Stanley R Witkowski
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 91284 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Stanley R Witkowski |
| PRENOMES | Stanley R |
| SOBRENOME | Witkowski |
| ASSINATURA | WITKOWSKI S R |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Northern Illinois University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 25 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 174 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 25 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1972 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1991 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Markedness
Numerical Taxonomy
Numerical taxonomists in biology and scholars in other fields interested in similar classification tasks have used varieties of two techniques: hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling. They have tended to treat both kinds of techniques as all-purpose tools suited to all kinds of classification problems. Choices among techniques have been made in terms of which best accounted for inputted data matrices rather than with any attention t…
Climate, Clothing, and Body-Part Nomenclature
Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo
No Five Fingers Are Alike
Polysemy, Lexical Change and Cultural Importance
Marking-Reversals and Cultural Importance
Unmarked terms in the lexicon, compared to marked ones, are typically more frequent in use, less complex in form, and acquired earlier by children learning a language. Terms which are unmarked in single languages are often unmarked in all languages; however, marking is not always invariable across languages, or through time within individual languages. The present work focuses on variation in cultural importance as a factor which influences marki…
Growth and davalopmant of folk zoological lift-forms in tha Mayan languaga family
This paper examines the growth of folk zoological life-form categories (e.g., "fish," "bird," "snake") in the Mayan language family of Mesoamerica. Lexical reconstruction indicates the addition of zoological lite-forms over time. Proto-Mayan, spoken 4000 years ago, possessed only one life-form, "snake," while all contemporary Mayan languages have at least three terms-"snake," "bird," and "fish." The findings of this study support a zoological lif…
Whorf and Universals of Color Nomenclature
Inherent physical-perceptual distinctiveness plays a large role in color salience. In addition, words for color referents vary in lexical salience in a way that is concordant with the physical-perceptual distinctiveness of these referents. Highly distinctive referents typically receive salient labels, while less distinctive referents receive nonsalient ones. Hence the lexical salience of color words reflects underlying physical-perceptual salienc…
Societal Complexity and Lexical Growth
In this paper we report a high positive association between societal complexity and size of a language's lexicon in terms of total number of dictionary entries. Small-scale societies have many fewer lexical items than large-scale societies. However, when specialist terms are ex cluded, the correlation between societal complexity and size of lexi con falls off, probably to zero. We also show that languages spoken in societies of varying complexity…
Where Do Tree Terms Come From
Terms for 'tree' and other general biological categories such as 'grass', 'vine', 'fish' and 'bird' are relatively recent additions to languages. These broad categories have probably developed in response to most individuals being removed from daily intimate contact with the world of plant and animals as societies have increased in size and complexity. We suggest that languages of thousands of years ago either lacked 'tree' or encoded it only as …
Figurative language In a universalist perspective
This paper assembles cross-language evidence documenting several high frequency, figurative labels for body parts: e.g., "child of the eye," for pupil of the eye; "mother of the hand," for thumb; "mouse of the arm," for biceps. These figurative expressions occur in languages at frequencies that greatly exceed chance. In addition, their distribution is discontinuous across genetic and geographic language boundaries, indicating frequent independent…
Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship
Lexical Encoding Sequences and Language Change
Lexical reconstructions of Proto-Polynesian (Branstetter 1977), Proto-Miwok (Callaghan 1979), and Proto-Mayan (Fox 1977; Kaufman 1964, 1969) basic color term vocabularies are presented and compared. Although these reconstructed systems accord with the well-known Berlin and Kay (1969) color encoding sequence, they all contain a subtle distortion They generally are as large as color term systems found in contemporary daughter languages. Considering…
Australian Kin Classification . Harold W. Scheffler
Linguistics
Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean
Ethnographic Fieldwork
