Markus Brauer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 88130 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Markus Brauer |
| PRENOMES | Markus |
| SOBRENOME | Brauer |
| ASSINATURA | BRAUER M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4395-2282 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 44 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 321 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 44 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1992 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Best practices to promote the success of students of color
Despite attempts to promote inclusion in STEM, disparities in belonging, academic achievement, and experiences of discrimination persist between students of color and their White peers. In alignment with the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation's (LSAMP) focus to better understand the factors contributing to STEM disparities among students of color, we administered a climate survey at three Wisconsin Alliance for Minority Participatio…
Peer inclusion has a greater impact on belonging for students of color
Students of color often face unique challenges in higher education, including lower levels of belonging. To understand these challenges, we administered a university climate survey across three colleges in the Wisconsin Alliance for Minority Participation (WiscAMP; N = 3,370) assessing a variety of outcomes related to students' educational experience and their well-being. Findings revealed that students who perceived higher peer inclusion reporte…
A Brief Pro-Diversity Social Marketing Intervention Improves Grades and Well-Being of Students From Marginalized Groups
Despite much research on improving intergroup relations, the evidence for long-term effects in real-world settings is mixed. We used the social marketing approach to create an “Inclusivity Page” that could be added to course syllabi. The page contained three targeted pro-diversity messages based on social norms, personal benefits, and concrete behavioral recommendations. We tested our intervention in a large randomized controlled trial in univers…
Racial Disparities in Doctor-Patient Communication
What Happens When Payments End? Fostering Long-Term Behavior Change With Financial Incentives
Financial incentives are widely used to get people to adopt desirable behaviors. Many small landholders in developing countries, for example, receive multiyear payments to engage in conservation behaviors, and the hope is that they will continue to engage in these behaviors after the program ends. Although effective in the short term, financial incentives rarely lead to long-term behavior change because program participants tend to revert to thei…
Addressing climate change with behavioral science
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interve…
Stuck on Intergroup Attitudes
Decades of research on how to improve intergroup relations have primarily examined ways to change prejudiced attitudes. However, this focus on negative intergroup attitudes has yielded few effective solutions. Because intergroup relations are shaped by behavior during intergroup interactions, it is necessary to identify constructs that have a strong causal impact on intergroup behavior change. In this article, I will discuss evidence showing that…
Red Media vs. Blue Media
Political polarization surrounding the COVID-19 health crisis has been on the rise since the beginning of the pandemic. We combine prior research on motivated reasoning, selective exposure, and news framing to understand the association between partisan media use and social distancing behavior related to COVID-19. To do so, we collected media content data and national survey data during the onset of the pandemic. We employed structural topic mode…
Data quality in online human-subjects research
With the proliferation of online data collection in human-subjects research, concerns have been raised over the presence of inattentive survey participants and non-human respondents (bots). We compared the quality of the data collected through five commonly used platforms. Data quality was indicated by the percentage of participants who meaningfully respond to the researcher’s question (high quality) versus those who only contribute noise (low qu…
News Attention and Social-Distancing Behavior Amid Covid-19
Despite the fact that social distancing is an effective mean to slow the spread of COVID-19, individuals often fail to practice this behavior. Major US news media provided information to the public about social distancing after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, potentially spurring this preventative health practice. Using data from a representative sample of US residents, this study aims to understand the relationship between news media attention…
How to Promote Diversity and Inclusion in Educational Settings
We review recent developments in the literature on diversity and inclusion in higher education settings. Diversity interventions increasingly focus on changing behaviors rather than mental constructs such as bias or attitudes. Additionally, there is now a greater emphasis on the evaluation of initiatives aimed at creating an inclusive climate. When trying to design an intervention to change behavior, it is advised to focus on a segment of the pop…
The Relationship among Covid-19 Information Seeking, News Media Use, and Emotional Distress at the Onset of the Pandemic
