address this gap in three ways. First, the paper describes techniques officers use to justify their presence among dealers who have never se…
Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance
Journal Article Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance Get access Bruce A. Jacobs, Bruce A. Jacobs 1University of Missouri–St. Louis **Direct correspondence to Bruce Jacobs, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri, St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499. E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jody Miller Jody …
Drug dealing and negative reciprocity
This article explores the notion of negative reciprocity. It uses the experience of drug dealers who sell poor quality heroin to consider the problem conceptually. The article examines the disclaimers and accounts dealers make while attempting to balance negative reciprocity. Disclaimers warn customers before the sale that product quality may be sub‐par and that they may wish to pass. Accounts neutralize customer complaints after purchase and con…
Race Manners
On a plane, a black passenger nervously scrutinizes an Arab-American passenger. In front of a store, a white woman clutches her purse as a black man walks by. In conversation, the topic of race comes up and both people wonder what they are willing to say--and what they are not. Each scenario reveals that how we act and react to each other on a daily basis stems from racial assumptions, biases, and misunderstandings. Some we acknowledge, others we…
Stick‐up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation
Motivation is the central, yet arguably the most assumed, causal variable in the etiology of criminal behavior. Criminology's incomplete and imprecise understanding of this construct can be traced to the discipline's strong emphasis on background risk factors, open to the exclusion of subjective foreground conditions. In this article, we attempt to remedy this by exploring the decision‐making processes of active armed robbers in real‐life setting…
Crack to heroin? Drug markets and transition
A number of supply and demand-side indicators provide support for heroin's 're-incubation' in an era of crack cocaine's decline. The present paper assesses the extent to which these and other trends converge with reports of heroin market participants operating on the streets of a large midwestern American city. Focal areas of investigation include quality, price and drug use conduct norms. Conceptualization centres on the short and long-term impl…
Managing Retaliation
The notion that informal sanction threats influence criminal decision‐making is perhaps the most important contribution to neoclassical theory in the past 15 years. Notably absent from this contribution is an examination of the ways in which the risk of victim retaliation—arguably, the ultimate informal sanction—mediates the process. The present article addresses this gap, examining how active drug robbers (individuals who take money and drugs fr…
Dealing Crack
An exploration of the crack cocaine trade from the perspective of the American sellers. The author examines the underlying motivations for selling crack, describes the social organization of dealing, and explores how dealers protect transactions from law enforcement, police, and other criminals
Robbing Drug Dealers
This volume fills a research gap of striking proportions by exploring the contingencies that mediate the crimes perpetrated on those who are themselves perpetrators. The notion that violence is something that happens only to law-abiding citizens is both widely held and inaccurate. The disproportionate share of victims of crime are, in reality, themselves involved in crime. Yet existing scholarship has failed to explore the contingencies that medi…
Gender, Streetlife and Criminal Retaliation
Recent work in criminology has highlighted the central role of retaliation in shaping criminal violence in America's inner cities. Most of this work, however, has been based on male offenders. It has also failed to consider whether and how gender structures payback in real‐life settings and circumstances. In this paper, we analyze in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with forty men and twelve women who recently engaged in one or more episodes of …
Psychology (27 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (26 obras) · Criminology (24 obras) · Sociology (21 obras) · Political science (19 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (15 obras) · Law (15 obras) · Social Psychology (14 obras) · Computer Science (13 obras)