Kristin Asdal
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 87394 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Kristin Asdal |
| PRENOMES | Kristin |
| SOBRENOME | Asdal |
| ASSINATURA | ASDAL K |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Oslo |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7062-4052 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 37 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 332 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2003 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Valuation and Its Problems
Science and Technology Studies scholars have in recent years made a major impact on the conjoining field of Social Studies of Markets, demonstrating how economics is performative and actively takes part in shaping markets. Research has shown how markets emerge through processes of economization, organization, and design, in which economic theory becomes inscribed through devices and material arrangements. But economics do not always perform and o…
Revisiting Critique. Introduction to Valuation and Critique in the Good Economy
Democracy as a Social Epistemology of Grounding
Valuation and Critique in “The Good Economy” Part 1
Choreographies of co-modification
How to make sense of the struggle of scientists in their efforts to answer demands to contribute simultaneously to the advancement of science and the economy? The life sciences are understood to be particularly affected by the increased institutional and political expectations to engender scientific innovations and value creation Fochler et al., (Minerva, 54:175-200, 2016). The expectations are often closely linked to the tools that life scientis…
The politics of climate risk
The notion of ‘climate risk' has become key to how finance understands and manages the climate issue. This paper seeks to empirically trace the making of the climate-finance nexus through analyzing a so-called roadmap for the Norwegian financial sector as a tool that worked to turn the climate issue into a climate risk issue. We show how the roadmap follows the definition laid out by the influential TCFD, that renders climate change a risk for fi…
Market Studies
Market studies is a newly emerging field dedicated to understanding the origins, core concepts, theories and methods currently being used and developed to examine markets in the making. Providing a unique overview that introduces, positions and develops this highly fertile area of research, Market Studies is the first book to consolidate its themes, tools and methods in a single, comprehensive volume. Topics covered include: market organization a…
Experimenting with care and cod
A key ambition in care studies has been to study care in practice and as practice. By turning towards practices, care studies has rendered visible and acknowledged important work that is not captured through looking at formal procedures or official and written materials, such as policy documents and medical protocols. In this literature, document materials and the written have often been seen as unable to demonstrate and address the 'specificitie…
Governing as valuing
Recent scholarship has highlighted 'assetization' as an increasingly prevalent process in which valuation practices from financial economics are imposed on new aspects of society. This paper analyses the establishment of the Norwegian 'oil fund' - currently the world's largest sovereign wealth fund - as the outcome of such a process. It traces the shift in the Norwegian government's valuation arrangements from valuing oil as 'activity' in the 197…
The good economy’
Across Europe and the OECD, the bioeconomy is promoted as that which will succeed the carbon economy: an economy based in ‘the bio’ that will be innovative, sustainable, responsible and environmentally friendly. Yet how to critically approach an economy justified not only by its accumulative potentials but also its ability to do and be good? This paper suggests the concept of ‘the good economy’ as an analytical tool for investigating how economic…
Writing good economics
How is objectivity accomplished in laboratory economic experiments? To address this question, this paper focuses on a modest and mundane thing: the written instructions that guide experimental subjects in the lab. In a material-semiotic perspective, these instructions can be understood as text-devices. We follow text-devices 'on the move' from their very writing, through the lab, the review process and out into the journal article. To do so, we a…
From scarce resources to 'the good economy
One of the major merits to Keith Tribe’s new introduction and translation of Weber’s Economy and Society is to re-place Weber, taking him out of the firm grasp of (American) sociology and releasing him onto alternative planes for grasping economic life and the problem of social-economic explanation.Footnote1 It is as if he asks us to consider: What would happen to our way of relating to Weber if we read his main concern, in the context of his wri…
Experiments in co-modification
Social studies of science have for many years analyzed and demonstrated the key role of experiments to science and the making of facts. But what is the role of experiments in market work? And what, if anything, can we learn from them about markets and commodities? It is perhaps tempting to say that we can learn very little. This paper investigates a series of market research experiments investigating consumers' valuations of farmed fish, and thes…
The modified issue
Ordinary political institutions such as parliaments remain under-explored in Science and Technology Studies (STS) and the conceptual resources for studying politics are far less developed than for science. But sites like parliaments are far more interesting than are their received images. This article argues that novel re-combinations of the issue-literature in STS and the works on parliament and objectivity by the German scholar Max Weber can pr…
