Ellen E Pinderhughes
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 97596 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Ellen E Pinderhughes |
| PRENOMES | Ellen E |
| SOBRENOME | Pinderhughes |
| ASSINATURA | PINDERHUGHES E E |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Tufts University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9550-8389 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 241 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1985 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
“I wish my parents had …”
Intersectional Dynamics of Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration
Despite the rise in racial justice and immigrant rights movements in the United States of America (USA), the experiences of Black immigrants at the intersection of these movements remain undertheorized. For Black immigrant youth, these experiences – marked by anti-Black racism and xenophobia – can significantly impact psychological well-being and physical health, particularly during adolescence, a crucial period of identity formation and sociopol…
Connecting to birth culture
Adult adoptees and adoption professionals encourage transracial adoptive parents to provide cultural socialization (CS)—learning about and facilitating a sense of connectedness to children’s birth culture. Research showed that CS is related to positive developmental outcomes. However, recent studies suggested that there were varying degrees of cultural depth in CS (Quiroz, 2012 Quiroz, P. A. (2012). Cultural tourism in transnational adoption: “St…
Navigating Microaggressions and Family Belonging as French Intercountry Adoptees
Intercountry adoptees (ICAs) face life-long challenges within their ecological contexts that warrant exploration. Adoptees’ visible adoptions make them susceptible to microaggressions. This study examined the relation between racial and adoption microaggressions (RMAs, AMAs) and youths’ belonging-to-family among 98 French intercountry adopted adolescents. Moderators of this relation were also explored (visibility, identity connections to country-…
Adoptive Parents Navigating Adoption Microaggressions through Discourse Dependency and Preparation for Bias Lenses
Adoptive families must navigate public discourse about adoption. This study examined how transracial adoptive (TRA) and same-race adoptive (SRA) families communicated to their children through internal boundary management, teaching external boundary management strategies, and preparation for bias as ways to address adoption microaggressions (AMAs). 104 U.S. adoptive parents (TRA = 77; SRA = 27) completed a survey about their communication about f…
Parents and Their Adopted Chinese Children
In this study using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, we coded the types and community prevalence of racial microaggressions (RMAs) and adoption microaggressions (AMAs) experienced and reported by White adoptive families with children adopted from China. Analyses examined differences in microaggressions reported by transracial adoptive families living in communities varying in racial-ethnic diversity. All families experienced RMAs and/o…
Feelings and perceptions of French parents of internationally adopted children with special needs (SN)
Looking through a kaleidoscope
A significant body of research examines ethnic‐racial socialization among families of color, yet rarely investigates the influence of youths’ phenotype (e.g., skin color) on ethnic‐racial socialization. How families of color make meaning of youths’ skin color may cause variation in ethnic‐racial socialization. To address this gap, we propose the Phenomenological Ethnic‐Racial Socialization Conceptual Model, which details how the meaning families …
Microaggressions experienced by adoptive families and internationally adopted adolescents in France
France receives a relatively large number of international adoptions. However, little is known about the frequency and types of microaggressions experienced by adoptive parents and internationally adopted adolescents in France. Unusually, France functions legally as a colorblind society, where race is not officially recognized. Therefore, we surveyed adoptive parents and adopted adolescents regarding their feelings of difference and experience of…
Your Skin’s Not as Good as Us
This mixed methods study examined the nature of adoption and racial microaggressions and their relations with age and community diversity among 42 Chinese transracial adoptees ages 5–9. Using microaggression typologies by Baden and Sue et al., we found that children must often navigate multiple messages within a single microaggression incident. Although experience and awareness of microaggressions did not differ among children by community divers…
How Does Racial Context Matter
Black families and youth likely consider specific racial discriminatory situations in preparation-for-bias messages and racial coping responses. Our study investigated coping responses embedded in youth-reported Black families' preparation-for-bias messages and youths' proactive coping responses to specific racially discriminatory situations-teachers' negative expectations, store employees' hyper-monitoring and police harassment. Gender and racia…
Introduction to Special Issue
This special issue focuses on the construction of ethnic identity among international transracial adoptees (ITRAs) in the context of their families and community. These studies represent an emerging focus on identity development in families where parents, as members of the dominant culture, face the task of helping children who are members of minority groups, develop a positive identity. Because the process of identity formation is developmental,…
American” or “Multiethnic”? Family Ethnic Identity Among Transracial Adoptive Families, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Children's Self-Perception
