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Bassel F Salloukh

Dados Biográficos

ID907820
NOMEBassel F Salloukh
PRENOMESBassel F
SOBRENOMESalloukh
ASSINATURASALLOUKH B F
AFILIAÇÕESDoha Institute for Graduate Studies
ORCID0000-0001-5342-1886
VERIFICADOSim
TOTAL DE OBRAS29
TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES152
TOTAL COMO AUTOR29
TOTAL COMO EDITOR0
PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO1996
ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO2026
ÍNDICE H7
  • Lessons for Scholarship in Difficult Times

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2026

  • The anatomy of Lebanon’s postwar integral state

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Interventions•2025

  • Populism in the Arab World

    Ammar Shamaileh, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2025

  • Winning Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Bassel Salloukh•ARTICLE•Die Welt des Islams•2025

  • Social Sciences in the Arab World Special Collection

    Open Access•L Anderson, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Global Perspectives•2024

    In the Middle East and North Africa, where most states have their origins in colonial regimes that supplied research for their own imperial purposes, the utility of university-based social research in informing public policy has never been uncontested. Continuing ambiguity about the status of the region and of its constituent units in global affairs both reflects and shapes the conduct of social science research. The absence of a widespread notio…

  • Special Issue Introduction

    Toby Dodge, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2024•Referências: 11

  • Radical movement-parties, political change and the epistemology of elections

    Open Access•Ibrahim Halawi, Bassel F Salloukh et al.•ARTICLE•Democratization•2024•Citada por: 6•Referências: 26

    A growing literature seeks to bring agency into the study of movement-parties (M-Ps). Yet studies pay little attention to radical M-Ps which confront acute dilemmas when deciding to contest parliamentary elections in systems they deem illegitimate. This article problematizes radical M-Ps' entry in elections and the meaning they attribute to the role and function of elections – their epistemology of elections. We examine three M-Ps – Beirut Madina…

  • The State of Consociationalism in Lebanon

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2023•Citada por: 12•Referências: 20

    Deploying a critical juncture agency approach, this paper undertakes a genealogy of the adoption of consociationalism at colonial state formation in Lebanon to compare different consociational experiences as actually existing processes. It also aims to amplify the effects of variations in the sequencing of state formation and the adoption of consociationalism on state forms and political trajectories in the original European cases and in postcolo…

  • Introduction to covid-19 melg Special Issue

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2022

  • The Politics of Teaching International Relations in the Arab World

    Open Access•Mahmud Darwich, Morten Valbjørn et al.•ARTICLE•International Studies Perspectives•2020•Citada por: 2•Referências: 28

    Can International Relations (IR) as it is taught in the Arab world be said to be an “American social science” or is it taught differently in different places? The forum addresses this question through an exploration of what and how scholars at Arab universities are teaching IR and how institutional, historical, and linguistic, as well as political and individual factors shape classroom dynamics in the Arab world. This forum attempts to bring the …

  • Consociational Power‐Sharing in the Arab World

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Studies in Ethnicity and…•2020•Citada por: 3•Referências: 15

    The aim of this special feature is to reflect theoretically and normatively on consociational power‐sharing, take stock of its empirical record in Lebanon and Iraq, and interrogate its potential utility for other postwar states and societies in the Arab World following the popular uprisings. Allison McCulloch and Joanne McEvoy open the collection by deploying the ‘lifecycle’ heuristic to explain consociationalism’s mixed record as an institutiona…

  • Pessimism of the Intellect, Optimism of the Will after the 17 October Protests in Lebanon

    Ibrahim Halawi, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2020•Citada por: 11

    This field note reflects on a persistent Gramscian dilemma that has haunted non- and anti-sectarian postwar protests in Lebanon on the road to 17 October 2019: how can genuine political transformation be brought about absent its meaningful, context-sensitive, and creative organizational forms and preconditions? We situate the 17 October protests in a long line of anti-sectarian protests that have overlooked the necessity of political organization…

  • War Memory, Confessional Imaginaries, and Political Contestation in Postwar Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Critique•2019•Citada por: 1•Referências: 9

    How does sectarianism intersect with war memories to subvert the political balance of power in postwar Lebanon? This article examines this complex dynamic along two levels. On one level, it demonstrates how war memory is deployed selectively from above by members of the political elite to sabotage the national war memory sanctioned officially and corresponding to a particular postwar confessional balance of power. At another level is the confessi…