Thomas Brandt, Mats Ingulstad, EirinnLarsen, Marte Mangset & Vera Schwach
Bureaucratic power in note-writing
What produces the power of senior civil servants at ministries of finance, positioned at the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy? Max Weber has claimed that a hierarchical organization, meritocratic recruitment and procedural work provide bureaucracies with legitimacy. In particular he insisted on the role of Fachwissen (disciplinary knowledge) obtained through formal education. However, he also argued for the role of Dienstwissen, forms of knowled…
Calculating the blue economy
The ‘blue economy’ has in recent years become a leading concept for envisioning what may come after the fossil-based era. In efforts at calculating the potential economic value of the ocean, policy-oriented documents seek to unite diverse actors around common goals. Through the calculation of numbers, large-scale and long-term policy visions are being crystallized. But how do such numbers come into being in practice? This article interrogates thi…
Interested Methods" and "Versions of Pragmatism
In this commentary, Kristin Asdal reflects on pragmatism as one of the methodological touchstones of Science, technology and society (STS). In its focus on practices, pragmatist STS can be prone to falling into a problematic presentism, obscuring the historicity of the practices being studied, and to falling into problematic material/semiotic binaries. But what does it take, in practice, to be pragmatic? In her commentary, Asdal points to how thi…
Texts on the Move
The last time texts were brought onto the general theoretical and methodological agenda of the human and social sciences, they were reintroduced into history in terms of an indefinite set of indefinitely complex contexts, which gave every text a specific date and location in a network of other texts and events. A couple of decades later, however, a more prominent feature of texts seems to be that they are permanently on the move: they circulate, …
Writing Nature
This special issue of the Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies is interested in how nature, in different versions and forms, is invited into our studies, analyses, and stories. How is it that we “write nature”? How is it that we provide space for, and actually describe the actors, agents, or surroundings, in our stories and analyses? The articles in the issue each deal with different understandings of both the practices of writing and…
Assembling the Whale
AbstarctIn the field of science and technology studies (STS), much research has been concerned with politics. Nevertheless STS research tends to disregard the work of conventional political institutions such as parliaments, especially in the politics of nature, which is often seen as delegating ‘nature’ to science. Parliaments work on nature-objects through documents; paperwork is crucial in its procedures for delegating an issue to be further wo…
What is the issue? The transformative capacity of documents
Paperwork does not simply describe an external reality 'out there': Documents also take part in working upon, modifying, and transforming that reality. That is the overriding argument of this paper, which uses a practice-oriented approach to demonstrate how this is being done. The paper pursues the argument by analyzing what the author suggests we call 'modifying work'. Very concretely, the paper demonstrates how a bureaucratic document, as the r…
Contesting the Animal Model
Journal Article Contesting the Animal Model: Axel Holst and the Controversy over Scurvy and Beriberi Get access Kristin Asdal Kristin Asdal * * Center for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK), University of Oslo. Postbox 1108 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social History of Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 3, August 2014, Pages 577–593, …
Introduction
One of the common characteristics of science, technology, and medicine is their ambition to epistemologically and organizationally move beyond the confines of nation states. In practice, however, they develop differently in countries or regions. Scientists, engineers, and physicians are constrained as well as enabled by national boundaries and specific cultures. The cultural status of such practices in reverse is influenced by a country's history…
Modes of Syncretism
In this contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium "Fuzzy Studies," the authors, all of whom work in the field of science, technology, and society, begin from the assumption that, as Bruno Latour has put it, "we have never been modern." They accept the STS thesis that, while modern practices purport to be entirely rational and coherent, on closer inspection they turn out to be as much noncoherent as coherent. This article poses the question o…
Enacting things through numbers
What is the issue? The transformative capacity of documents
Paperwork does not simply describe an external reality 'out there': Documents also take part in working upon, modifying, and transforming that reality. That is the overriding argument of this paper, which uses a practice-oriented approach to demonstrate how this is being done. The paper pursues the argument by analyzing what the author suggests we call 'modifying work'. Very concretely, the paper demonstrates how a bureaucratic document, as the r…
Modes of Syncretism