The sample comprised 44 U.S.-based parents and their daughters ages 6 to 9 who were adopted from China. Correlation analyses revealed that parents' role variables and CS behaviors were related, and children's ethnic self-label was related to family ethnic identity and CS behaviors. Qualitative analyses point to complexities in children's ethnic identity and between family and children's ethnic identities. Together, these findings provide support …
New Trends and Directions in Ethnic Identity Among Internationally Transracially Adopted Persons
The collective findings of the six articles in this special issue highlight the importance of ethnic-racial socialization and ethnic identity among international transracial adoptees (ITRAs). A multidimensional developmental phenomenon, ethnic identity intersects with other identities, notably adoptive identity. Family, peers, community, and host culture are important socialization contexts that engage transracial adoptees in transactional proces…
From Family to Society
SYNOPSIS Objective . The authors explored the relation between adolescent reports of parental warmth and monitoring and the development of youth civic engagement. Design . Longitudinal data were collected from 759 14- and 15-year-olds and their parents in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Results . Two-group latent variable models indicated that perceived parental monitoring predicted future civic engagement among males, whereas percei…
School Outcomes of Aggressive‐Disruptive Children
A multi-gate screening process identified 891 children with aggressive-disruptive behavior problems at school entry. Fast Track provided a multi-component preventive intervention in the context of a randomized-controlled design. In addition to psychosocial support and skill training for parents and children, the intervention included intensive reading tutoring in first grade, behavioral management consultation with teachers, and the provision of …
Mothers Raising Daughters
This study examined the process of cultural socialization among 6- to 8-year-old girls adopted from China, with a focus on adoptive mothers’ decisions about their children's socialization and children's interest in and knowledge about China and being Chinese. Qualitative interviews of 10 mothers and their children were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three main categories were identified to further specify parental cultural socializati…
Just Beyond my Front Door”
The phenotypic differences between children and their adoptive parents in transracial adoptions make the child's adoptive status readily apparent in public. Consequently, adoptees field more frequent questions and comments about the adoption. The present study examines the nature of public conversations about ethnicity and adoption of 41 elementary school age girls adopted from China and the ecological factors related to less frequent occurrences…
The effects of a multiyear universal social–emotional learning program
OBJECTIVE: This article examines the impact of a universal social-emotional learning program, the Fast Track PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) curriculum and teacher consultation, embedded within the Fast Track selective prevention model. METHOD: The longitudinal analysis involved 2,937 children of multiple ethnicities who remained in the same intervention or control schools for Grades 1, 2, and 3. The study involved a clustered r…
Delinquent Adolescents' Regrettable Behaviours and Parental Engagement
We examined delinquents' involvement in regrettable behaviours, their meaning-making processes and parental engagement in preventing these behaviours. After reviewing court-record data for 109 males and females of African descent (50 South African and 50 American youth) for data on delinquency, we interviewed 11 SA and 29 USA youth (mean =s 16.7 years). Quantitative and content analyses were utilized to analyze interview data. SA youth engaged in…
The Difficulty of Maintaining Positive Intervention Effects
This paper examines the effects of the Fast Track preventive intervention on youths' functioning in three domains: disruptive behavior problems, involvement with deviant peers, and social skills during the middle school years. Eight hundred ninety-one children had been randomly assigned by sets of schools within four sites to intervention ( n = 445) or to control ( n = 446) conditions. In contrast to prior findings of the effectiveness of the Fas…
Introduction to Excavating Culture, Special Issue of Applied Developmental Science
The Parenting Subgroup of SGRCE would like to thank its colleagues in the Racial Socialization and Ethnic Identity Subgroup within the Study Group who have shared the mission of pushing forward the science of culture and ethnicity and have worked alongside us: Diane Hughes, Deborah Johnson, James Rodriguez, Emilie Phillips Smith, Paul Spicer, and Howard Stevenson. We thank three scholars who saw the potential in the Study Group and who provided a…
Disentangling Ethnic and Contextual Influences Among Parents Raising Youth in High-Risk Communities
This article reports on analyses examining contextual influences on parenting with an ethnically and geographically diverse sample of parents (predominantly mothers) raising 387 children (49% ethnic minority; 51% male) in high-risk communities. Parents and children were followed longitudinally from first through tenth grades. Contextual influences included geographical location, neighborhood risk, SES, and family stress. The cultural variable was…
Excavating Culture