  • Taif and the Lebanese State

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2019•Citada por: 34

    The political reforms adopted in the 1989 Taif Agreement created a veritable postwar paradox: a more balanced consociational power-sharing arrangement led to a bigger, more clientelist, more corrupt, less autonomous public sector, one preoccupied by predatory rentier practices along sectarian and clientelist lines. The more durable the power-sharing arrangement the less the state in Lebanon acts as a state with a measure of bureaucratic autonomy,…

  • The Syrian War

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Policy•2017•Citada por: 9

  • Persistent Permeability

    Bassel F Salloukh, Rex Brynen•BOOK•Persistent Permeability?•2017

  • Transforming Power Sharing

    Bassel F Salloukh, Renko A Verheij•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2017•Citada por: 12

    Lebanon’s corporate consociation is in institutional crisis. Given domestic constraints, however, a shift from corporate to liberal consociation is not an option. The alternative is to introduce institutional reforms that move power sharing in the direction of hybrid consociation. A substantial measure of state decentralization and pr voting in the context of a new mmp or PR electoral law are two such reforms that if applied synergistically may h…

  • Overlapping Contests and Middle East International Relations

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•PS Political Science & Politics•2017•Citada por: 2•Referências: 8

    An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the 'Save PDF' action button

  • The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Rabie Barakat et al.•BOOK•The Politics of Sectarianism in…•2015

  • Hizbullah in Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Shoghig Mikaelian•BOOK•Oxford Handbook of Islam and…•2013

    This article examines the development and ideology of Lebanon’s foremost political party, the Hizbullah. It compares and contrasts Hizbullah’s past and present manifestations, and traces its doctrinal, political, and military evolution. It examines how the party reconciled its adherence to the doctrine of wilayat al-faqih with claims that it is a Lebanese movement with a Lebanese identity; its role in post-Ta’if and post-Syria Lebanon; and how it…

  • Elite Strategies, Civil Society, and Sectarian Identities in Postwar Lebanon

    Open Access•Janine A Clark, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2013•Citada por: 34•Referências: 15

    This article explains the endurance of sectarian identities and modes of political mobilization in Lebanon after the civil war. This is done by examining three case studies that demonstrate a recursive relation between sectarian elites and civil society actors: on one side of this relation, sectarian elites pursue their political and socioeconomic interests at the expense of civil society organizations (CSOs); on the other side, civil society act…

  • Struggles Under Authoritarianism

    Open Access•Pete W Moore, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2007•Citada por: 1

    Please open the PDF to view the article

  • The Limits of Electoral Engineering in Divided Societies

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Canadian Journal of Political…•2006•Citada por: 25•Referências: 15

    Electoral engineering determines prospects for centripetal politics in postconflict societies. Lebanon's postwar elections have been contested by interethnic electoral alliances in multi-ethnic electoral districts. Interethnic coalitions, vote pooling and bargaining have structured the results of these elections, as have the electoral laws demarcating the boundaries of electoral districts. Democratization, peace building and ethnic harmony have b…

  • Syria and Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Bassel Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•2005

  • A Reply to Hilal Khashan

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2005

    Rather than respond in any meaningful way to the substance of my review of his recent book Arabs at the Crossroads , Hilal Khashan instead prefers to launch a series of personal attacks against me cloaked by knavish misrepresentations of my review. It is certainly true, as he repeatedly asserts, that he is older than I—although I am not at all clear about how that is relevant. In any event, it is never too late for anyone to learn the ethics of a…

Próximo
  • Taif and the Lebanese State

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2019•Citada por: 34

    The political reforms adopted in the 1989 Taif Agreement created a veritable postwar paradox: a more balanced consociational power-sharing arrangement led to a bigger, more clientelist, more corrupt, less autonomous public sector, one preoccupied by predatory rentier practices along sectarian and clientelist lines. The more durable the power-sharing arrangement the less the state in Lebanon acts as a state with a measure of bureaucratic autonomy,…

  • Elite Strategies, Civil Society, and Sectarian Identities in Postwar Lebanon

    Open Access•Janine A Clark, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2013•Citada por: 34•Referências: 15

    This article explains the endurance of sectarian identities and modes of political mobilization in Lebanon after the civil war. This is done by examining three case studies that demonstrate a recursive relation between sectarian elites and civil society actors: on one side of this relation, sectarian elites pursue their political and socioeconomic interests at the expense of civil society organizations (CSOs); on the other side, civil society act…