In this contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium "Fuzzy Studies," the authors, all of whom work in the field of science, technology, and society, begin from the assumption that, as Bruno Latour has put it, "we have never been modern." They accept the STS thesis that, while modern practices purport to be entirely rational and coherent, on closer inspection they turn out to be as much noncoherent as coherent. This article poses the question o…
Contexts in Action-And the Future of the Past in STS
Since the early 1980s, actor-network theory has contested the status of "context" as an explanatory resource. Expressions and concepts such as "transformations of social worlds," "enactments," and "ontological politics" provide resources for grasping the ways in which agents actively transform the world and add something new. This has been of immense importance and serves as a warning against reducing events and actors to a given context. But a s…
Subjected to Parliament
In 'Sacrifice and the Transformation of the Animal Body into a Scientific Object' Michael Lynch (1988) explores how the animal body is transformed into a scientific object in the laboratory. How did the laboratory become a (relatively) closed space in which scientists, the experts, were delegated the task of negotiating and transforming the interpretative sense of the animal--from sentient beings to analytic objects--as tools in a scientific mach…
Bureaucratic power in note-writing
What produces the power of senior civil servants at ministries of finance, positioned at the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy? Max Weber has claimed that a hierarchical organization, meritocratic recruitment and procedural work provide bureaucracies with legitimacy. In particular he insisted on the role of Fachwissen (disciplinary knowledge) obtained through formal education. However, he also argued for the role of Dienstwissen, forms of knowled…
Experiments in Context and Contexting
What is context and how to deal with it? The context issue has been a key concern in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This is linked to the understanding that science is culture. But how? The irreductionist program from the early eighties sought to solve the problem by doing away with context altogether-for the benefit of worlds in the making. This special issue takes its points of departure in this irreductionist program, its source of insp…
On Politics and the Little Tools of Democracy
The aim of this paper is not to explore what democracy is in some normative sense, but rather how, and with what, democracy gets carried out in practice. In doing this the author seeks to rework the focus on the tactics and materialities of government developed within Foucault's work on governmentality, as well as in actor-network theory, by way of a deliberative approach: Political technologies are not to be understood in a context of the microp…
From Climate Issue to Oil Issue
Economics does not come in only one version. In order to understand the emergence of carbon markets, this paper turns to the offices of politics and administration and argues that carbon markets ought to be seen as an effect of different versions of economics. Hence, the paper suggests that, in analysing and exploring the emergence of carbon markets, it is not sufficient to focus on market devices. We must study a wider set of devices, such as mo…
The modified issue
Ordinary political institutions such as parliaments remain under-explored in Science and Technology Studies (STS) and the conceptual resources for studying politics are far less developed than for science. But sites like parliaments are far more interesting than are their received images. This article argues that novel re-combinations of the issue-literature in STS and the works on parliament and objectivity by the German scholar Max Weber can pr…
The Problematic Nature of Nature
This article discusses the program of environmental history within the larger discipline of history and contrasts it with more recent contributions from post-constructivist science. It explores the ways in which post-constructivism has the potential to productively address many of the shortcomings of environmental history's theories and models that environmental historians themselves have begun to view with a critical eye. The post-constructivist…
Texts on the Move
The last time texts were brought onto the general theoretical and methodological agenda of the human and social sciences, they were reintroduced into history in terms of an indefinite set of indefinitely complex contexts, which gave every text a specific date and location in a network of other texts and events. A couple of decades later, however, a more prominent feature of texts seems to be that they are permanently on the move: they circulate, …
Experiments in co-modification
Social studies of science have for many years analyzed and demonstrated the key role of experiments to science and the making of facts. But what is the role of experiments in market work? And what, if anything, can we learn from them about markets and commodities? It is perhaps tempting to say that we can learn very little. This paper investigates a series of market research experiments investigating consumers' valuations of farmed fish, and thes…
Assembling the Whale
AbstarctIn the field of science and technology studies (STS), much research has been concerned with politics. Nevertheless STS research tends to disregard the work of conventional political institutions such as parliaments, especially in the politics of nature, which is often seen as delegating ‘nature’ to science. Parliaments work on nature-objects through documents; paperwork is crucial in its procedures for delegating an issue to be further wo…
Performing Environmental Change
Book Reviews : Handbook of Political Science Methods. By G. DAVID GARSON. (Boston: Hol brook Press, Inc., 1971. Pp. xii, 276. $3.50.)