Although several theories posit that information seeking is related to better psychological health, this logic may not apply to a pandemic like COVID-19. Given uncertainty inherent to the novel virus, we expect that information seeking about COVID-19 will be positively associated with emotional distress. Additionally, we consider the type of news media from which individuals receive information-television, newspapers, and social media-when examin…
A Mixed Methods Study of Public Perception of Social Distancing
In a rapidly changing public health crisis such as COVID-19, researchers need innovative approaches that can effectively link qualitative approaches and computational methods. In this article, computational and qualitative methods are used to analyze survey data collected in March 2020 ( n = 2,270) to explore the content of persuasive messages and their relationship with self-reported health behavior—that is, social distancing. Results suggest th…
Polarization Over Vaccination
Vaccine hesitancy has been a growing public health issue, but during COVID-19, understanding vaccine hesitancy and promote vaccine favorability takes on a troubling immediacy. With the growing political polarization on scientific issues, the COVID-19 vaccine-related sentiment has recently been divided across ideological lines. This study aims to understand how vaccine favorability and specific vaccine-related concerns including possible side effe…
Incorporating Social-Marketing Insights Into Prejudice Research
Prejudice researchers have proposed a number of methods to reduce prejudice, drawing on and, in turn, contributing to our theoretical understanding of prejudice. Despite this progress, relatively few of these methods have been shown to reliably improve intergroup relations in real-world settings, resulting in a gap between our theoretical understanding of prejudice and real-world applications of prejudice-reduction methods. In this article, we su…
Exposure to peers' pro-diversity attitudes increases inclusion and reduces the achievement gap
Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals
Social norms are enforced by friends
When witnessing an uncivil, immoral, or discriminatory behavior, bystanders have the opportunity to “speak up” and confront the perpetrator about his/her act. We examined whether the closeness of the relationship between the bystander and the perpetrator affects the bystander's reaction. We asked middle schoolers, high schoolers, and university students ( N = 1,386) to indicate how they would react if they were to witness each of 26 uncivil, immo…
Linear mixed-effects models and the analysis of nonindependent data
In this article we address a number of important issues that arise in the analysis of nonindependent data. Such data are common in studies in which predictors vary within "units" (e.g., within-subjects, within-classrooms). Most researchers analyze categorical within-unit predictors with repeated-measures ANOVAs, but continuous within-unit predictors with linear mixed-effects models (LMEMs). We show that both types of predictor variables can be an…
Entertainment-education effectively reduces prejudice
We show that entertainment-education reduces prejudice and does so more effectively than several established prejudice reduction methods. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to an educational television sitcom with diverse, yet relatable Arab/Muslim characters had lower scores on implicit and explicit measures of prejudice than participants exposed to a control sitcom featuring an all White cast. The prejudice reduction effect persisted 4 weeks…
Beliefs about group malleability and out‐group attitudes
Recent research suggests that inducing fixed (rather than malleable) beliefs about groups leads to more negative attitudes toward out‐groups. The present paper identifies the underlying mechanism of this effect. We show that individuals with a fixed belief about groups tend to construe intergroup settings as threatening situations that might reveal shortcomings of their in‐group (perceived threat). In the present research, we measured (Study 1) a…
An der Hochschule lehren
Social Functionality of Human Emotion
Answers to the question “What are human emotions for?” have stimulated highly productive programs of research on emotional phenomena in psychology and neuroscience in the past decade. Although a variety of functions have been proposed and examined at different levels of abstraction, what is undeniable is that when emotional processing is compromised, most things social go awry. In this review we survey the research findings documenting the functi…
The effects of winning and losing on perceived group variability
Data with Hierarchical Structure
Least squares analyses (e.g., ANOVAs, linear regressions) of hierarchical data leads to Type-I error rates that depart severely from the nominal Type-I error rate assumed. Thus, when least squares methods are used to analyze hierarchical data coming from designs in which some groups are assigned to the treatment condition, and others to the control condition (i.e., the widely used "groups nested under treatment" experimental design), the Type-I e…
Stereotypes and ethnocentrism
Much recent work on stereotyping has dealt with groups that are either artificially created or that do not have an extensive history of conflict. The authors attempted to overcome this limitation by examining issues of perceived variability and ethnocentrism among samples of White American and African American youth. The goals were both to examine theoretical issues in stereotyping and to describe the current state of ethnic interrelations among …
Effects of power on perceived and objective group variability
