Peter Bull
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 84215 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Peter Bull |
| PRENOMES | Peter |
| SOBRENOME | Bull |
| ASSINATURA | BULL P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of York |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4739-2892 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 60 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 315 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 60 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1982 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Invitation to respond by rhetoric or delivery
English (an SVO language) and Korean (an SOV language) are polar opposites in terms of grammatical order. Studies show that rhetorical devices (RDs) are effective in generating collective audience responses in British political oratory. This article attempts to study the functions of RDs in Korean oratory and the importance of speech delivery. Through the analysis of the speaker-audience turn-taking systems, it is suggested that RDs do not functi…
Orators’ Nonverbal Behavior in Generating Audience Responses
Adversarial interaction in Prime Minister’s Questions in the UK
Politeness is a social norm but so too in certain contexts is impoliteness. One such situation is that of Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs) in the UK House of Commons. The event is notorious for its adversarial discourse, especially for the gladiatorial encounters between Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition. Their encounters form the focus of this paper, in which, through the reporting of previous studies, we explore five distinctive feat…
Psychology of Political Communication
Speaker’s verbal behavior and collective audience responses in Korean political oratory
An analysis was conducted of the discourse of South Korean political speakers in relation to collective audience responses, based on three situational contexts. Results showed marked contextual differences in the formatting of messages used to invite audience responses. In campaign speeches, explicit (dialogic) rhetorical devices (RDs) occurred most frequently, thereby supporting Bull and Miskinis’ (2015) hypothesis that such RDs are characterist…
“Stirring it up!” Emotionality in audience responses to political speeches
Speaker-audience interaction in political speeches has been conceptualised as a form of dialogue between speaker and audience. Of particular importance is research pioneered by Atkinson (e.g., 1983, 1984a, 1984b) on the analysis of rhetorical devices utilised by politicians to invite audience applause. Atkinson was not concerned with emotionalisation in political speech-making, rather with how applause was invited in relation to group identities …
Speaker-audience intercommunication in political speeches
The Psychology of Journalism
This book provides insights on psychological processes involved in the production, delivery, and consumption of news. At a time when the role and function of news journalism are under intense public scrutiny, this book takes a media psychological approach to explore the role of subjectivity in the construction and meaning-making of news. In particular, the book highlights a process involving the coordinated subjectivities of journalists and audie…
Applause Invitations in Political Speeches
This study was focussed on 11 rhetorical devices used to invite collective applause in speeches by two opposing British party political leaders, Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn. The analysis was based on 14 speeches (delivered at party conferences in 2016 and during the general election campaign of 2017), transcribed verbatim from video recordings. These speeches were closely matched between the two politicians in terms of speech duration, and when…
Calling Mr Speaker ‘Mr Speaker’
Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs) in the UK House of Commons is a ritual event, governed by a cluster of conventions. Members of Parliament (MPs) must address their remarks to the Prime Minister (PM) through the medium of the Speaker of the House, who is responsible for maintaining order during debates, and determining which MP may speak next. Due to the sacred role of the Speaker and the prevalence of conventionalised conflict avoidance between …
Time does tell
In this study a microanalysis of OAR (Observable Audience Responses) in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election was conducted. OAR were coded into dimensions including response rate (frequency per minute), response type, and categorised as either a unitary (a single response), composite (two or more simultaneous response types) or sequential (a unitary or composite response that is followed by a different response type) response form. It was found th…
You’re important, Jeremy, but not that important”
This study was an assessment of personalised equivocation in political interviews, namely, politicians’ responses to questions which, in lieu of an explicit reply, are directed personally at the interviewer. Twenty-six interviews with recent UK party leaders were analysed in terms of questions, replies, and personalisation. The majority of personalised responses contained elements of criticism, although over a quarter were more amicable. For the …
Tired with a Peacock’s Tail
It is contended that the warning to three play-writing colleagues in Greene’s Groatsworth of Witte has never been evaluated with the dispassionate objectivity it deserves. This on account of its de facto status as the foundation stone of Shakespeare’s professional biography. While not underestimating the tenacious hold of a 240 year old tradition, this paper examines the evidence for a contrary viewpoint. A fresh investigation of the critical sen…