Governing as valuing
Recent scholarship has highlighted 'assetization' as an increasingly prevalent process in which valuation practices from financial economics are imposed on new aspects of society. This paper analyses the establishment of the Norwegian 'oil fund' - currently the world's largest sovereign wealth fund - as the outcome of such a process. It traces the shift in the Norwegian government's valuation arrangements from valuing oil as 'activity' in the 197…
Returning the Kingdom to the King
Crying out for more science does not solve all problems; rather, it makes it easy to shrug off responsibility for them. This is rightly pointed out by the influential Norwegian philosopher Hans Skjervheim in his critique of positivist science. The critique of positivism in itself is to steer clear of problems that we all ought to be addressing. In confronting Skjervheim's critique of positivism with post-constructivism, this article deals with so…
The politics of climate risk
The notion of ‘climate risk' has become key to how finance understands and manages the climate issue. This paper seeks to empirically trace the making of the climate-finance nexus through analyzing a so-called roadmap for the Norwegian financial sector as a tool that worked to turn the climate issue into a climate risk issue. We show how the roadmap follows the definition laid out by the influential TCFD, that renders climate change a risk for fi…
Writing good economics
How is objectivity accomplished in laboratory economic experiments? To address this question, this paper focuses on a modest and mundane thing: the written instructions that guide experimental subjects in the lab. In a material-semiotic perspective, these instructions can be understood as text-devices. We follow text-devices 'on the move' from their very writing, through the lab, the review process and out into the journal article. To do so, we a…
Experimenting with care and cod
A key ambition in care studies has been to study care in practice and as practice. By turning towards practices, care studies has rendered visible and acknowledged important work that is not captured through looking at formal procedures or official and written materials, such as policy documents and medical protocols. In this literature, document materials and the written have often been seen as unable to demonstrate and address the 'specificitie…
From scarce resources to 'the good economy
One of the major merits to Keith Tribe’s new introduction and translation of Weber’s Economy and Society is to re-place Weber, taking him out of the firm grasp of (American) sociology and releasing him onto alternative planes for grasping economic life and the problem of social-economic explanation.Footnote1 It is as if he asks us to consider: What would happen to our way of relating to Weber if we read his main concern, in the context of his wri…
Calculating the blue economy
The ‘blue economy’ has in recent years become a leading concept for envisioning what may come after the fossil-based era. In efforts at calculating the potential economic value of the ocean, policy-oriented documents seek to unite diverse actors around common goals. Through the calculation of numbers, large-scale and long-term policy visions are being crystallized. But how do such numbers come into being in practice? This article interrogates thi…
Introduction
One of the common characteristics of science, technology, and medicine is their ambition to epistemologically and organizationally move beyond the confines of nation states. In practice, however, they develop differently in countries or regions. Scientists, engineers, and physicians are constrained as well as enabled by national boundaries and specific cultures. The cultural status of such practices in reverse is influenced by a country's history…
Versions of Milk and Versions of Care
ArgumentAt the turn of the twentieth century the Norwegian market flourished with milk products intended for infants. But medical doctors argued in favor of "going back to nature": Women ought to breastfeed their children. This paper explores how a re-naturalization of mother's milk emerged within experimental medicine. The prescribed "natural way" did not develop within medicine alone. The paper demonstrates how the natural developed within a re…
Contesting the Animal Model
Journal Article Contesting the Animal Model: Axel Holst and the Controversy over Scurvy and Beriberi Get access Kristin Asdal Kristin Asdal * * Center for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK), University of Oslo. Postbox 1108 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social History of Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 3, August 2014, Pages 577–593, …
The Problematic Nature of Nature
This article discusses the program of environmental history within the larger discipline of history and contrasts it with more recent contributions from post-constructivist science. It explores the ways in which post-constructivism has the potential to productively address many of the shortcomings of environmental history's theories and models that environmental historians themselves have begun to view with a critical eye. The post-constructivist…