The perception of group variability is affected by social power and status. Three different mechanisms may be responsible for these effects: (a) the power of the perceiver affects perceived group variability; (b) the power of the perceived group affects its perceived variability; and (c) the power of the group affects its actual variability. Two studies are reported to tease apart these three mechanisms and provide support for the third. In the f…
Increasing perceived variability reduces prejudice and discrimination
International audience
Effects of repeated expressions on attitude extremity
Fazio has shown that repeated attitude expressions increase the accessibility of the attitude. In-creases in accessibility in turn lead to greater attitude-behavior consistency. The present work examines the effects of repeated expressions on attitude extremity. In the 1st study, it is shown that repeated expressions increase extremity when the expressions involve only judgments of attitude valence. In the 2nd study, a similar effect of repeated …
Intergroup Perception in the Social Context
The bystander effect and social control behavior
Observers of deviant social behavior sometimes communicate disapproval directly or indirectly to the perpetrator of a deviant act. This reaction has been termed ‘social control’. Three field studies were conducted to explore the influence of the number of bystander‐observers on the likelihood of social control. We predicted that the presence of others would inhibit people's tendency to communicate their disapproval to the deviant but only if pers…
Entertainment-education effectively reduces prejudice
We show that entertainment-education reduces prejudice and does so more effectively than several established prejudice reduction methods. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to an educational television sitcom with diverse, yet relatable Arab/Muslim characters had lower scores on implicit and explicit measures of prejudice than participants exposed to a control sitcom featuring an all White cast. The prejudice reduction effect persisted 4 weeks…
The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group discussions
Classic explanations of the "group polarization phenomenon" emphasize interpersonal processes such as informational influence and social comparison (Myers & Lamm, 1976). Based on earlier research, we hypothesized that at least part of the polarization observed during group discussion might be due to repeated attitude expression. Two studies provide support for this hypothesis. In Study 1, we manipulated how often each group member talked about an…
Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion
Adult attachment orientation has been associated with specific patterns of emotion regulation. The present research examined the effects of attachment orientation on the perceptual processing of emotional stimuli. Experimental participants played computerized movies of faces that expressed happiness, sadness, and anger. Over the course of the movies, the facial expressions became neutral. Participants reported the frame at which the initial expre…
Descriptive norms, prescriptive norms, and social control
Social control is the generic term for any reaction through which a bystander communicates to the “perpetrator” of a norm transgression that his/her action is socially unacceptable. In order to understand the characteristics of behaviors that lead to social control reactions in public settings, we conducted a study with respondents from eight different countries. Respondents were presented with a description of 46 uncivil behaviors and indicated …
Social power
In the present article, we discuss and compare recent theoretical and empirical contributions to the growing body of research on social power. In the last decade, five different theories on power have been proposed. These theories can be distinguished according to whether they focus on intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup or ideological processes. Our analysis leads us to claim that future theoretical contributions would have much to gain by …
Defining Variables in Relationship to Other Variables
A Mixed Methods Study of Public Perception of Social Distancing
In a rapidly changing public health crisis such as COVID-19, researchers need innovative approaches that can effectively link qualitative approaches and computational methods. In this article, computational and qualitative methods are used to analyze survey data collected in March 2020 ( n = 2,270) to explore the content of persuasive messages and their relationship with self-reported health behavior—that is, social distancing. Results suggest th…
Polarization Over Vaccination
Vaccine hesitancy has been a growing public health issue, but during COVID-19, understanding vaccine hesitancy and promote vaccine favorability takes on a troubling immediacy. With the growing political polarization on scientific issues, the COVID-19 vaccine-related sentiment has recently been divided across ideological lines. This study aims to understand how vaccine favorability and specific vaccine-related concerns including possible side effe…
Describing a group in positive terms reduces prejudice less effectively than describing it in positive and negative terms
The communication of social stereotypes
Stereotypes are fundamentally social constructs, formulated and modified through discussion and interaction with others. The present studies examined the impact of group discussion on stereotypes. In both studies, groups of participants discussed their impressions about a hypothetical target group after having read behaviors performed by target group members. These behaviors included both stereotypic and counterstereotypic examples, and the distr…
The effects of winning and losing on perceived group variability
