Bradley A Woodruff
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 963952 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Bradley A Woodruff |
| PRENOMES | Bradley A |
| SOBRENOME | Woodruff |
| ASSINATURA | WOODRUFF B A |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1921-5592 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 19 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 17 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 19 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1990 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Factors associated with nutrition intervention adherence
Nutrition experts point to the importance of a multipronged approach to address high stunting rates in rural areas. This can include nutrition-specific and -sensitive interventions, such as the provision of micronutrient powder, eggs, and chlorine, and nutrition training to improve feeding practices. In 2018, an agricultural nongovernmental organisation initiated a multipronged approach as part of a randomised trial. However, adherence to a progr…
Risk factors of stunting and wasting in Somali pre-school age children
Nutritional status of children in Somalia may be improved by prevention of diarrhea and other infections and improvements in household food security
Risk factors of anaemia and iron deficiency in Somali children and women
There are limited data on the prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency (ID) in Somalia. To address this data gap, Somalia's 2019 micronutrient survey assessed the prevalence of anaemia and ID in children (6-59 months) and non-pregnant women of reproductive age (15-49 years). The survey also collected data on vitamin A deficiency, inflammation, malaria and other potential risk factors for anaemia and ID. Multivariable Poisson regressions models w…
Risk factors for anaemia among Ghanaian women and children vary by population group and climate zone
Anaemia has serious effects on human health and has multifactorial aetiologies. This study aimed to determine putative risk factors for anaemia in children 6-59 months and 15- to 49-year-old non-pregnant women living in Ghana. Data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey were analysed for associations between anaemia and various anaemia risk factors. National and stratum-specific multivariable regressions were constructed separate…
Determinants of stunting reduction in Ethiopia 2000 – 2011
The prevalence of stunting in Ethiopia declined from 57% in 2000 to 44% in 2011, yet the factors producing this change are not fully understood. Data on 23,999 children 0-59 months of age from three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 2000, 2005, and 2011 were analyzed to assess the trends in stunting prevalence, mean height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) and the associations between potential factors and HAZ. Associations were determined separatel…
Assessment of the WHO Stunting Framework using Ethiopia as a case study
Poor linear growth in children <5 years old, or stunting, is a serious public health problem particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a conceptual framework on the Context, Causes and Consequences of Childhood Stunting (the 'WHO framework') that identifies specific and general factors associated with stunting. The framework is based upon a global review of data, and we have applied it to a country-…
Scale up of nutrition and health programs in Ethiopia and their overlap with reductions in child stunting
The prevalence of stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa has changed little since 2000, and the number of stunted children has increased. In contrast, Ethiopia is an example where the national stunting prevalence and number of stunted children have decreased consistently. We compare regional differences and temporal patterns in stunting with large-scale program coverage to identify where and when programs may have led to reductions in stunting. Data from…
Relationship between markers of inflammation and anaemia in children of Papua New Guinea
Objective To assess the association of the acute-phase protein biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α 1 -acid glycoprotein (AGP), with anaemia in children aged 6–59·9 months in Papua New Guinea. Design A nationally representative household-based cross-sectional survey of children aged 6–59·9 months was used to assess the relationships between various combinations of elevated CRP (>5 mg/l) and AGP (>1·2 g/l) with anaemia. Logistic regression w…
Evaluation of the effectiveness of stainless steel cooking pots in reducing iron-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of stainless steel (Fe alloy) cooking pots in reducing Fe-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations. Design Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Between December 2001 and January 2003, three surveys among children aged 6–59 months and their mothers were conducted in 110 households randomly selected from each camp. The primary outcomes were changes in Hb concentration and Fe status. Setting Two long-…
Acceptability and use of iron and iron-alloy cooking pots