Returning the Kingdom to the King
Crying out for more science does not solve all problems; rather, it makes it easy to shrug off responsibility for them. This is rightly pointed out by the influential Norwegian philosopher Hans Skjervheim in his critique of positivist science. The critique of positivism in itself is to steer clear of problems that we all ought to be addressing. In confronting Skjervheim's critique of positivism with post-constructivism, this article deals with so…
Making Space With Medicine
This paper explores a little‐known aspect of Norway's ‘closed‐fist’ policy and union history that played a role in the fate of the Union Trade Act during the dissolution of Norway's union with Sweden, namely the controversy over livestock trade. By way of this controversy and the establishment of Norwegian veterinary services the paper points to the way in which statistics and veterinary medicine may act as a form of political technology. In this…
Enacting things through numbers
Technoscience
On Politics and the Little Tools of Democracy
The aim of this paper is not to explore what democracy is in some normative sense, but rather how, and with what, democracy gets carried out in practice. In doing this the author seeks to rework the focus on the tactics and materialities of government developed within Foucault's work on governmentality, as well as in actor-network theory, by way of a deliberative approach: Political technologies are not to be understood in a context of the microp…
Subjected to Parliament
In 'Sacrifice and the Transformation of the Animal Body into a Scientific Object' Michael Lynch (1988) explores how the animal body is transformed into a scientific object in the laboratory. How did the laboratory become a (relatively) closed space in which scientists, the experts, were delegated the task of negotiating and transforming the interpretative sense of the animal--from sentient beings to analytic objects--as tools in a scientific mach…
Contexts in Action-And the Future of the Past in STS
Since the early 1980s, actor-network theory has contested the status of "context" as an explanatory resource. Expressions and concepts such as "transformations of social worlds," "enactments," and "ontological politics" provide resources for grasping the ways in which agents actively transform the world and add something new. This has been of immense importance and serves as a warning against reducing events and actors to a given context. But a s…
Experiments in Context and Contexting
What is context and how to deal with it? The context issue has been a key concern in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This is linked to the understanding that science is culture. But how? The irreductionist program from the early eighties sought to solve the problem by doing away with context altogether-for the benefit of worlds in the making. This special issue takes its points of departure in this irreductionist program, its source of insp…
Contesting the Animal Model
Journal Article Contesting the Animal Model: Axel Holst and the Controversy over Scurvy and Beriberi Get access Kristin Asdal Kristin Asdal * * Center for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK), University of Oslo. Postbox 1108 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social History of Medicine, Volume 27, Issue 3, August 2014, Pages 577–593, …
Introduction
One of the common characteristics of science, technology, and medicine is their ambition to epistemologically and organizationally move beyond the confines of nation states. In practice, however, they develop differently in countries or regions. Scientists, engineers, and physicians are constrained as well as enabled by national boundaries and specific cultures. The cultural status of such practices in reverse is influenced by a country's history…
Modes of Syncretism
In this contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium "Fuzzy Studies," the authors, all of whom work in the field of science, technology, and society, begin from the assumption that, as Bruno Latour has put it, "we have never been modern." They accept the STS thesis that, while modern practices purport to be entirely rational and coherent, on closer inspection they turn out to be as much noncoherent as coherent. This article poses the question o…
Versions of Milk and Versions of Care
ArgumentAt the turn of the twentieth century the Norwegian market flourished with milk products intended for infants. But medical doctors argued in favor of "going back to nature": Women ought to breastfeed their children. This paper explores how a re-naturalization of mother's milk emerged within experimental medicine. The prescribed "natural way" did not develop within medicine alone. The paper demonstrates how the natural developed within a re…
Performing Environmental Change
Book Reviews : Handbook of Political Science Methods. By G. DAVID GARSON. (Boston: Hol brook Press, Inc., 1971. Pp. xii, 276. $3.50.)