Historically, much of the research on parenting has not disentangled the influences of race/ethnicity, SES, and culture on family functioning and the development of children and adolescents. This special issue addresses this gap by disentangling ethnic differences in parenting behaviors from their contextual influences, thereby deepening understanding of parenting processes in diverse families. Six members of the Parenting section of the Study Gr…
Decoupling the Relation Between Risk Factors for Conduct Problems and the Receipt of Intervention Services
This study examined whether the link between risk factors for conduct problems and low rates of participation in mental health treatment could be decoupled through the provision of integrated prevention services in multiple easily-accessible contexts. It included 445 families of first-grade children (55% minority), living in four diverse communities, and selected for early signs of conduct problems. Results indicated that, under the right circums…
Parenting in Context
This prospective longitudinal study examined the unique and combined effects of neighborhood characteristics on parental behaviors in the context of more distal and more proximal influences. With a sample of 368 mothers from high-risk communities in 4 parts of the United States, this study examined relations between race (African American or European American), locality (urban or rural), neighborhood characteristics, family context, and child pro…
Predicting developmental outcomes at school entry using a multiple-risk model
The contributions of different risk factors in predicting children's psychological and academic outcomes at the end of 1st grade were examined. Using a regression model, levels of ecobehavioral risk were assessed in the following order: specific demographics, broad demographics, family psychosocial status, mother's depressive symptoms, and neighborhood quality. Participants were 337 families from 4 American communities. Predictor variables were a…
Excavating Culture
Historically, much of the research on parenting has not disentangled the influences of race/ethnicity, SES, and culture on family functioning and the development of children and adolescents. This special issue addresses this gap by disentangling ethnic differences in parenting behaviors from their contextual influences, thereby deepening understanding of parenting processes in diverse families. Six members of the Parenting section of the Study Gr…
How Does Racial Context Matter
Black families and youth likely consider specific racial discriminatory situations in preparation-for-bias messages and racial coping responses. Our study investigated coping responses embedded in youth-reported Black families' preparation-for-bias messages and youths' proactive coping responses to specific racially discriminatory situations-teachers' negative expectations, store employees' hyper-monitoring and police harassment. Gender and racia…
If It's Offered, Will They Come? Influences on Parents' Participation in a Community‐Based Conduct Problems Prevention Program
This study examined influences on the rate and quality of parent participation in the Fast Track Program, a multi‐system, longitudinal preventive intervention for children who are at risk for conduct problems. A theoretical model of the relations among family coordinator characteristics, parent characteristics, the therapeutic engagement between family coordinator and parent, and rate and quality of parent participation was the basis for this stu…
Your Skin’s Not as Good as Us
This mixed methods study examined the nature of adoption and racial microaggressions and their relations with age and community diversity among 42 Chinese transracial adoptees ages 5–9. Using microaggression typologies by Baden and Sue et al., we found that children must often navigate multiple messages within a single microaggression incident. Although experience and awareness of microaggressions did not differ among children by community divers…
From Family to Society
SYNOPSIS Objective . The authors explored the relation between adolescent reports of parental warmth and monitoring and the development of youth civic engagement. Design . Longitudinal data were collected from 759 14- and 15-year-olds and their parents in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Results . Two-group latent variable models indicated that perceived parental monitoring predicted future civic engagement among males, whereas percei…
Toward understanding family readjustment following older child adoptions
Mothers Raising Daughters
This study examined the process of cultural socialization among 6- to 8-year-old girls adopted from China, with a focus on adoptive mothers’ decisions about their children's socialization and children's interest in and knowledge about China and being Chinese. Qualitative interviews of 10 mothers and their children were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three main categories were identified to further specify parental cultural socializati…
Short term placement outcomes for children adopted after age five
School Outcomes of Aggressive‐Disruptive Children
A multi-gate screening process identified 891 children with aggressive-disruptive behavior problems at school entry. Fast Track provided a multi-component preventive intervention in the context of a randomized-controlled design. In addition to psychosocial support and skill training for parents and children, the intervention included intensive reading tutoring in first grade, behavioral management consultation with teachers, and the provision of …
Cognitive and motivational determinants of children's humor responses
Parents and Their Adopted Chinese Children
In this study using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, we coded the types and community prevalence of racial microaggressions (RMAs) and adoption microaggressions (AMAs) experienced and reported by White adoptive families with children adopted from China. Analyses examined differences in microaggressions reported by transracial adoptive families living in communities varying in racial-ethnic diversity. All families experienced RMAs and/o…