Exposure to peers' pro-diversity attitudes increases inclusion and reduces the achievement gap
Beliefs about group malleability and out‐group attitudes
Recent research suggests that inducing fixed (rather than malleable) beliefs about groups leads to more negative attitudes toward out‐groups. The present paper identifies the underlying mechanism of this effect. We show that individuals with a fixed belief about groups tend to construe intergroup settings as threatening situations that might reveal shortcomings of their in‐group (perceived threat). In the present research, we measured (Study 1) a…
The Relationship Between Expertise and Evaluative Extremity
Past research has yielded contradictory results with regard to the relationship between expertise and evaluative extremity. The authors suggest that this apparent contradiction is due to the task characteristics of the expert activity. The primary task of certain experts is to formulate overall (configural) judgments and to generate clear, unambiguous answers. These experts tend to give relatively extreme evaluations. Other experts generally comm…
Doctoral Training in the French- Speaking Countries of Europe
In this article we discuss a number of objectives we consider important for improving graduate training. In addition, we propose several methods by which each objective may be attained. The suggestions are geared toward Francophone universities in Europe (including France, Belgium, and Switzerland) and their particular constraints, but they may prove useful for colleagues in other countries as well. First, we discuss how doctoral students can rec…
Effects of repeated expressions on attitude extremity
Fazio has shown that repeated attitude expressions increase the accessibility of the attitude. In-creases in accessibility in turn lead to greater attitude-behavior consistency. The present work examines the effects of repeated expressions on attitude extremity. In the 1st study, it is shown that repeated expressions increase extremity when the expressions involve only judgments of attitude valence. In the 2nd study, a similar effect of repeated …
The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group discussions
Classic explanations of the "group polarization phenomenon" emphasize interpersonal processes such as informational influence and social comparison (Myers & Lamm, 1976). Based on earlier research, we hypothesized that at least part of the polarization observed during group discussion might be due to repeated attitude expression. Two studies provide support for this hypothesis. In Study 1, we manipulated how often each group member talked about an…
Stereotypes and ethnocentrism
Much recent work on stereotyping has dealt with groups that are either artificially created or that do not have an extensive history of conflict. The authors attempted to overcome this limitation by examining issues of perceived variability and ethnocentrism among samples of White American and African American youth. The goals were both to examine theoretical issues in stereotyping and to describe the current state of ethnic interrelations among …
Group Polarization and Repeated Attitude Expressions
The empirical and theoretical literature on group polarization has concentrated on the persuasive arguments and normative positions that one receives from others in group settings. The research that we review in this article suggests that individuals polarize in group discussions in part because they frequently express their own opinions and arguments as well as listen to the arguments and opinions of other group members. Our work shows that repe…
Social Loafing and Self-Beliefs
An experiment tested whether the belief that one is better than others on performance aspects of the self moderates social loafing, the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. French students performed an easy task either coactively or collectively. They were then asked to rate how they individuate themselves from others on personal abilities within various domains of social life. T…
Defining Variables in Relationship to Other Variables
Intergroup Perception in the Social Context
The communication of social stereotypes
Stereotypes are fundamentally social constructs, formulated and modified through discussion and interaction with others. The present studies examined the impact of group discussion on stereotypes. In both studies, groups of participants discussed their impressions about a hypothetical target group after having read behaviors performed by target group members. These behaviors included both stereotypic and counterstereotypic examples, and the distr…
The bystander effect and social control behavior
Observers of deviant social behavior sometimes communicate disapproval directly or indirectly to the perpetrator of a deviant act. This reaction has been termed ‘social control’. Three field studies were conducted to explore the influence of the number of bystander‐observers on the likelihood of social control. We predicted that the presence of others would inhibit people's tendency to communicate their disapproval to the deviant but only if pers…
Effects of power on perceived and objective group variability
The perception of group variability is affected by social power and status. Three different mechanisms may be responsible for these effects: (a) the power of the perceiver affects perceived group variability; (b) the power of the perceived group affects its perceived variability; and (c) the power of the group affects its actual variability. Two studies are reported to tease apart these three mechanisms and provide support for the third. In the f…