From Climate Issue to Oil Issue
Economics does not come in only one version. In order to understand the emergence of carbon markets, this paper turns to the offices of politics and administration and argues that carbon markets ought to be seen as an effect of different versions of economics. Hence, the paper suggests that, in analysing and exploring the emergence of carbon markets, it is not sufficient to focus on market devices. We must study a wider set of devices, such as mo…
What is the issue? The transformative capacity of documents
Paperwork does not simply describe an external reality 'out there': Documents also take part in working upon, modifying, and transforming that reality. That is the overriding argument of this paper, which uses a practice-oriented approach to demonstrate how this is being done. The paper pursues the argument by analyzing what the author suggests we call 'modifying work'. Very concretely, the paper demonstrates how a bureaucratic document, as the r…
Writing Nature
This special issue of the Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies is interested in how nature, in different versions and forms, is invited into our studies, analyses, and stories. How is it that we “write nature”? How is it that we provide space for, and actually describe the actors, agents, or surroundings, in our stories and analyses? The articles in the issue each deal with different understandings of both the practices of writing and…
Assembling the Whale
AbstarctIn the field of science and technology studies (STS), much research has been concerned with politics. Nevertheless STS research tends to disregard the work of conventional political institutions such as parliaments, especially in the politics of nature, which is often seen as delegating ‘nature’ to science. Parliaments work on nature-objects through documents; paperwork is crucial in its procedures for delegating an issue to be further wo…
Interested Methods" and "Versions of Pragmatism
In this commentary, Kristin Asdal reflects on pragmatism as one of the methodological touchstones of Science, technology and society (STS). In its focus on practices, pragmatist STS can be prone to falling into a problematic presentism, obscuring the historicity of the practices being studied, and to falling into problematic material/semiotic binaries. But what does it take, in practice, to be pragmatic? In her commentary, Asdal points to how thi…
Texts on the Move
The last time texts were brought onto the general theoretical and methodological agenda of the human and social sciences, they were reintroduced into history in terms of an indefinite set of indefinitely complex contexts, which gave every text a specific date and location in a network of other texts and events. A couple of decades later, however, a more prominent feature of texts seems to be that they are permanently on the move: they circulate, …
Thomas Brandt, Mats Ingulstad, EirinnLarsen, Marte Mangset & Vera Schwach
Bureaucratic power in note-writing
What produces the power of senior civil servants at ministries of finance, positioned at the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy? Max Weber has claimed that a hierarchical organization, meritocratic recruitment and procedural work provide bureaucracies with legitimacy. In particular he insisted on the role of Fachwissen (disciplinary knowledge) obtained through formal education. However, he also argued for the role of Dienstwissen, forms of knowled…
Calculating the blue economy
The ‘blue economy’ has in recent years become a leading concept for envisioning what may come after the fossil-based era. In efforts at calculating the potential economic value of the ocean, policy-oriented documents seek to unite diverse actors around common goals. Through the calculation of numbers, large-scale and long-term policy visions are being crystallized. But how do such numbers come into being in practice? This article interrogates thi…
The modified issue
Ordinary political institutions such as parliaments remain under-explored in Science and Technology Studies (STS) and the conceptual resources for studying politics are far less developed than for science. But sites like parliaments are far more interesting than are their received images. This article argues that novel re-combinations of the issue-literature in STS and the works on parliament and objectivity by the German scholar Max Weber can pr…
Experiments in co-modification
Social studies of science have for many years analyzed and demonstrated the key role of experiments to science and the making of facts. But what is the role of experiments in market work? And what, if anything, can we learn from them about markets and commodities? It is perhaps tempting to say that we can learn very little. This paper investigates a series of market research experiments investigating consumers' valuations of farmed fish, and thes…
Sociology (25 obras) · Law (17 obras) · Philosophy (17 obras) · Political science (17 obras) · Epistemology (16 obras) · Politics (16 obras) · Social science (12 obras) · Law (11 obras) · Economics (10 obras) · Philosophy (9 obras)