Kenneth C Shadlen
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 936299 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Kenneth C Shadlen |
| PRENOMES | Kenneth C |
| SOBRENOME | Shadlen |
| ASSINATURA | SHADLEN K C |
| AFILIAÇÕES | London School of Economics and Political Science |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4010-4835 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 27 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 206 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 27 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1999 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Opening markets, one threat at a time
Since the 1980s, the United States has unilaterally pressured many developing countries to open their markets to American exports. Despite such pressure coinciding with trade liberalization around the world, prior research largely concludes that US pressure was ineffective. This paper challenges this conventional wisdom by mitigating selection bias in previous studies, which focused on late-stage forms of pressure such as Section 301 investigatio…
Challenges in ensuring global access to Covid-19 vaccines
The politics of Covid-19 vaccination in middle-income countries
As the world struggles to meet the challenges of vaccination against COVID-19, more attention needs to be paid to issues faced by countries at different income levels. Middle-income countries (MICs) typically lack the resources and regulatory capacities to pursue strategies that wealthier countries do, but they also face different sets of challenges and opportunities than low-income countries (LICs). We focus on three dimensions of vaccination: p…
Analyzing the impact of trade and investment agreements on pharmaceutical policy
BACKGROUND: Trade and investment agreements negotiated after the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) have included increasingly elevated protection of intellectual property rights along with an expanding array of rules impacting many aspects of pharmaceutical policy. Despite the large body of literature on intellectual property and access to affordable medicines, the ways in which …
Patents, trade and medicines
This article analyzes the spread of intellectual property in trade agreements. We explain how the integration of intellectual property with international trade rules led to the globalization of pharmaceutical patenting, and then how additional provisions related to pharmaceutical products have been introduced by regional and bilateral trade agreements. We describe the additional ‘TRIPS-Plus’ rules contained in recent trade agreements, which go be…
Integrating Science, Technology and Health Policies in Brazil
Brazil has encouraged an ambitious set of policies towards the pharmaceutical industry, aiming to foster technological development while meeting health requirements. We characterise these efforts, labelled the 'Complexo Industrial da Saúde' (Health-Industry Complex, CIS), as an outcome of incremental policy change backed by the sustained efforts of public health professionals within the federal bureaucracy. As experts with a particular vision of …
Promoting and regulating generic medicines
Promoting the use of generic drugs can constitute a core instrument for countries’ national pharmaceutical policies, one that reduces drug expenditure while expanding health care access. Despite the potential importance of such policy measures and the differences among national practices, scholars embarking on comparative analysis lack a roadmap for determining which dimensions of generic drug policy to assess and compare. This report fills that …
Democratization Without Representation
TRIPS Implementation and Secondary Pharmaceutical Patenting in Brazil and India
Intellectual Property, Access to Medicines, and Health
Political Trade Dependence and North-South Trade Agreements
Why do developing countries negotiate North–South trade agreements, when they already enjoy preferential market access to developed-country markets? Most developing countries benefit from the generalized system of preferences (GSP) and related schemes when they export to the United States, the EU, and other developed economies. And yet, many pursue fully reciprocal agreements that require major concessions to the developed partner. We argue that …
Health Policy as Industrial Policy
In contrast to analyses that regard health policy and industrial policy as anathema to each other, either because an emphasis on health implies neglect of industry or because gains in industrialization come at the expense of health, we show positive synergies between the two realms. Government intervention into the health sector can catalyze interventions to promote industrial development in the pharmaceutical sector, which in turn can make healt…
The Global Governance of Knowledge
The Global Governance of Knowledge: Patent Offices and their Clients Peter Drahos Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 368, £27.99/$47, ISBN 978 0 521 14436 0 Intellectual Property, Hum
The Mexican Exception
The Political Contradictions of Incremental Innovation
Neodevelopmental patent regimes aim to facilitate local actors' access to knowledge and also encourage incremental innovations. The case of pharmaceutical patent examination in Brazil illustrates political contradictions between these objectives. Brazil's patent law includes the Ministry of Health in the examination of pharmaceutical patent applications. Though widely celebrated as a health-oriented policy, the Brazilian experience has become fra…
The Politics of Patents and Drugs in Brazil and Mexico
After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects on drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization. In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriente…
Globalisation, Power and Integration
This article explores the dynamics of regional economic integration in the Americas. Economic globalisation, or an increased volume of trade and investment and increased mobility of capital, presents developing countries with new opportunities and challenges. In particular, the emergence of south-east Asia as a major site for the production and export of manufactured goods has generated intense competition among developing countries for foreign i…