It is hypothesized that non-optimal ethnographic fieldwork conditions result in a relatively constant rate of random reporting error compared to more optimal conditions. If this is so, when fieldwork variables such as length of field stay are controlled in tests of cross-cultural hypotheses, the lesser amount of random reporting error for the optimal cases should tend to raise cross-cultural correlations, and the greater amount of error for the n…
Mesoamerican
Lexical Universals
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Kinship
The present survey concentrates on what has been learned about kinship and kinship organization through systematic comparative research. It is necessarily selective because the anthropological literature on kinship is immense. Other reviews touching upon additional aspects of kinship organizations are Marsh (1967), Naroll (1970, 1973), and Pasternak ( 1976
An Explanation of Color Nomenclature Universale
Specific physiological perception mechanisms account for some of the regularities associated with the lexical encoding of basic color terms described by Berlin and Kay (1969). This paper, however, focuses upon those regularities explained through reference to certain general principles of naming-behavior which are also pertinent to domains other than color. [cognitive anthropology, folk classification, language change, language universale, naming…
Hypothesis Form and Diffusibility
HRAF Coding Reliability
The effectiveness of the Human Relations Area Files as an information retrieval system for cultural data is directly dependent on the consistency with which the information in it is categorized. The present results show that HRAF coding reliability compares favorably with that expected for similar tasks in the social sciences. They also show that reliability varies as a function of the degree of fineness of retrieval. For broad retrieval, agree m…
Galton's Opportunity
A Cross-Cultural Test of the Proximity Hypothesis
This paper tests the proximity hypothesis, which asserts that residential propinquity influences the possession by a society of certain kin avoidance and kin terminological practices. The hypothesis is shown to be invalid, and the results for classical theories of kinship organization are sketched. Briefly these are that Murdock's theoretical claims in Social Structure (1949) are called into question, as is "Main Sequence" kinship theory, which p…
An Explanation of Color Nomenclature Universale
Specific physiological perception mechanisms account for some of the regularities associated with the lexical encoding of basic color terms described by Berlin and Kay (1969). This paper, however, focuses upon those regularities explained through reference to certain general principles of naming-behavior which are also pertinent to domains other than color. [cognitive anthropology, folk classification, language change, language universale, naming…
Where Do Tree Terms Come From
Terms for 'tree' and other general biological categories such as 'grass', 'vine', 'fish' and 'bird' are relatively recent additions to languages. These broad categories have probably developed in response to most individuals being removed from daily intimate contact with the world of plant and animals as societies have increased in size and complexity. We suggest that languages of thousands of years ago either lacked 'tree' or encoded it only as …
Figurative language In a universalist perspective
This paper assembles cross-language evidence documenting several high frequency, figurative labels for body parts: e.g., "child of the eye," for pupil of the eye; "mother of the hand," for thumb; "mouse of the arm," for biceps. These figurative expressions occur in languages at frequencies that greatly exceed chance. In addition, their distribution is discontinuous across genetic and geographic language boundaries, indicating frequent independent…
Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean
Lexical Universals
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Mesoamerican
Lexical Encoding Sequences and Language Change
Lexical reconstructions of Proto-Polynesian (Branstetter 1977), Proto-Miwok (Callaghan 1979), and Proto-Mayan (Fox 1977; Kaufman 1964, 1969) basic color term vocabularies are presented and compared. Although these reconstructed systems accord with the well-known Berlin and Kay (1969) color encoding sequence, they all contain a subtle distortion They generally are as large as color term systems found in contemporary daughter languages. Considering…
Marking-Reversals and Cultural Importance
Unmarked terms in the lexicon, compared to marked ones, are typically more frequent in use, less complex in form, and acquired earlier by children learning a language. Terms which are unmarked in single languages are often unmarked in all languages; however, marking is not always invariable across languages, or through time within individual languages. The present work focuses on variation in cultural importance as a factor which influences marki…
Growth and davalopmant of folk zoological lift-forms in tha Mayan languaga family
