Karl W Butzer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 85713 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Karl W Butzer |
| PRENOMES | Karl W |
| SOBRENOME | Butzer |
| ASSINATURA | BUTZER K W |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Chicago |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 150 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 1211 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 149 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1957 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2019 |
| ÍNDICE H | 17 |
Integrating Geoarchaeology with Archaeology for Interdisciplinary Understanding of Societal–Environmental Relations
Despite an early growth of interest in archaeological problems by the science community, systematic application of earth science in a major field project during the 1920s was not directly followed up. But by 1960 environmental archaeology had become a focus of problem formulation, experimentation, and innovation, thanks to excavations led by both Classical and Anthropological archaeologists. Adequate professional training did not follow, given di…
Anthropocene as an evolving paradigm
At some point during the Holocene, human action began to accelerate or redirect landscape and biospheric evolution. Basic questions for this preface are whether we should define this new dynamism as an ‘Anthropocene era’ and how might it be delimited with respect to absolute time or to the Holocene. Traditional geo-stratigraphic nomenclature developed through accretion of field observations, vetted by theoretical discussion, to facilitate four-di…
Urban geoarchaeology and environmental history at the Lost City of the Pyramids, Giza
Irrigation, Pharaonic Egypt
The earliest irrigation in ancient Egypt can best be understood in terms of traditional flood recession (décrue) agriculture in West Africa, where the clayey river plains of the Senegal, Niger, and Logone rivers flood naturally.
Collapse, environment, and society
Historical collapse of ancient states poses intriguing social-ecological questions, as well as potential applications to global change and contemporary strategies for sustainability. Five Old World case studies are developed to identify interactive inputs, triggers, and feedbacks in devolution. Collapse is multicausal and rarely abrupt. Political simplification undermines traditional structures of authority to favor militarization, whereas disint…
Critical perspectives on historical collapse
Historical collapse of ancient states or civilizations has raised new awareness about its possible relevance to current issues of sustainability, in the context of global change. This Special Feature examines 12 case studies of societies under stress, of which seven suffered severe transformation. Outcomes were complex and unpredictable. Five others overcame breakdown through environmental, political, or socio-cultural resilience, which deserves …
Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Northwestern Valley of Mexico
Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt
Nature and Empire in Ottoman Egypt: An Environmental History. By Alan Mikhail." Geographical Review, 102(3), pp. 392–393
Global Environmental History
Evolution of an interdisciplinary enterprise
Challenges for a cross-disciplinary geoarchaeology
F. Clark Howell (1925–2007)
Geoarchaeological approaches to the environmental history of Cyprus
People and Nature
Environmental history in the Mediterranean world
Livestock, Land Cover, and Environmental History
For southeastern Australia, arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 raises similar issues in environmental history as the 1492 landing of Columbus in the Americas. But Anglo-Australian settlement is younger and better documented, both in terms of scientific proxy data and historical sources, which include data on stocking rates that generally were light. Environmental concerns were voiced early, and a lively debate continues both among professionals a…
Coastal eolian sands, paleosols, and Pleistocene geoarchaeology of the Southwestern Cape, South Africa
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe
A. T. Grove and O. Rackham. New Haven, CT: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. 384 pp., maps, photos., diags., biblio., and index. $75.00 cloth (ISBN 0-300-08443-9). Environmental history is an emerging fi
French Wetland Agriculture in Atlantic Canada and Its European Roots
Wetland reclamation, a form of agricultural expansion and intensification, appeared in estuarine environments of northwestern Europe during medieval demographic expansion, prior to the Black Death. It included sea walls, one–way sluice gates, drainage canals, and fields reclaimed from salt marsh. French settlers introduced estuarine reclamation to Atlantic Canada (Acadia) during the early 1600s. This article examines its readaptation in Nova Scot…
Over Land and Sea
The ‘natural’ vegetation of the Mexican Bajío
Biological Transfer, Agricultural Change, and Environmental Implications of 1492
The Columbian Exchange involved not only a transfer of germplasm between two hemispheres on an unprecedented scale, but also the readaptation of agrosystems, representing distinctive crop repertoires, risk strategies, management techniques, cuisines, and values. The European colonists brought an agrosystem to the New World that was primarily derived from the Mediterranean Basin; its success varied greatly, depending on environmental compatibility…
Ecology in the Long View
The recent Columbian polemic contrasted beneficial New World land use before 1492 with destructive Old World land management. Since archaeologists are uniquely equipped to document and model long-term settlement and land-use histories, there is both challenge and opportunity to empirically examine the ecological impact of particular agrosystems within long time frames. This paper examines the risk-minimization and ecological fine-tuning of the Me…
Irrigation, raised fields and state management