Policy Space for Intellectual Property Management
Global governance in intellectual property (IP) has changed dramaticallyin the last two decades. What was once principally an instrument of nationalpolicy is now increasingly subject to international disciplines. I contrast the newrestrictions placed on IP management that developing countries accept as partiesto the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with the constraints they face …
The Political Economy of Aids Treatment
This article examines the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and public health, with a focus on the extension of AIDS treatment in the developing world. While most of the literature on IP and health examines the conditions affecting poor countries' capacities to acquire essential medicines, I show the distinct—and more complicated—political economy of production and supply. IP regulations alter the structure of generic pharmaceutical…
Intellectual Property, Trade, and Development
Global governance in intellectual property (IP) has changed dramatically since the 1980s. What was once principally an instrument of national policy, where countries could tailor their IP regimes in accordance with national economic and social conditions, is now increasingly a policy area subject to international disciplines, where countries that fail to conform to new global standards risk retaliation in the form of losing privileges. The center…
Latin American Trade and Development in the New International Economy
Latin American Trade and Development in the New International Economy Reviewed by Kenneth C. Shadlen London School of Economics and Political Science Globalization and Development: A Latin American and Caribbean Perspective. Edited by José Antonio Ocampo and Juan Martin. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. Pp. 232. $25.95 paper.) Free Trade for the Americas? The United States' Push for the Ftaa Agreement. Edited by Paulo Vizentini and Mar…
Exchanging development for market access? Deep integration and industrial policy under multilateral and regional-bilateral trade agreements
This paper analyzes the developmental trade-offs involved in multilateral versus regional-bilateral strategies of integration into the international economy. I contrast the regulations that guide policy in the areas of trade, investment, and intellectual property in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in regional-bilateral agreements between the US and developing countries. Both strategies of integration feature similar trade-offs, in that dev…
The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Protection
The end of the twentieth century was marked by a sea change in global governance in the realm of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Whereas countries historically retained substantial autonomy with regard to what they defined as intellectual “property” and the rights granted to the owners of intellectual property, the 1990s witnessed the establishment of new global obligations regarding national practices. This paper focuses on the case of soft…
Patents and pills, power and procedure
Orphaned by Democracy
After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects on drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization. In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriente…
Exchanging development for market access? Deep integration and industrial policy under multilateral and regional-bilateral trade agreements
This paper analyzes the developmental trade-offs involved in multilateral versus regional-bilateral strategies of integration into the international economy. I contrast the regulations that guide policy in the areas of trade, investment, and intellectual property in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in regional-bilateral agreements between the US and developing countries. Both strategies of integration feature similar trade-offs, in that dev…
Health Policy as Industrial Policy
In contrast to analyses that regard health policy and industrial policy as anathema to each other, either because an emphasis on health implies neglect of industry or because gains in industrialization come at the expense of health, we show positive synergies between the two realms. Government intervention into the health sector can catalyze interventions to promote industrial development in the pharmaceutical sector, which in turn can make healt…
The Political Economy of Aids Treatment
This article examines the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and public health, with a focus on the extension of AIDS treatment in the developing world. While most of the literature on IP and health examines the conditions affecting poor countries' capacities to acquire essential medicines, I show the distinct—and more complicated—political economy of production and supply. IP regulations alter the structure of generic pharmaceutical…
Political Trade Dependence and North-South Trade Agreements
Why do developing countries negotiate North–South trade agreements, when they already enjoy preferential market access to developed-country markets? Most developing countries benefit from the generalized system of preferences (GSP) and related schemes when they export to the United States, the EU, and other developed economies. And yet, many pursue fully reciprocal agreements that require major concessions to the developed partner. We argue that …
The Politics of Patents and Drugs in Brazil and Mexico
After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects on drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization. In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriente…
The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Protection
The end of the twentieth century was marked by a sea change in global governance in the realm of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Whereas countries historically retained substantial autonomy with regard to what they defined as intellectual “property” and the rights granted to the owners of intellectual property, the 1990s witnessed the establishment of new global obligations regarding national practices. This paper focuses on the case of soft…
The politics of Covid-19 vaccination in middle-income countries