Curbing Their Antagonism
This study of leaders’ exchanges in Prime Minister’s Questions considers the potential for foreign policy debate to be associated with uncharacteristic personal respect between political opponents. Using an existing dataset coded for a specific form of verbal aggression—personal attacks—questions to the Prime Minister spanning a 37-year period were further analysed for policy topic. Compared to questions and responses focused on domestic policies…
“Let me now answer, very directly, Marie’s question”
Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs) in the UK attracts much criticism for the adversarial and occasional aggressive language on display. During his successful campaign for the leadership of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn called for a “new kind of politics” ( ITV 2015 ). One feature of his “new” approach, apparent during his early sessions as Leader of the Opposition, was to include questions to Prime Minister David Cameron sourced from members of …
Can’t Answer? Won’t Answer? An Analysis of Equivocal Responses by Theresa May in Prime Minister’s Questions
The aim of this study was to investigate whether typologies devised for the analy-sis of equivocation in broadcast political interviews could be usefully extended tothe analysis of equivocation in Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs). The study wasbased on the 23 sessions of PMQs held during Theresa May’s first term of office(July 2016 to April 2017). Results showed that May’s mean reply rate to questionsfrom Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn was just 11%…
He Is Just the Nowhere Man of British Politics
Views from the media, the public, and from inside Parliament have expressed discontent with, reportedly, recent high levels of personally antagonistic behavior in Prime Minister's Questions. The focus of this study is a fine-grained analysis of language classified as a personal attack. A personal attack coding system was devised, and significant individual differences between Prime Ministers and increases across individual premierships were obser…
The construction of political journalism
Order in disorder
Recent research has established that Japanese political oratory and audience behaviour ( Bull & Feldman 2011 ; Feldman & Bull 2012 ) are fundamentally different to those found in British political speeches ( Heritage & Greatbatch 1986 ). To further develop these cross-cultural analyses of political rhetoric, speaker-audience interaction was analysed in ten speeches by the two second-round candidates in the 2012 French presidential elections (Fran…
Failures in Leadership
This paper examines how Japanese leading politicians deal with the communicative problems posed to them during broadcast political interviews. Based on data gathered during 14-month period in 2012–2013, the paper replicates and modifies the “Theory of Equivocation” to explore the extent to which national and local level politicians endeavor to affect the content of information distributed to the public and to influence the way people perceive eve…
Claps and claptrap
Significant insights have been gained into how politicians interact with live audiences through the detailed microanalysis of video and audio recordings, especially of rhetorical techniques used by politicians to invite applause. The overall aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical model of speaker-audience interaction in set-piece political speeches, based on the concept of dialogue between speaker and audience. Research is reviewed not…
Audience responses and the context of political speeches
Previous studies showed that cultural dimensions (individualism and collectivism) are related to audience behavior in responding to political speeches. However, this study suggests that speech context is an important issue to be considered in understanding speaker-audience interaction in political speeches. Forms of response, audience behavior, and response rates were analyzed in three speech contexts: acceptance speeches to nomination as politic…
Ducking and Diving
This paper examines how Japanese leading politicians cope with the communication problems posed during televised political interviews. Based on data gathered during the year 2012–13, the paper replicates and modifies the Theory of Equivocation to detail the responsiveness of national and local level politicians (and for comparison also of non-politicians) to interview questions. Its main focus is on the extent to which Japanese politicians equivo…
Playing the Man, Not the Ball
A challenging question can prompt a variety of responses from politicians in their attempt to save face. Criticising the interviewer is one such tactic identified in previous research. The focus here was on this form of personalisation: responses directed personally at the interviewer, often used as a substitute for a straight answer (i.e., playing the man, not the ball). Sampling online interview videos, our analysis revealed a broad range of pe…
Whipping It Up! An Analysis of Audience Responses to Political Rhetoric in Speeches From the 2012 American Presidential Elections
In the context of Hofstede’s distinction between collectivist and individualist societies, an analysis was conducted of rhetorical devices utilized to invite affiliative audience responses in 11 speeches delivered by the two principal candidates in the 2012 American presidential election (Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney). Results were compared with preexisting data on Japanese and British political speeches. Whereas Anglo American politicians princ…
How Not to Answer Questions in Political Interviews