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Ecology in the Long View
After the Australopithecines
Research and Development in the Stone Age
The transition from Pleistocene to Archaic/Mesolithic is analyzed in broad ecological terms. The trend throughout most of the Pleistocene toward increasing technological diversity is linked to the expectable ecological tendency to increase resource reliability. The advent of culture enabled man to increase resource reliability by diversifying his resource base. Resources were largely of the K-selected type, economical to procure with simple techn…
Pre-Hispanic maya agriculture
Red Ochre and Human Evolution
This paper evaluates red ochre phenomena as a fossil indicator for developments of human capacities and red color choice in cultures. The archaeological record reveals that, from Early Palaeolithic to historical times, the collectors and users of red ochre have always been a distinctive minority (probable exceptions being the Magdalenian and Paleo-Indian peoples). Nevertheless, red ochre practices have persisted till the present, and the patterns…
Archaeology as Human Ecology
Archaeology as Human Ecology is a new introduction to concepts and methods in archaeology. It deals not with artifacts, but with sites, settlements, and subsistence. Karl W. Butzer's goal is to interpret the ecosystem of which an archaeologicial site or site network was part. Components of this study include geo-archaeology, archaeobotany, zoo-archaeology, and archaeometry. These methods are then used in examining interactions between human commu…
Lithostratigraphy of Border Cave, KwaZulu, South Africa
Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt
Environmental history in the Mediterranean world
Implications of Border Cave Skeletal Remains for Later Pleistocene Human Evolution [and Comments and Reply]
Recent excavations have helped to clarify the cultural and stratigraphic sequences at Border Cave, and human skeletal remains recovered at this South African site may well be associated with a Middle Stone Age industry. A partial adult cranium is of particular interest, and this was originally described as quite different both from African Negro and from Bushman individuals. Eleven measurements were taken on the fossil, and these provide a basis …
Darwin's Apes, Dental Apes, and the Descent of Man
This paper sketches successive refinements, optional renderings, and disclaimers of the ape model of hominid evolution from its initial statement by Darwin, Huxley, and Haeckel until 1973. I suggest that of the four principal ape models that have been advanced-brachiating troglodytian; brachiating, bipedal hylobatian; knuckle-walking, brachiating troglodytian; and pristine ground ape-the hylobatian model of Morton is the most convincing. Thus, fu…
Paleoecology of South African Australopithecines
The environmental context and stratigraphic position of the first australopithecine discovery, at Taung, South Africa, need to be reconsidered, since the Taung juvenile, as Australopithecus africanus, is the type specimen of the gracile lineage of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Recent study of the site and its regional setting shows that two generalizations widely held today are either incorrect or dubious. In particular, the Taung hominid is found i…
Desert and River in Nubia
A “marginality” model to explain major spatial and temporal gaps in the old and new world Pleistocene settlement records
A key argument currently invoked to cast skepticism on certain South American sites, that suggest a first peopling of the New World by ca. 35,000 B.P., is the perplexingly low visibility of the archaeological record until 12,000 B.P. But, contrary to a popular misconception, great spatial and temporal discontinuities are common in the Old World Paleolithic settlement record. In Southern Africa, carefully controlled archaeological stratigraphies s…
The Americas before and after 1492
The controversy over the Columbian Quincentenary identifies two broad issues of fundamental interest to geography: (a) the decimation and displacement of indigenous peoples, leading to creation of new human and cultural landscapes; and (b) the relative ecological impacts of indigenous and Colonial land use, as a prelude to the global environmental transformation introduced by the Industrial Revolution. This introductory essay outlines the contrib…
Ice Ages
Preface List of Illustrations Prologue: The Forgotten Ice Age Part I: Ice Age Discovered 1. Louis Agassiz and the Glacial Theory 2. The Triumph of the Glacial Theory 3. Exploring the Ice-Age World Part II: Explaining The Ice Ages 4. The Ice-Age Problem 5. Birth of the Astronomical Theory 6. The Astronomical Theory of James Croll 7. Debate Over Croll's Theory 8. Through Distant Worlds and Times 9. The Milankovitch Controversy 10. The Deep and the …
Another Look at the Australopithecine Cave Breccias of the Transvaal1
A reexamination of sediments from the Transvaal Australopithecine cave breccias suggests that at each site accumulation took place under relatively dry conditions. The sediments themselves do not support the hypothesis of alternating occupations under different climatic and vegetational conditions by australopithecines with distinct dietary adaptations
Cave sediments, upper pleistocene stratigraphy and mousterian facies in Cantabrian Spain
Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia
Civilizations represent human ecosystems amenable to systematic geo-archaeological analysis. The civilization of Axum, spanning the first millennium A.D., had its settlement core on the now-denuded, subhumid plateau of northern Ethiopia. Axum, a new city, began A.D. 100 as a ceremonial center, growing to over 10,000 people, as a prosperous emporium for international trade. Intensified land use led to mass movements in slope soils before A.D. 300,…
Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt
From Columbus to Acosta