As the world struggles to meet the challenges of vaccination against COVID-19, more attention needs to be paid to issues faced by countries at different income levels. Middle-income countries (MICs) typically lack the resources and regulatory capacities to pursue strategies that wealthier countries do, but they also face different sets of challenges and opportunities than low-income countries (LICs). We focus on three dimensions of vaccination: p…
Orphaned by Democracy
After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects on drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization. In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriente…
Patents, trade and medicines
This article analyzes the spread of intellectual property in trade agreements. We explain how the integration of intellectual property with international trade rules led to the globalization of pharmaceutical patenting, and then how additional provisions related to pharmaceutical products have been introduced by regional and bilateral trade agreements. We describe the additional ‘TRIPS-Plus’ rules contained in recent trade agreements, which go be…
Patents and pills, power and procedure
The Mexican Exception
The Political Contradictions of Incremental Innovation
Neodevelopmental patent regimes aim to facilitate local actors' access to knowledge and also encourage incremental innovations. The case of pharmaceutical patent examination in Brazil illustrates political contradictions between these objectives. Brazil's patent law includes the Ministry of Health in the examination of pharmaceutical patent applications. Though widely celebrated as a health-oriented policy, the Brazilian experience has become fra…
Intellectual Property, Access to Medicines, and Health
Intellectual Property, Trade, and Development
Global governance in intellectual property (IP) has changed dramatically since the 1980s. What was once principally an instrument of national policy, where countries could tailor their IP regimes in accordance with national economic and social conditions, is now increasingly a policy area subject to international disciplines, where countries that fail to conform to new global standards risk retaliation in the form of losing privileges. The center…
TRIPS Implementation and Secondary Pharmaceutical Patenting in Brazil and India
Integrating Science, Technology and Health Policies in Brazil
Brazil has encouraged an ambitious set of policies towards the pharmaceutical industry, aiming to foster technological development while meeting health requirements. We characterise these efforts, labelled the 'Complexo Industrial da Saúde' (Health-Industry Complex, CIS), as an outcome of incremental policy change backed by the sustained efforts of public health professionals within the federal bureaucracy. As experts with a particular vision of …
Continuity amid Change
MEXICO'S NATIONAL, MID-TERM ELECTlONS OF JULY 1997 PRODUCED important changes in the country's political landscape. The ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which has dominated virtually all realms of Mexican politics since the late 1920s, suffered an unprecedented setback, losing its majority in the lower house of the Mexican Congress.Though the era of single-party political domination appears to have come to an end, policy-making sin…
Continuity amid Change
MEXICO'S NATIONAL, MID-TERM ELECTlONS OF JULY 1997 PRODUCED important changes in the country's political landscape. The ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which has dominated virtually all realms of Mexican politics since the late 1920s, suffered an unprecedented setback, losing its majority in the lower house of the Mexican Congress.Though the era of single-party political domination appears to have come to an end, policy-making sin…
Neoliberalism, Corporatism, and Small Business Political Activism in Contemporary Mexico
In the 1980s and 1990s, neoliberalism and changing policy-making regimes presented social actors throughout Latin America with new challenges and opportunities. This article analyzes the political strategies developed by two organizations representing small manufacturers in Mexico for responding to these sweeping economic and political changes, emphasizing the organizational bases of political activism. Strategies are assessed according to organi…
Orphaned by Democracy
After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects on drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization. In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriente…
Patents and pills, power and procedure
Exchanging development for market access? Deep integration and industrial policy under multilateral and regional-bilateral trade agreements
This paper analyzes the developmental trade-offs involved in multilateral versus regional-bilateral strategies of integration into the international economy. I contrast the regulations that guide policy in the areas of trade, investment, and intellectual property in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in regional-bilateral agreements between the US and developing countries. Both strategies of integration feature similar trade-offs, in that dev…
The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Protection
The end of the twentieth century was marked by a sea change in global governance in the realm of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Whereas countries historically retained substantial autonomy with regard to what they defined as intellectual “property” and the rights granted to the owners of intellectual property, the 1990s witnessed the establishment of new global obligations regarding national practices. This paper focuses on the case of soft…
Latin American Trade and Development in the New International Economy
Latin American Trade and Development in the New International Economy Reviewed by Kenneth C. Shadlen London School of Economics and Political Science Globalization and Development: A Latin American and Caribbean Perspective. Edited by José Antonio Ocampo and Juan Martin. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. Pp. 232. $25.95 paper.) Free Trade for the Americas? The United States' Push for the Ftaa Agreement. Edited by Paulo Vizentini and Mar…
The Political Economy of Aids Treatment