An analysis of eight televised political interviews videorecorded during the 1987 British General Election campaign showed that both Margaret Thatcher and Neil Kinnock did not reply to a large proportion of the questions put to them (Margaret Thatcher 56%, Neil Kinnock 59%). A typology of non-replies was devised which showed a highly significant correlation of .93 (p < .01) between the two politicians across 11 superordinate categories. Making po…
On Identifying Questions, Replies, and Non-Replies in Political Interviews
It has been claimed that the question and answer format is the defining feature of the news interview, although the definition of what constitute questions, replies, or non-replies is by no means self-evident. Such definitional issues are central to theoretical disputes about the nature of the political interview, but nevertheless to date have received scant attention in the research literature. In the study reported here, a set of guidelines is …
Slipperiness, Evasion, and Ambiguity
Noncommittal political discourse in televised political interviews is examined in the context of Bavelas, Black, Chovil, and Mullett's theory of equivocation. The two central propositions of this theory are shown to be well supported. Bull and others' reconceptualization of the theory in terms of face and face management is also discussed. It is argued that the latter is more parsimonious in its explanation of equivocal discourse in political int…
The Development of a Comprehensive System for Classifying Interruptions
This paper describes the development of a new system for classifying interruptions and simultaneous speech, entitled the Interruption Coding System (ICS). The system is organised in the form of a binary flow-chart, and a clear distinction is drawn between interruptive and non-interruptive speech. Interruptions are further divided into single and complex forms, and the flow-chart terminates in a total of 17 empirically discriminable events. In con…
Adversarial Discourse in Prime Minister's Questions
In the United Kingdom, Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) are a weekly 30-minute parliamentary session, in which the prime minister (PM) responds to questions from both government and opposition members of parliament (MPs). In this study, 18 PMQs (April-November, 2007) were analysed, 9 with Labour PM Tony Blair, 9 with his successor Gordon Brown; in all 18 sessions, their opponent was Conservative Party leader David Cameron. In PMQs, MPs are expec…
Doing leadership in political speech
The interactional organization of leadership was examined in the context of 15 political speeches, delivered by leading politicians from the three major political parties in Britain. The study utilized a sociopragmatic methodology, supplemented by corpus linguistics and social psychology. Leadership was conceptualized in interactional –sociolinguistic terms, as brought in and brought out in the interaction through self-references collocating with…
Equivocation Theory and News Interviews
According to a theory devised by Bavelas and colleagues, equivocation occurs in response to avoidance-avoidance conflicts. This article argues that this theory provides a valuable conceptual framework for the analysis of news interviews; in addition, some modifications are discussed. It proposes that the concept of threats to face can be used to provide a theoretical underpinning for why avoidance-avoidance conflicts occur in the context of polit…
He Is Just the Nowhere Man of British Politics
Views from the media, the public, and from inside Parliament have expressed discontent with, reportedly, recent high levels of personally antagonistic behavior in Prime Minister's Questions. The focus of this study is a fine-grained analysis of language classified as a personal attack. A personal attack coding system was devised, and significant individual differences between Prime Ministers and increases across individual premierships were obser…
Interruptions in Political Interviews
Eight televised interviews were selected from four different interviewers, who each interviewed both the Prime Minister (Margaret Thatcher) and the Leader of the Opposition (Neil Kinnock); the video recordings were analysed using a new interruption coding system devised by Roger, Bull & Smith (1988). No significant difference was found between Margaret Thatcher and Neil Kinnock either in the extent to which they interrupt or were interrupted by t…
Can’t Answer? Won’t Answer? An Analysis of Equivocal Responses by Theresa May in Prime Minister’s Questions
The aim of this study was to investigate whether typologies devised for the analy-sis of equivocation in broadcast political interviews could be usefully extended tothe analysis of equivocation in Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs). The study wasbased on the 23 sessions of PMQs held during Theresa May’s first term of office(July 2016 to April 2017). Results showed that May’s mean reply rate to questionsfrom Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn was just 11%…
Level of Threat
Eighteen interviews televised during the 1992 British General Election were analyzed to evaluate six leading political interviewers in terms of toughness and neutrality. Tough questions were defined as those where each of the principal modes of possible response presented some form of face-threat (cf. no-necessary-threat questions, which allowed at least one type of response that was not intrinsically face-threatening). Brian Walden emerged as th…
Conversational Exchange Analysis
In recognition of the deficiencies of the speech classification systems available for the analysis of informal conversation, the present article is concerned with the development, and subsequent description of a comprehensive speech analysis system. Developed from a review of the literature and the analysis of tape-recordings and transcripts, Conversational Exchange Analysis (CEA) comprises four sets of rules for the division and subsequent class…