Objective To evaluate the acceptability of iron and iron-alloy cooking pots prior to an intervention trial and to investigate factors affecting retention and use. Design Pre-trial research was conducted on five types of iron and iron-alloy pots using focus group discussions and a laboratory evaluation of Fe transfer during cooking was undertaken. Usage and retention during the subsequent intervention trial were investigated using focus group disc…
Mortality rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies
Surveys are conducted frequently in humanitarian emergencies to assess the health status of the population. Most often, they employ complex sample designs, such as cluster sampling. Mortality is an indicator commonly estimated in such surveys. Confidence limits provide information on the precision of the estimate and it is important to ensure that confidence limits for a mortality rate account for the survey design and utilise an acceptable metho…
Cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively mortality in humanitarian emergencies
Since the rates and causes of mortality are critical indicators of the overall health of a population, it is important to evaluate mortality even where no complete vital statistics reporting exists. Such settings include humanitarian emergencies. Experience in cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively crude, age-specific, and maternal mortality in stable settings has been gained over the past 40 years, and methods appropriate to hu…
Users' guides to the medical literature
The accurate interpretation of mortality surveys in humanitarian crises is useful for both public health responses and security responses. Recent examples suggest that few medical personnel and researchers can accurately interpret the validity of a mortality survey in these settings. Using an example of a mortality survey from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we demonstrate important methodological considerations that readers should keep i…
Anaemia, iron status and vitamin A deficiency among adolescent refugees in Kenya and Nepal
Objective To investigate the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin −1 depending on age and sex group), iron deficiency (transferrin receptor concentration > 8.3 μg ml −1 ) and vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol −1 ) in adolescent refugees. Design Cross-sectional surveys. Setting Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya and seven refugee camps in Nepal. Subjects Adolescent refugee residents in these camps. Results Anaemia was present in 46% (95% confidence inte…
Using Design Effects From Previous Cluster Surveys to Guide Sample Size Calculation in Emergency Settings
A good estimate of the design effect is critical for calculating the most efficient sample size for cluster surveys. We reviewed the design effects for seven nutrition and health outcomes from nine population-based cluster surveys conducted in emergency settings. Most of the design effects for outcomes in children, and one-half of the design effects for crude mortality, were below two. A reassessment of mortality data from Kosovo and Badghis, Afg…
Lessons and Controversies
The international community since the end of the Cold War has failed to agree on a satisfactory solution as to how it should respond to protect vulnerable populations at risk from internal state wars and human rights abuse. Western powers frustrated by this have increasingly resorted to intervention on the basis of ‘right to intervene’. This paper argues that what is required is for the international community to exercise ‘a right to protect’ thr…
The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post-emergency Phase
For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divi…
Human exposure to rabies from pet wild raccoons in South Carolina and West Virginia, 1987 through 1988
During 1987 and 1988, exposures to eight pet wild raccoons in South Carolina and West Virginia resulted in administration of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis to 19 children and 26 adults. All eight raccoons appeared normal at the time of capture, and three had no signs of illness when sacrificed. The direct medical cost resulting from these exposures was $23,714 ($527 per person). Regulations and public education may help decrease this type of ra…
Disease Surveillance and Control After a Flood
Following a flood in Khartoum, Sudan, emergency disease surveillance was implemented to monitor the health status of the population. Simple, symptom-oriented case definitions for diarrheal disease, measles, respiratory disease, malaria, and jaundice were included on the report form used to collect daily counts of outpatients in a sample of both temporary and permanent clinics located in areas of the city most affected by the flood. Data collected…
The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post-emergency Phase
For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divi…
Disease Surveillance and Control After a Flood
Following a flood in Khartoum, Sudan, emergency disease surveillance was implemented to monitor the health status of the population. Simple, symptom-oriented case definitions for diarrheal disease, measles, respiratory disease, malaria, and jaundice were included on the report form used to collect daily counts of outpatients in a sample of both temporary and permanent clinics located in areas of the city most affected by the flood. Data collected…
Using Design Effects From Previous Cluster Surveys to Guide Sample Size Calculation in Emergency Settings