What is called the Age of Discovery evokes images of voyages, nautical skills, and maps. Yet the European encounter with the Americas also led to an intellectual confrontation with the natural history and ethnography of a “new’ world. Contrary to the prevailing view of intellectual stasis, this confrontation provoked novel methods of empirical description, organization, analysis, and synthesis as Medieval deductivism and Classical ontogenies prov…
Urban geoarchaeology and environmental history at the Lost City of the Pyramids, Giza
Livestock, Land Cover, and Environmental History
For southeastern Australia, arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 raises similar issues in environmental history as the 1492 landing of Columbus in the Americas. But Anglo-Australian settlement is younger and better documented, both in terms of scientific proxy data and historical sources, which include data on stocking rates that generally were light. Environmental concerns were voiced early, and a lively debate continues both among professionals a…
Dimensions of Human Geography
Der Umweltfaktor in der großen arabischen Expansion
The Ecological Approach to Archaeology
Explicit methodological statements on the needs for and goals of an 'ecological' study of man's past first appeared in the 1950's. Since this time it has become fashionable to operate archaeological projects with symbiotic teams from diverse disciplinary backgrounds. Although government agencies and private foundations have shown a measure of sympathy toward the support of 'non-anthropologists' engaged in archaeological projects, there has been l…
Late glacial and postglacial climatic variation
Der Umweltfaktor in der großen arabischen Expansion
Der V. internationale Quartär-Kongreß in Madrid und Barcelona 1957
The near East during the Last Glaciation
oceans and continents, it is a delineation of the former of an areal unit, both physical and cultural. Climate and soil, flora and fauna, land and water all form an integral and modelling part of this geographical landscape. In this sense I will try to sketch the landscape of the Near East during the Last Glaciation, when man was proceeding into the last phases of the Old Stone Age some ten to fifty thousand years ago. This essay represents a bri…
Der V. internationale Kongreß für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Hamburg 1958
Contributions to the pleistocene geology of the Nile Valley
Some Recent Geological Deposits in the Egyptian Nile Valley
Several years ago G. W. Murray I contributed a discussion to the Geographical Journal which m rked the first successful attempt o sketch the Upper Pleistocen and Holocene climatic history of Egypt in a truly modern fashion. The wealth of personal observations and intimate knowledge of the material described reflected Mr. Murray's long years of experience in Egypt, since 1941 as Director of the Topographi? cal Survey. During the winter of 1958 the…
Coastal Geomorphology of Majorca
(1962). COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY OF MAJORCA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 191-212
La Vendee Littorale
International audience
Pleistocene Palaeoclimates of the Kurkur Oasis, Egypt
L'oasis de Kourkour, un petit oued verdoyant, est situé au‐dessus d'une cuesta de calcaires crétacés et domine la plaine gréseuse de la Nubie Inférieure. L'oued, creusé dans deux glacis de denudation datant de la fin du tertiaire, entrecoupe la nappe aquifère au contact des calcaires et des dépôts argileux sous‐jacents. Un exarnen détaillé des matériaux d'âge quaternaire de l'oasis révèle l'existence de calcaires d'eau douce très abondants; ils c…
On Pleistocene Evolution of the Nile Valley in Southern Egypt
L'évolution géomorphologique de la vallée du Nil dans la partie méridionale de l'Egypte durant le Quaternaire fut surtout caractérisée par l'érosion et la dénudation. Au début du Pléistocène, il se forma une pédiplaine au niveau de 200–210 m. et, plus tard, divers glacis d'érosion en contrebas et même sur les versants. La marche de l'érosion fut interrompue cinq fois par des phases d'accumulation de sables et de graviers d'origine locale. Ces ter…
Desert Landforms at the Kurkur Oasis, Egypt
The Libyan Desert of the Kurkur area, west of Aswan, was primarily modeled by running water in late Tertiary and early Pleistocene times, and has been subsequently remodeled by wind. Analysis of the desert landforms thus sculptured under semiarid to hyperarid conditions shows that drainage characteristics, slope forms, and surficial materials are distinctive from those commonly associated with humid environments. Areas of smooth slopes and limite…
The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I, Ch. II. Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement
Environment and Archaeology. An Introduction to Pleistocene Geography
Environment and Archeology
Environment and Archeology
Die Pleistozane Klima- und Landschaftsentwicklung der Nordlichen Po-ebene im Lichte Boden-geographischer Untersuchungen
The World of Ancient Man
Environment and Archeology
On Late Pleistocene Chronology
Geography as Human Ecology
The Palaeolithic of Tangier, Morocco
Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Björn Kurtén
Desert and River in Nubia
Physical Conditions in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Egypt Before the Period of Agricultural and Urban Settlement
I. THE NATURAL, EARLY POSTGLACIAL ENVIRONMENT The elements of the physical geography of the Near East and the Middle East are characterized by considerable regional diversity and colour no less rich and varied than the present cultures and peoples of this area. Whether we contrast the warm, parched plains of the Libyan Desert with the cool, foggy slopes of the high Caucasus, or the humid, fertile tract of riverain Mesopotamia with the bleak shore…
Geography (108 obras) · Archaeology (101 obras) · History (57 obras) · Geology (42 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (39 obras) · History (38 obras) · Geology (37 obras) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (37 obras) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (33 obras) · Computer Science (32 obras)