By Invitation Only
To investigate the relative importance of invited and uninvited applause, 15 speeches delivered by the leaders of the three principal British political parties to their annual party conferences (1996-2000) were analyzed. Each incidence of applause was coded along three dimensions (invited/uninvited, presence/absence of rhetorical devices, and synchronous/asynchronous with speech). The results provided strong support for the distinction between in…
The Mistiming of Applause in Political Speeches
According to Atkinson, speakers at political meetings invite applause through rhetorical devices, which indicate when and where applause is appropriate. Hence, speech and applause are characterized by a high degree of synchronization. Thus, incidences of unsynchronized applause are of considerable theoretical interest. An analysis of such mismatches is reported based on six speeches delivered by the three leaders of the principal British politica…
Equivocation and the Rhetoric of Modernization
The process of change in the British Labour Party (from 1983 to 1997) has been widely referred to as one of modernization. In this article, the rhetoric of modernization was examined in the context of Bavelas et al.'s theory of equivocation (as modified by Bull et al.). Five televised political interviews with Tony Blair from the 1997 General Election campaign were analyzed. Blair equivocated to questions about modernization, which created an avo…
Culture or Communicative Conflict? The Analysis of Equivocation in Broadcast Japanese Political Interviews
The focus of this article is on equivocation in Japanese televised interviews, broadcast over a 14-month period in 2012-2013 (before and after the general election of December 16, 2012). An analysis was conducted of responses to questions by three different groups (national politicians, local politicians, and nonpoliticians). Results showed a striking level of equivocation by both national and local politicians, who together equivocated significa…
The Use of Hand Gesture in Political Speeches
Through the detailed analysis of videotapes, this research examines the relationship between the style and content of political speeches and the hand gestures politicians use. The results show that hand gesture is closely related to intonation, both in terms of vocal stress and tone group boundaries. The results also show that hand gesture is linked to the elicitation and control of applause. For example, a speech by Mr Arthur Scargill showed tha…
Claps and claptrap
Significant insights have been gained into how politicians interact with live audiences through the detailed microanalysis of video and audio recordings, especially of rhetorical techniques used by politicians to invite applause. The overall aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical model of speaker-audience interaction in set-piece political speeches, based on the concept of dialogue between speaker and audience. Research is reviewed not…
Ducking and Diving
This paper examines how Japanese leading politicians cope with the communication problems posed during televised political interviews. Based on data gathered during the year 2012–13, the paper replicates and modifies the Theory of Equivocation to detail the responsiveness of national and local level politicians (and for comparison also of non-politicians) to interview questions. Its main focus is on the extent to which Japanese politicians equivo…
Playing the Man, Not the Ball
A challenging question can prompt a variety of responses from politicians in their attempt to save face. Criticising the interviewer is one such tactic identified in previous research. The focus here was on this form of personalisation: responses directed personally at the interviewer, often used as a substitute for a straight answer (i.e., playing the man, not the ball). Sampling online interview videos, our analysis revealed a broad range of pe…
Invitations to Affiliative Audience Responses in Japanese Political Speeches
This article reports the first investigation outside the United Kingdom of rhetorical devices used by political speakers to invite applause. Fourteen techniques for inviting affiliative audience responses were identified from 36 speeches delivered during the 2005 Japanese general election. Notable differences in audience reactions between the two cultures were observed: In response to Japanese speeches, there was an absence of isolated applause a…
Curbing Their Antagonism
This study of leaders’ exchanges in Prime Minister’s Questions considers the potential for foreign policy debate to be associated with uncharacteristic personal respect between political opponents. Using an existing dataset coded for a specific form of verbal aggression—personal attacks—questions to the Prime Minister spanning a 37-year period were further analysed for policy topic. Compared to questions and responses focused on domestic policies…
Failures in Leadership
This paper examines how Japanese leading politicians deal with the communicative problems posed to them during broadcast political interviews. Based on data gathered during 14-month period in 2012–2013, the paper replicates and modifies the “Theory of Equivocation” to explore the extent to which national and local level politicians endeavor to affect the content of information distributed to the public and to influence the way people perceive eve…
From Politics to Comedy
This study aims to identify key similarities and differences between the affiliative behaviors of audiences to political speakers and stand-up comedians. Four televised stand-up comedy routines were analyzed in terms of three dimensions: invitationality (whether the audience response is invited), rhetoricality (the use of rhetorical devices associated with audience applause), and synchrony (audience responses judged to commence either just before…