A good estimate of the design effect is critical for calculating the most efficient sample size for cluster surveys. We reviewed the design effects for seven nutrition and health outcomes from nine population-based cluster surveys conducted in emergency settings. Most of the design effects for outcomes in children, and one-half of the design effects for crude mortality, were below two. A reassessment of mortality data from Kosovo and Badghis, Afg…
Cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively mortality in humanitarian emergencies
Since the rates and causes of mortality are critical indicators of the overall health of a population, it is important to evaluate mortality even where no complete vital statistics reporting exists. Such settings include humanitarian emergencies. Experience in cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively crude, age-specific, and maternal mortality in stable settings has been gained over the past 40 years, and methods appropriate to hu…
Disease Surveillance and Control After a Flood
Following a flood in Khartoum, Sudan, emergency disease surveillance was implemented to monitor the health status of the population. Simple, symptom-oriented case definitions for diarrheal disease, measles, respiratory disease, malaria, and jaundice were included on the report form used to collect daily counts of outpatients in a sample of both temporary and permanent clinics located in areas of the city most affected by the flood. Data collected…
Human exposure to rabies from pet wild raccoons in South Carolina and West Virginia, 1987 through 1988
During 1987 and 1988, exposures to eight pet wild raccoons in South Carolina and West Virginia resulted in administration of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis to 19 children and 26 adults. All eight raccoons appeared normal at the time of capture, and three had no signs of illness when sacrificed. The direct medical cost resulting from these exposures was $23,714 ($527 per person). Regulations and public education may help decrease this type of ra…
The Accuracy of Mortality Reporting in Displaced Persons Camps During the Post-emergency Phase
For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divi…
Lessons and Controversies
The international community since the end of the Cold War has failed to agree on a satisfactory solution as to how it should respond to protect vulnerable populations at risk from internal state wars and human rights abuse. Western powers frustrated by this have increasingly resorted to intervention on the basis of ‘right to intervene’. This paper argues that what is required is for the international community to exercise ‘a right to protect’ thr…
Anaemia, iron status and vitamin A deficiency among adolescent refugees in Kenya and Nepal
Objective To investigate the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin −1 depending on age and sex group), iron deficiency (transferrin receptor concentration > 8.3 μg ml −1 ) and vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol −1 ) in adolescent refugees. Design Cross-sectional surveys. Setting Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya and seven refugee camps in Nepal. Subjects Adolescent refugee residents in these camps. Results Anaemia was present in 46% (95% confidence inte…
Using Design Effects From Previous Cluster Surveys to Guide Sample Size Calculation in Emergency Settings
A good estimate of the design effect is critical for calculating the most efficient sample size for cluster surveys. We reviewed the design effects for seven nutrition and health outcomes from nine population-based cluster surveys conducted in emergency settings. Most of the design effects for outcomes in children, and one-half of the design effects for crude mortality, were below two. A reassessment of mortality data from Kosovo and Badghis, Afg…
Users' guides to the medical literature
The accurate interpretation of mortality surveys in humanitarian crises is useful for both public health responses and security responses. Recent examples suggest that few medical personnel and researchers can accurately interpret the validity of a mortality survey in these settings. Using an example of a mortality survey from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we demonstrate important methodological considerations that readers should keep i…
Cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively mortality in humanitarian emergencies
Since the rates and causes of mortality are critical indicators of the overall health of a population, it is important to evaluate mortality even where no complete vital statistics reporting exists. Such settings include humanitarian emergencies. Experience in cross-sectional survey methods to assess retrospectively crude, age-specific, and maternal mortality in stable settings has been gained over the past 40 years, and methods appropriate to hu…
Evaluation of the effectiveness of stainless steel cooking pots in reducing iron-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of stainless steel (Fe alloy) cooking pots in reducing Fe-deficiency anaemia in food aid-dependent populations. Design Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Between December 2001 and January 2003, three surveys among children aged 6–59 months and their mothers were conducted in 110 households randomly selected from each camp. The primary outcomes were changes in Hb concentration and Fe status. Setting Two long-…