  • The Limits of Electoral Engineering in Divided Societies

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Canadian Journal of Political…•2006•Citada por: 25•Referências: 15

    Electoral engineering determines prospects for centripetal politics in postconflict societies. Lebanon's postwar elections have been contested by interethnic electoral alliances in multi-ethnic electoral districts. Interethnic coalitions, vote pooling and bargaining have structured the results of these elections, as have the electoral laws demarcating the boundaries of electoral districts. Democratization, peace building and ethnic harmony have b…

  • The State of Consociationalism in Lebanon

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2023•Citada por: 12•Referências: 20

    Deploying a critical juncture agency approach, this paper undertakes a genealogy of the adoption of consociationalism at colonial state formation in Lebanon to compare different consociational experiences as actually existing processes. It also aims to amplify the effects of variations in the sequencing of state formation and the adoption of consociationalism on state forms and political trajectories in the original European cases and in postcolo…

  • Transforming Power Sharing

    Bassel F Salloukh, Renko A Verheij•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2017•Citada por: 12

    Lebanon’s corporate consociation is in institutional crisis. Given domestic constraints, however, a shift from corporate to liberal consociation is not an option. The alternative is to introduce institutional reforms that move power sharing in the direction of hybrid consociation. A substantial measure of state decentralization and pr voting in the context of a new mmp or PR electoral law are two such reforms that if applied synergistically may h…

  • Pessimism of the Intellect, Optimism of the Will after the 17 October Protests in Lebanon

    Ibrahim Halawi, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2020•Citada por: 11

    This field note reflects on a persistent Gramscian dilemma that has haunted non- and anti-sectarian postwar protests in Lebanon on the road to 17 October 2019: how can genuine political transformation be brought about absent its meaningful, context-sensitive, and creative organizational forms and preconditions? We situate the 17 October protests in a long line of anti-sectarian protests that have overlooked the necessity of political organization…

  • The Syrian War

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Policy•2017•Citada por: 9

  • Radical movement-parties, political change and the epistemology of elections

    Open Access•Ibrahim Halawi, Bassel F Salloukh et al.•ARTICLE•Democratization•2024•Citada por: 6•Referências: 26

    A growing literature seeks to bring agency into the study of movement-parties (M-Ps). Yet studies pay little attention to radical M-Ps which confront acute dilemmas when deciding to contest parliamentary elections in systems they deem illegitimate. This article problematizes radical M-Ps' entry in elections and the meaning they attribute to the role and function of elections – their epistemology of elections. We examine three M-Ps – Beirut Madina…

  • Consociational Power‐Sharing in the Arab World

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Studies in Ethnicity and…•2020•Citada por: 3•Referências: 15

    The aim of this special feature is to reflect theoretically and normatively on consociational power‐sharing, take stock of its empirical record in Lebanon and Iraq, and interrogate its potential utility for other postwar states and societies in the Arab World following the popular uprisings. Allison McCulloch and Joanne McEvoy open the collection by deploying the ‘lifecycle’ heuristic to explain consociationalism’s mixed record as an institutiona…

  • The Politics of Teaching International Relations in the Arab World

    Open Access•Mahmud Darwich, Morten Valbjørn et al.•ARTICLE•International Studies Perspectives•2020•Citada por: 2•Referências: 28

    Can International Relations (IR) as it is taught in the Arab world be said to be an “American social science” or is it taught differently in different places? The forum addresses this question through an exploration of what and how scholars at Arab universities are teaching IR and how institutional, historical, and linguistic, as well as political and individual factors shape classroom dynamics in the Arab world. This forum attempts to bring the …

  • Overlapping Contests and Middle East International Relations

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•PS Political Science & Politics•2017•Citada por: 2•Referências: 8

    An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the 'Save PDF' action button

  • War Memory, Confessional Imaginaries, and Political Contestation in Postwar Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Critique•2019•Citada por: 1•Referências: 9

    How does sectarianism intersect with war memories to subvert the political balance of power in postwar Lebanon? This article examines this complex dynamic along two levels. On one level, it demonstrates how war memory is deployed selectively from above by members of the political elite to sabotage the national war memory sanctioned officially and corresponding to a particular postwar confessional balance of power. At another level is the confessi…