This paper examines the growth of folk zoological life-form categories (e.g., "fish," "bird," "snake") in the Mayan language family of Mesoamerica. Lexical reconstruction indicates the addition of zoological lite-forms over time. Proto-Mayan, spoken 4000 years ago, possessed only one life-form, "snake," while all contemporary Mayan languages have at least three terms-"snake," "bird," and "fish." The findings of this study support a zoological lif…
Societal Complexity and Lexical Growth
In this paper we report a high positive association between societal complexity and size of a language's lexicon in terms of total number of dictionary entries. Small-scale societies have many fewer lexical items than large-scale societies. However, when specialist terms are ex cluded, the correlation between societal complexity and size of lexi con falls off, probably to zero. We also show that languages spoken in societies of varying complexity…
Climate, Clothing, and Body-Part Nomenclature
Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo
Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship
Ethnographic Fieldwork
It is hypothesized that non-optimal ethnographic fieldwork conditions result in a relatively constant rate of random reporting error compared to more optimal conditions. If this is so, when fieldwork variables such as length of field stay are controlled in tests of cross-cultural hypotheses, the lesser amount of random reporting error for the optimal cases should tend to raise cross-cultural correlations, and the greater amount of error for the n…
HRAF Coding Reliability
The effectiveness of the Human Relations Area Files as an information retrieval system for cultural data is directly dependent on the consistency with which the information in it is categorized. The present results show that HRAF coding reliability compares favorably with that expected for similar tasks in the social sciences. They also show that reliability varies as a function of the degree of fineness of retrieval. For broad retrieval, agree m…
A Cross-Cultural Test of the Proximity Hypothesis
This paper tests the proximity hypothesis, which asserts that residential propinquity influences the possession by a society of certain kin avoidance and kin terminological practices. The hypothesis is shown to be invalid, and the results for classical theories of kinship organization are sketched. Briefly these are that Murdock's theoretical claims in Social Structure (1949) are called into question, as is "Main Sequence" kinship theory, which p…
Whorf and Universals of Color Nomenclature
Inherent physical-perceptual distinctiveness plays a large role in color salience. In addition, words for color referents vary in lexical salience in a way that is concordant with the physical-perceptual distinctiveness of these referents. Highly distinctive referents typically receive salient labels, while less distinctive referents receive nonsalient ones. Hence the lexical salience of color words reflects underlying physical-perceptual salienc…
Kinship
The present survey concentrates on what has been learned about kinship and kinship organization through systematic comparative research. It is necessarily selective because the anthropological literature on kinship is immense. Other reviews touching upon additional aspects of kinship organizations are Marsh (1967), Naroll (1970, 1973), and Pasternak ( 1976
A Cross-Cultural Test of the Proximity Hypothesis
This paper tests the proximity hypothesis, which asserts that residential propinquity influences the possession by a society of certain kin avoidance and kin terminological practices. The hypothesis is shown to be invalid, and the results for classical theories of kinship organization are sketched. Briefly these are that Murdock's theoretical claims in Social Structure (1949) are called into question, as is "Main Sequence" kinship theory, which p…
HRAF Coding Reliability
The effectiveness of the Human Relations Area Files as an information retrieval system for cultural data is directly dependent on the consistency with which the information in it is categorized. The present results show that HRAF coding reliability compares favorably with that expected for similar tasks in the social sciences. They also show that reliability varies as a function of the degree of fineness of retrieval. For broad retrieval, agree m…
Galton's Opportunity
Hypothesis Form and Diffusibility
Kinship
The present survey concentrates on what has been learned about kinship and kinship organization through systematic comparative research. It is necessarily selective because the anthropological literature on kinship is immense. Other reviews touching upon additional aspects of kinship organizations are Marsh (1967), Naroll (1970, 1973), and Pasternak ( 1976
An Explanation of Color Nomenclature Universale
Specific physiological perception mechanisms account for some of the regularities associated with the lexical encoding of basic color terms described by Berlin and Kay (1969). This paper, however, focuses upon those regularities explained through reference to certain general principles of naming-behavior which are also pertinent to domains other than color. [cognitive anthropology, folk classification, language change, language universale, naming…
Ethnographic Fieldwork