Prologue
The goal of this introduction is to contextualize the multifaceted notion of commitment. It examines its conditions of use in ordinary language and in the research paradigms of pragmatics, social psychology, and discourse analysis. Particular attention is given to the microanalysis of commitment in ordinary language and in political discourse as well as to its subjective and intersubjective dimensions
Conversational Exchange Analysis
In recognition of the deficiencies of the speech classification systems available for the analysis of informal conversation, the present article is concerned with the development, and subsequent description of a comprehensive speech analysis system. Developed from a review of the literature and the analysis of tape-recordings and transcripts, Conversational Exchange Analysis (CEA) comprises four sets of rules for the division and subsequent class…
The Use of Hand Gesture in Political Speeches
Through the detailed analysis of videotapes, this research examines the relationship between the style and content of political speeches and the hand gestures politicians use. The results show that hand gesture is closely related to intonation, both in terms of vocal stress and tone group boundaries. The results also show that hand gesture is linked to the elicitation and control of applause. For example, a speech by Mr Arthur Scargill showed tha…
Interruptions in Political Interviews
Eight televised interviews were selected from four different interviewers, who each interviewed both the Prime Minister (Margaret Thatcher) and the Leader of the Opposition (Neil Kinnock); the video recordings were analysed using a new interruption coding system devised by Roger, Bull & Smith (1988). No significant difference was found between Margaret Thatcher and Neil Kinnock either in the extent to which they interrupt or were interrupted by t…
The Development of a Comprehensive System for Classifying Interruptions
This paper describes the development of a new system for classifying interruptions and simultaneous speech, entitled the Interruption Coding System (ICS). The system is organised in the form of a binary flow-chart, and a clear distinction is drawn between interruptive and non-interruptive speech. Interruptions are further divided into single and complex forms, and the flow-chart terminates in a total of 17 empirically discriminable events. In con…
Interruptions in Political Interviews
The Geomorphology of the Napier Range, Western Australia
Andrew Goudie, Heather Viles, Robert Allison, Michael Day, Ian Livingstone, Peter Bull, The Geomorphology of the Napier Range, Western Australia, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 15, No. 3 (1990), pp. 308-322
An appraisal of the current status of communication skills training in British medical schools
How Not to Answer Questions in Political Interviews
An analysis of eight televised political interviews videorecorded during the 1987 British General Election campaign showed that both Margaret Thatcher and Neil Kinnock did not reply to a large proportion of the questions put to them (Margaret Thatcher 56%, Neil Kinnock 59%). A typology of non-replies was devised which showed a highly significant correlation of .93 (p < .01) between the two politicians across 11 superordinate categories. Making po…
On Identifying Questions, Replies, and Non-Replies in Political Interviews
It has been claimed that the question and answer format is the defining feature of the news interview, although the definition of what constitute questions, replies, or non-replies is by no means self-evident. Such definitional issues are central to theoretical disputes about the nature of the political interview, but nevertheless to date have received scant attention in the research literature. In the study reported here, a set of guidelines is …
A Question of Threat
A Question of Threat
Bull et al. have developed a typology for the analysis of face threats in questions posed during political interviews. 19 different categories of face threat were identified, grouped into three superordinate categories of face which politicians need to defend: their own personal face, the face of the party and face in relation to significant others. This typology was employed in analysing 18 interviews with the three main party leaders in the 199…
Level of Threat
Eighteen interviews televised during the 1992 British General Election were analyzed to evaluate six leading political interviewers in terms of toughness and neutrality. Tough questions were defined as those where each of the principal modes of possible response presented some form of face-threat (cf. no-necessary-threat questions, which allowed at least one type of response that was not intrinsically face-threatening). Brian Walden emerged as th…
Equivocation Theory and News Interviews
According to a theory devised by Bavelas and colleagues, equivocation occurs in response to avoidance-avoidance conflicts. This article argues that this theory provides a valuable conceptual framework for the analysis of news interviews; in addition, some modifications are discussed. It proposes that the concept of threats to face can be used to provide a theoretical underpinning for why avoidance-avoidance conflicts occur in the context of polit…
The Mistiming of Applause in Political Speeches
According to Atkinson, speakers at political meetings invite applause through rhetorical devices, which indicate when and where applause is appropriate. Hence, speech and applause are characterized by a high degree of synchronization. Thus, incidences of unsynchronized applause are of considerable theoretical interest. An analysis of such mismatches is reported based on six speeches delivered by the three leaders of the principal British politica…