This article examines the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and public health, with a focus on the extension of AIDS treatment in the developing world. While most of the literature on IP and health examines the conditions affecting poor countries' capacities to acquire essential medicines, I show the distinct—and more complicated—political economy of production and supply. IP regulations alter the structure of generic pharmaceutical…
Intellectual Property, Trade, and Development
Global governance in intellectual property (IP) has changed dramatically since the 1980s. What was once principally an instrument of national policy, where countries could tailor their IP regimes in accordance with national economic and social conditions, is now increasingly a policy area subject to international disciplines, where countries that fail to conform to new global standards risk retaliation in the form of losing privileges. The center…
Globalisation, Power and Integration
This article explores the dynamics of regional economic integration in the Americas. Economic globalisation, or an increased volume of trade and investment and increased mobility of capital, presents developing countries with new opportunities and challenges. In particular, the emergence of south-east Asia as a major site for the production and export of manufactured goods has generated intense competition among developing countries for foreign i…
Policy Space for Intellectual Property Management
Global governance in intellectual property (IP) has changed dramaticallyin the last two decades. What was once principally an instrument of nationalpolicy is now increasingly subject to international disciplines. I contrast the newrestrictions placed on IP management that developing countries accept as partiesto the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with the constraints they face …
The Politics of Patents and Drugs in Brazil and Mexico
After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects on drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization. In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriente…
The Political Contradictions of Incremental Innovation
Neodevelopmental patent regimes aim to facilitate local actors' access to knowledge and also encourage incremental innovations. The case of pharmaceutical patent examination in Brazil illustrates political contradictions between these objectives. Brazil's patent law includes the Ministry of Health in the examination of pharmaceutical patent applications. Though widely celebrated as a health-oriented policy, the Brazilian experience has become fra…
The Global Governance of Knowledge
The Global Governance of Knowledge: Patent Offices and their Clients Peter Drahos Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 368, £27.99/$47, ISBN 978 0 521 14436 0 Intellectual Property, Hum
The Mexican Exception
Health Policy as Industrial Policy
In contrast to analyses that regard health policy and industrial policy as anathema to each other, either because an emphasis on health implies neglect of industry or because gains in industrialization come at the expense of health, we show positive synergies between the two realms. Government intervention into the health sector can catalyze interventions to promote industrial development in the pharmaceutical sector, which in turn can make healt…
Political Trade Dependence and North-South Trade Agreements
Why do developing countries negotiate North–South trade agreements, when they already enjoy preferential market access to developed-country markets? Most developing countries benefit from the generalized system of preferences (GSP) and related schemes when they export to the United States, the EU, and other developed economies. And yet, many pursue fully reciprocal agreements that require major concessions to the developed partner. We argue that …
Democratization Without Representation
TRIPS Implementation and Secondary Pharmaceutical Patenting in Brazil and India
Intellectual Property, Access to Medicines, and Health
Promoting and regulating generic medicines
Promoting the use of generic drugs can constitute a core instrument for countries’ national pharmaceutical policies, one that reduces drug expenditure while expanding health care access. Despite the potential importance of such policy measures and the differences among national practices, scholars embarking on comparative analysis lack a roadmap for determining which dimensions of generic drug policy to assess and compare. This report fills that …
Analyzing the impact of trade and investment agreements on pharmaceutical policy
BACKGROUND: Trade and investment agreements negotiated after the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) have included increasingly elevated protection of intellectual property rights along with an expanding array of rules impacting many aspects of pharmaceutical policy. Despite the large body of literature on intellectual property and access to affordable medicines, the ways in which …
Patents, trade and medicines
This article analyzes the spread of intellectual property in trade agreements. We explain how the integration of intellectual property with international trade rules led to the globalization of pharmaceutical patenting, and then how additional provisions related to pharmaceutical products have been introduced by regional and bilateral trade agreements. We describe the additional ‘TRIPS-Plus’ rules contained in recent trade agreements, which go be…
Integrating Science, Technology and Health Policies in Brazil
Brazil has encouraged an ambitious set of policies towards the pharmaceutical industry, aiming to foster technological development while meeting health requirements. We characterise these efforts, labelled the 'Complexo Industrial da Saúde' (Health-Industry Complex, CIS), as an outcome of incremental policy change backed by the sustained efforts of public health professionals within the federal bureaucracy. As experts with a particular vision of …
Challenges in ensuring global access to Covid-19 vaccines
Political science (25 obras) · Economics (24 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Business (18 obras) · Politics (16 obras) · Intellectual Property and Patents (15 obras) · International trade (14 obras) · Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy (13 obras) · Economic growth (12 obras) · Law (12 obras)