It is hypothesized that non-optimal ethnographic fieldwork conditions result in a relatively constant rate of random reporting error compared to more optimal conditions. If this is so, when fieldwork variables such as length of field stay are controlled in tests of cross-cultural hypotheses, the lesser amount of random reporting error for the optimal cases should tend to raise cross-cultural correlations, and the greater amount of error for the n…
Mesoamerican
Lexical Universals
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
Linguistics
Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean
Australian Kin Classification . Harold W. Scheffler
Societal Complexity and Lexical Growth
In this paper we report a high positive association between societal complexity and size of a language's lexicon in terms of total number of dictionary entries. Small-scale societies have many fewer lexical items than large-scale societies. However, when specialist terms are ex cluded, the correlation between societal complexity and size of lexi con falls off, probably to zero. We also show that languages spoken in societies of varying complexity…
Where Do Tree Terms Come From
Terms for 'tree' and other general biological categories such as 'grass', 'vine', 'fish' and 'bird' are relatively recent additions to languages. These broad categories have probably developed in response to most individuals being removed from daily intimate contact with the world of plant and animals as societies have increased in size and complexity. We suggest that languages of thousands of years ago either lacked 'tree' or encoded it only as …
Figurative language In a universalist perspective
This paper assembles cross-language evidence documenting several high frequency, figurative labels for body parts: e.g., "child of the eye," for pupil of the eye; "mother of the hand," for thumb; "mouse of the arm," for biceps. These figurative expressions occur in languages at frequencies that greatly exceed chance. In addition, their distribution is discontinuous across genetic and geographic language boundaries, indicating frequent independent…
Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship
Lexical Encoding Sequences and Language Change
Lexical reconstructions of Proto-Polynesian (Branstetter 1977), Proto-Miwok (Callaghan 1979), and Proto-Mayan (Fox 1977; Kaufman 1964, 1969) basic color term vocabularies are presented and compared. Although these reconstructed systems accord with the well-known Berlin and Kay (1969) color encoding sequence, they all contain a subtle distortion They generally are as large as color term systems found in contemporary daughter languages. Considering…
Growth and davalopmant of folk zoological lift-forms in tha Mayan languaga family
This paper examines the growth of folk zoological life-form categories (e.g., "fish," "bird," "snake") in the Mayan language family of Mesoamerica. Lexical reconstruction indicates the addition of zoological lite-forms over time. Proto-Mayan, spoken 4000 years ago, possessed only one life-form, "snake," while all contemporary Mayan languages have at least three terms-"snake," "bird," and "fish." The findings of this study support a zoological lif…
Whorf and Universals of Color Nomenclature
Inherent physical-perceptual distinctiveness plays a large role in color salience. In addition, words for color referents vary in lexical salience in a way that is concordant with the physical-perceptual distinctiveness of these referents. Highly distinctive referents typically receive salient labels, while less distinctive referents receive nonsalient ones. Hence the lexical salience of color words reflects underlying physical-perceptual salienc…
Polysemy, Lexical Change and Cultural Importance
Marking-Reversals and Cultural Importance
Unmarked terms in the lexicon, compared to marked ones, are typically more frequent in use, less complex in form, and acquired earlier by children learning a language. Terms which are unmarked in single languages are often unmarked in all languages; however, marking is not always invariable across languages, or through time within individual languages. The present work focuses on variation in cultural importance as a factor which influences marki…
No Five Fingers Are Alike
Numerical Taxonomy
Numerical taxonomists in biology and scholars in other fields interested in similar classification tasks have used varieties of two techniques: hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling. They have tended to treat both kinds of techniques as all-purpose tools suited to all kinds of classification problems. Choices among techniques have been made in terms of which best accounted for inputted data matrices rather than with any attention t…
Climate, Clothing, and Body-Part Nomenclature
Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo
Markedness
History (14 obras) · Computer Science (12 obras) · Categorization, perception, and language (11 obras) · History (11 obras) · Linguistics (10 obras) · Philosophy (10 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (8 obras) · Philosophy (8 obras) · Psychology (7 obras)