Acceptability and use of iron and iron-alloy cooking pots
Objective To evaluate the acceptability of iron and iron-alloy cooking pots prior to an intervention trial and to investigate factors affecting retention and use. Design Pre-trial research was conducted on five types of iron and iron-alloy pots using focus group discussions and a laboratory evaluation of Fe transfer during cooking was undertaken. Usage and retention during the subsequent intervention trial were investigated using focus group disc…
Mortality rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies
Surveys are conducted frequently in humanitarian emergencies to assess the health status of the population. Most often, they employ complex sample designs, such as cluster sampling. Mortality is an indicator commonly estimated in such surveys. Confidence limits provide information on the precision of the estimate and it is important to ensure that confidence limits for a mortality rate account for the survey design and utilise an acceptable metho…
Relationship between markers of inflammation and anaemia in children of Papua New Guinea
Objective To assess the association of the acute-phase protein biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α 1 -acid glycoprotein (AGP), with anaemia in children aged 6–59·9 months in Papua New Guinea. Design A nationally representative household-based cross-sectional survey of children aged 6–59·9 months was used to assess the relationships between various combinations of elevated CRP (>5 mg/l) and AGP (>1·2 g/l) with anaemia. Logistic regression w…
Determinants of stunting reduction in Ethiopia 2000 – 2011
The prevalence of stunting in Ethiopia declined from 57% in 2000 to 44% in 2011, yet the factors producing this change are not fully understood. Data on 23,999 children 0-59 months of age from three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 2000, 2005, and 2011 were analyzed to assess the trends in stunting prevalence, mean height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) and the associations between potential factors and HAZ. Associations were determined separatel…
Assessment of the WHO Stunting Framework using Ethiopia as a case study
Poor linear growth in children <5 years old, or stunting, is a serious public health problem particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a conceptual framework on the Context, Causes and Consequences of Childhood Stunting (the 'WHO framework') that identifies specific and general factors associated with stunting. The framework is based upon a global review of data, and we have applied it to a country-…
Scale up of nutrition and health programs in Ethiopia and their overlap with reductions in child stunting
The prevalence of stunting in Sub-Saharan Africa has changed little since 2000, and the number of stunted children has increased. In contrast, Ethiopia is an example where the national stunting prevalence and number of stunted children have decreased consistently. We compare regional differences and temporal patterns in stunting with large-scale program coverage to identify where and when programs may have led to reductions in stunting. Data from…
Risk factors for anaemia among Ghanaian women and children vary by population group and climate zone
Anaemia has serious effects on human health and has multifactorial aetiologies. This study aimed to determine putative risk factors for anaemia in children 6-59 months and 15- to 49-year-old non-pregnant women living in Ghana. Data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey were analysed for associations between anaemia and various anaemia risk factors. National and stratum-specific multivariable regressions were constructed separate…
Risk factors of anaemia and iron deficiency in Somali children and women
There are limited data on the prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency (ID) in Somalia. To address this data gap, Somalia's 2019 micronutrient survey assessed the prevalence of anaemia and ID in children (6-59 months) and non-pregnant women of reproductive age (15-49 years). The survey also collected data on vitamin A deficiency, inflammation, malaria and other potential risk factors for anaemia and ID. Multivariable Poisson regressions models w…
Factors associated with nutrition intervention adherence
Nutrition experts point to the importance of a multipronged approach to address high stunting rates in rural areas. This can include nutrition-specific and -sensitive interventions, such as the provision of micronutrient powder, eggs, and chlorine, and nutrition training to improve feeding practices. In 2018, an agricultural nongovernmental organisation initiated a multipronged approach as part of a randomised trial. However, adherence to a progr…
Risk factors of stunting and wasting in Somali pre-school age children
Nutritional status of children in Somalia may be improved by prevention of diarrhea and other infections and improvements in household food security
Medicine (19 obras) · Environmental health (14 obras) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (11 obras) · Demography (9 obras) · Demography (8 obras) · Internal Medicine (8 obras) · Pediatrics (7 obras) · Population (7 obras) · Health and Conflict Studies (6 obras) · Iron Metabolism and Disorders (6 obras)