Adult attachment and the perception of facial expression of emotion
Adult attachment orientation has been associated with specific patterns of emotion regulation. The present research examined the effects of attachment orientation on the perceptual processing of emotional stimuli. Experimental participants played computerized movies of faces that expressed happiness, sadness, and anger. Over the course of the movies, the facial expressions became neutral. Participants reported the frame at which the initial expre…
Doctoral Training in the French- Speaking Countries of Europe
In this article we discuss a number of objectives we consider important for improving graduate training. In addition, we propose several methods by which each objective may be attained. The suggestions are geared toward Francophone universities in Europe (including France, Belgium, and Switzerland) and their particular constraints, but they may prove useful for colleagues in other countries as well. First, we discuss how doctoral students can rec…
The Relationship Between Expertise and Evaluative Extremity
Past research has yielded contradictory results with regard to the relationship between expertise and evaluative extremity. The authors suggest that this apparent contradiction is due to the task characteristics of the expert activity. The primary task of certain experts is to formulate overall (configural) judgments and to generate clear, unambiguous answers. These experts tend to give relatively extreme evaluations. Other experts generally comm…
Special Issue
Social power
In the present article, we discuss and compare recent theoretical and empirical contributions to the growing body of research on social power. In the last decade, five different theories on power have been proposed. These theories can be distinguished according to whether they focus on intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup or ideological processes. Our analysis leads us to claim that future theoretical contributions would have much to gain by …
Playing prosocial video games increases empathy and decreases schadenfreude
Past research provided abundant evidence that exposure to violent video games increases aggressive tendencies and decreases prosocial tendencies. In contrast, research on the effects of exposure to prosocial video games has been relatively sparse. The present research found support for the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial video games is positively related to prosocial affect and negatively related to antisocial affect. More specifically, two…
Descriptive norms, prescriptive norms, and social control
Social control is the generic term for any reaction through which a bystander communicates to the “perpetrator” of a norm transgression that his/her action is socially unacceptable. In order to understand the characteristics of behaviors that lead to social control reactions in public settings, we conducted a study with respondents from eight different countries. Respondents were presented with a description of 46 uncivil behaviors and indicated …
Data with Hierarchical Structure
Least squares analyses (e.g., ANOVAs, linear regressions) of hierarchical data leads to Type-I error rates that depart severely from the nominal Type-I error rate assumed. Thus, when least squares methods are used to analyze hierarchical data coming from designs in which some groups are assigned to the treatment condition, and others to the control condition (i.e., the widely used "groups nested under treatment" experimental design), the Type-I e…
Describing a group in positive terms reduces prejudice less effectively than describing it in positive and negative terms
Increasing perceived variability reduces prejudice and discrimination
International audience
Social Functionality of Human Emotion
Answers to the question “What are human emotions for?” have stimulated highly productive programs of research on emotional phenomena in psychology and neuroscience in the past decade. Although a variety of functions have been proposed and examined at different levels of abstraction, what is undeniable is that when emotional processing is compromised, most things social go awry. In this review we survey the research findings documenting the functi…
The effects of winning and losing on perceived group variability
An der Hochschule lehren
Beliefs about group malleability and out‐group attitudes
Recent research suggests that inducing fixed (rather than malleable) beliefs about groups leads to more negative attitudes toward out‐groups. The present paper identifies the underlying mechanism of this effect. We show that individuals with a fixed belief about groups tend to construe intergroup settings as threatening situations that might reveal shortcomings of their in‐group (perceived threat). In the present research, we measured (Study 1) a…
Entertainment-education effectively reduces prejudice
We show that entertainment-education reduces prejudice and does so more effectively than several established prejudice reduction methods. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to an educational television sitcom with diverse, yet relatable Arab/Muslim characters had lower scores on implicit and explicit measures of prejudice than participants exposed to a control sitcom featuring an all White cast. The prejudice reduction effect persisted 4 weeks…
Psychology (40 obras) · Social Psychology (34 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (21 obras) · Social Psychology (16 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (14 obras) · Sociology (12 obras) · Political science (11 obras) · Computer Science (8 obras) · Developmental psychology (8 obras) · Medicine (8 obras)