  • Struggles Under Authoritarianism

    Open Access•Pete W Moore, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2007•Citada por: 1

    Please open the PDF to view the article

  • International Relations and Politics

    Open Access•Richard J Payne, Leonard A Cole et al.•ARTICLE•The Annals of the American…•1996

  • Studying Arab politics

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Critique Critical Middle Eastern…•1997

    Paul Salem, Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World, (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994)

  • Israel and the Arabs! From the Struggle Over Issues to the Peace of Interests, by Shafeeq N. Ghabra. 200 pages, notes. Beirut

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Studies Association…•1998

    Israel and the Arabs! From the Struggle Over Issues to the Peace of Interests, by Shafeeq N. Ghabra. 200 pages, notes. Beirut: Al-Mu’asasat al-‘Arabiyyat lil-Dirasat wal-Nashr, 1997. (Arabic) - Volume 32 Issue 2

  • On Both Banks of the Jordan

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Studies Association…•1998

    On Both Banks of the Jordan: A Political Biography of Wasfi al-Tall, by Asher Susser. 208 pages, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1994. $35.00 (Cloth) 0-7146-4542-7. - Volume 32 Issue 1

  • Syria and Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Bassel Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Report•2005

  • A Reply to Hilal Khashan

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2005

    Rather than respond in any meaningful way to the substance of my review of his recent book Arabs at the Crossroads , Hilal Khashan instead prefers to launch a series of personal attacks against me cloaked by knavish misrepresentations of my review. It is certainly true, as he repeatedly asserts, that he is older than I—although I am not at all clear about how that is relevant. In any event, it is never too late for anyone to learn the ethics of a…

  • The Limits of Electoral Engineering in Divided Societies

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Canadian Journal of Political…•2006•Citada por: 25•Referências: 15

    Electoral engineering determines prospects for centripetal politics in postconflict societies. Lebanon's postwar elections have been contested by interethnic electoral alliances in multi-ethnic electoral districts. Interethnic coalitions, vote pooling and bargaining have structured the results of these elections, as have the electoral laws demarcating the boundaries of electoral districts. Democratization, peace building and ethnic harmony have b…

  • Struggles Under Authoritarianism

    Open Access•Pete W Moore, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2007•Citada por: 1

    Please open the PDF to view the article

  • Hizbullah in Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Shoghig Mikaelian•BOOK•Oxford Handbook of Islam and…•2013

    This article examines the development and ideology of Lebanon’s foremost political party, the Hizbullah. It compares and contrasts Hizbullah’s past and present manifestations, and traces its doctrinal, political, and military evolution. It examines how the party reconciled its adherence to the doctrine of wilayat al-faqih with claims that it is a Lebanese movement with a Lebanese identity; its role in post-Ta’if and post-Syria Lebanon; and how it…

  • Elite Strategies, Civil Society, and Sectarian Identities in Postwar Lebanon

    Open Access•Janine A Clark, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•International Journal Middle East…•2013•Citada por: 34•Referências: 15

    This article explains the endurance of sectarian identities and modes of political mobilization in Lebanon after the civil war. This is done by examining three case studies that demonstrate a recursive relation between sectarian elites and civil society actors: on one side of this relation, sectarian elites pursue their political and socioeconomic interests at the expense of civil society organizations (CSOs); on the other side, civil society act…

  • The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh, Rabie Barakat et al.•BOOK•The Politics of Sectarianism in…•2015

  • The Syrian War

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Policy•2017•Citada por: 9

  • Persistent Permeability

    Bassel F Salloukh, Rex Brynen•BOOK•Persistent Permeability?•2017

  • Transforming Power Sharing

    Bassel F Salloukh, Renko A Verheij•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2017•Citada por: 12

    Lebanon’s corporate consociation is in institutional crisis. Given domestic constraints, however, a shift from corporate to liberal consociation is not an option. The alternative is to introduce institutional reforms that move power sharing in the direction of hybrid consociation. A substantial measure of state decentralization and pr voting in the context of a new mmp or PR electoral law are two such reforms that if applied synergistically may h…

  • Overlapping Contests and Middle East International Relations

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•PS Political Science & Politics•2017•Citada por: 2•Referências: 8

    An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the 'Save PDF' action button

  • War Memory, Confessional Imaginaries, and Political Contestation in Postwar Lebanon