Equivocation and the Rhetoric of Modernization
The process of change in the British Labour Party (from 1983 to 1997) has been widely referred to as one of modernization. In this article, the rhetoric of modernization was examined in the context of Bavelas et al.'s theory of equivocation (as modified by Bull et al.). Five televised political interviews with Tony Blair from the 1997 General Election campaign were analyzed. Blair equivocated to questions about modernization, which created an avo…
Communication Under the Microscope
Social interaction in recent years has become the focus of systematic scientific research in a wide variety of academic disciplines. In Communication under the Microscope, Peter Bull shows how communication has become an object of study in its own right, which can be dissected in the finest detail through the use of film and recording technology. In so doing he provides a clear and valuable introduction into the theory and practice of microanalys…
By Invitation Only
To investigate the relative importance of invited and uninvited applause, 15 speeches delivered by the leaders of the three principal British political parties to their annual party conferences (1996-2000) were analyzed. Each incidence of applause was coded along three dimensions (invited/uninvited, presence/absence of rhetorical devices, and synchronous/asynchronous with speech). The results provided strong support for the distinction between in…
Development of the York Angina Beliefs Questionnaire
It is known that people who have suffered a heart attack can hold misconceived or maladaptive beliefs and that these can have a deleterious effect on quality of life and functioning. It has also been noted that clinicians do not routinely elicit these maladaptive beliefs. It is probable that angina sufferers also hold such beliefs. As angina is a great burden in the western world, with over two million people with angina in the UK alone, there ma…
The effects of cultural awareness on nonverbal perceptual accuracy
Nonverbal perception training was carried out with British and Japanese university students. The main aim of the training was to examine whether increasing cultural awareness in nonverbal communication styles leads to an improvement in within- and cross-cultural perceptual accuracy. The perceptual assessment was carried out using the British and Japanese Social Perception Task (BJSPT) which is based on the Interpersonal Perception Task ( IPT) (Co…
Measuring social influence of a senior midwife on decision‐making in maternity care
The document Changing Childbirth produced by the Department of Health (1993) requests provision of more choice, continuity and control for women during pregnancy and childbirth. In this context this study considers whether midwives'decisions are influenced by a senior midwife. A simple, valid and reliable scale—the Social Influence Scale for Midwifery (SIS‐M)—was devised to measure and score midwives' private anonymous responses to 10 clinical de…
Who are we and who are you? The strategic use of forms of address in political interviews
In the discourse of political interviews, references to coparticipants can be expressed explicitly by proper nouns and forms of address, and they can be expressed implicitly by personal pronouns and other indexical expressions. The meaning of personal pronouns is context dependent and retrievable only by inference, and therefore is less determinate. Furthermore, it can shift as the status of the participants shifts in interaction. This may occur …
Cultural communication styles and accuracy in cross-cultural perception
This study examines the effects of cultural communication styles on cross-cultural perceptual accuracy. In Experiment 1, the communication accuracy of British and Japanese participants was assessed within their own cultures and compared across five interpersonal contexts: age, competition, intimacy, kinship and status. The results showed that the British were significantly more accurate on intimacy scenes while the Japanese were significantly bet…
From Politics to Comedy
This study aims to identify key similarities and differences between the affiliative behaviors of audiences to political speakers and stand-up comedians. Four televised stand-up comedy routines were analyzed in terms of three dimensions: invitationality (whether the audience response is invited), rhetoricality (the use of rhetorical devices associated with audience applause), and synchrony (audience responses judged to commence either just before…
‘Well, I answer it by simply inviting you to look at the evidence’
In the discourse of political interviews, references to participants can be expressed explicitly by proper nouns and forms of address, and they can be expressed implicitly by personal pronouns and other indexical expressions. The meaning of personal pronouns is context-dependent and retrievable only by inference, and therefore is less determinate. Furthermore, it can shift according to the status of the participants in interaction. This may occur…
Slipperiness, Evasion, and Ambiguity
Noncommittal political discourse in televised political interviews is examined in the context of Bavelas, Black, Chovil, and Mullett's theory of equivocation. The two central propositions of this theory are shown to be well supported. Bull and others' reconceptualization of the theory in terms of face and face management is also discussed. It is argued that the latter is more parsimonious in its explanation of equivocal discourse in political int…
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