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Critique•2019•Citada por: 1•Referências: 9

    How does sectarianism intersect with war memories to subvert the political balance of power in postwar Lebanon? This article examines this complex dynamic along two levels. On one level, it demonstrates how war memory is deployed selectively from above by members of the political elite to sabotage the national war memory sanctioned officially and corresponding to a particular postwar confessional balance of power. At another level is the confessi…

  • Taif and the Lebanese State

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2019•Citada por: 34

    The political reforms adopted in the 1989 Taif Agreement created a veritable postwar paradox: a more balanced consociational power-sharing arrangement led to a bigger, more clientelist, more corrupt, less autonomous public sector, one preoccupied by predatory rentier practices along sectarian and clientelist lines. The more durable the power-sharing arrangement the less the state in Lebanon acts as a state with a measure of bureaucratic autonomy,…

  • The Politics of Teaching International Relations in the Arab World

    Open Access•Mahmud Darwich, Morten Valbjørn et al.•ARTICLE•International Studies Perspectives•2020•Citada por: 2•Referências: 28

    Can International Relations (IR) as it is taught in the Arab world be said to be an “American social science” or is it taught differently in different places? The forum addresses this question through an exploration of what and how scholars at Arab universities are teaching IR and how institutional, historical, and linguistic, as well as political and individual factors shape classroom dynamics in the Arab world. This forum attempts to bring the …

  • Consociational Power‐Sharing in the Arab World

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Studies in Ethnicity and…•2020•Citada por: 3•Referências: 15

    The aim of this special feature is to reflect theoretically and normatively on consociational power‐sharing, take stock of its empirical record in Lebanon and Iraq, and interrogate its potential utility for other postwar states and societies in the Arab World following the popular uprisings. Allison McCulloch and Joanne McEvoy open the collection by deploying the ‘lifecycle’ heuristic to explain consociationalism’s mixed record as an institutiona…

  • Pessimism of the Intellect, Optimism of the Will after the 17 October Protests in Lebanon

    Ibrahim Halawi, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2020•Citada por: 11

    This field note reflects on a persistent Gramscian dilemma that has haunted non- and anti-sectarian postwar protests in Lebanon on the road to 17 October 2019: how can genuine political transformation be brought about absent its meaningful, context-sensitive, and creative organizational forms and preconditions? We situate the 17 October protests in a long line of anti-sectarian protests that have overlooked the necessity of political organization…

  • Introduction to covid-19 melg Special Issue

    Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Middle East Law and Governance•2022

  • The State of Consociationalism in Lebanon

    Open Access•Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2023•Citada por: 12•Referências: 20

    Deploying a critical juncture agency approach, this paper undertakes a genealogy of the adoption of consociationalism at colonial state formation in Lebanon to compare different consociational experiences as actually existing processes. It also aims to amplify the effects of variations in the sequencing of state formation and the adoption of consociationalism on state forms and political trajectories in the original European cases and in postcolo…

  • Social Sciences in the Arab World Special Collection

    Open Access•L Anderson, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Global Perspectives•2024

    In the Middle East and North Africa, where most states have their origins in colonial regimes that supplied research for their own imperial purposes, the utility of university-based social research in informing public policy has never been uncontested. Continuing ambiguity about the status of the region and of its constituent units in global affairs both reflects and shapes the conduct of social science research. The absence of a widespread notio…

  • Special Issue Introduction

    Toby Dodge, Bassel F Salloukh•ARTICLE•Nationalism and Ethnic Politics•2024•Referências: 11

  • Radical movement-parties, political change and the epistemology of elections

    Open Access•Ibrahim Halawi, Bassel F Salloukh et al.•ARTICLE•Democratization•2024•Citada por: 6•Referências: 26

    A growing literature seeks to bring agency into the study of movement-parties (M-Ps). Yet studies pay little attention to radical M-Ps which confront acute dilemmas when deciding to contest parliamentary elections in systems they deem illegitimate. This article problematizes radical M-Ps' entry in elections and the meaning they attribute to the role and function of elections – their epistemology of elections. We examine three M-Ps – Beirut Madina…

Political science (26 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies (21 obras) · Politics (20 obras) · Sociology (18 obras) · Middle East Politics and Society (17 obras) · Law (16 obras) · Political economy (15 obras) · Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts (12 obras) · Economics (8 obras)

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