Looking through a kaleidoscope
A significant body of research examines ethnic‐racial socialization among families of color, yet rarely investigates the influence of youths’ phenotype (e.g., skin color) on ethnic‐racial socialization. How families of color make meaning of youths’ skin color may cause variation in ethnic‐racial socialization. To address this gap, we propose the Phenomenological Ethnic‐Racial Socialization Conceptual Model, which details how the meaning families …
Microaggressions experienced by adoptive families and internationally adopted adolescents in France
France receives a relatively large number of international adoptions. However, little is known about the frequency and types of microaggressions experienced by adoptive parents and internationally adopted adolescents in France. Unusually, France functions legally as a colorblind society, where race is not officially recognized. Therefore, we surveyed adoptive parents and adopted adolescents regarding their feelings of difference and experience of…
Decoupling the Relation Between Risk Factors for Conduct Problems and the Receipt of Intervention Services
This study examined whether the link between risk factors for conduct problems and low rates of participation in mental health treatment could be decoupled through the provision of integrated prevention services in multiple easily-accessible contexts. It included 445 families of first-grade children (55% minority), living in four diverse communities, and selected for early signs of conduct problems. Results indicated that, under the right circums…
Conceptions of Family and Adoption Among Older Adoptees
Research on older child adoptions that incorporates the adoptee's perspective is noticeably absent from the literature. Drawing on the theoretical, clinical and empirical literature on children's understanding of family and adoption, this paper reports a study that examined older adoptees' conceptions of family and adoption relative to nonadopted peers. Interviews with 15 children adopted between ages 8 and 11 and a sample of 15 demographically m…
Feelings and perceptions of French parents of internationally adopted children with special needs (SN)
Just Beyond my Front Door”
The phenotypic differences between children and their adoptive parents in transracial adoptions make the child's adoptive status readily apparent in public. Consequently, adoptees field more frequent questions and comments about the adoption. The present study examines the nature of public conversations about ethnicity and adoption of 41 elementary school age girls adopted from China and the ecological factors related to less frequent occurrences…
The Difficulty of Maintaining Positive Intervention Effects
This paper examines the effects of the Fast Track preventive intervention on youths' functioning in three domains: disruptive behavior problems, involvement with deviant peers, and social skills during the middle school years. Eight hundred ninety-one children had been randomly assigned by sets of schools within four sites to intervention ( n = 445) or to control ( n = 446) conditions. In contrast to prior findings of the effectiveness of the Fas…
Cognitive and motivational determinants of children's humor responses
The delivery of child welfare services to African American clients
African Americans have historically suffered inequities in the delivery of child welfare services. The necessity for awareness of cultural contexts is examined, particularly in decision making about maintenance in the child's home, out-of-home placement, reunification of child and parents, other permanency planning options, and mental health referrals. The implications of such awareness for service delivery, administration, and policy making in t…
Toward understanding family readjustment following older child adoptions
Short term placement outcomes for children adopted after age five
Conceptions of Family and Adoption Among Older Adoptees
Research on older child adoptions that incorporates the adoptee's perspective is noticeably absent from the literature. Drawing on the theoretical, clinical and empirical literature on children's understanding of family and adoption, this paper reports a study that examined older adoptees' conceptions of family and adoption relative to nonadopted peers. Interviews with 15 children adopted between ages 8 and 11 and a sample of 15 demographically m…
If It's Offered, Will They Come? Influences on Parents' Participation in a Community‐Based Conduct Problems Prevention Program
This study examined influences on the rate and quality of parent participation in the Fast Track Program, a multi‐system, longitudinal preventive intervention for children who are at risk for conduct problems. A theoretical model of the relations among family coordinator characteristics, parent characteristics, the therapeutic engagement between family coordinator and parent, and rate and quality of parent participation was the basis for this stu…
Predicting developmental outcomes at school entry using a multiple-risk model
The contributions of different risk factors in predicting children's psychological and academic outcomes at the end of 1st grade were examined. Using a regression model, levels of ecobehavioral risk were assessed in the following order: specific demographics, broad demographics, family psychosocial status, mother's depressive symptoms, and neighborhood quality. Participants were 337 families from 4 American communities. Predictor variables were a…
Discipline responses
Direct and indirect precursors to parents' harsh discipline responses to hypothetical vignettes about child misbehavior were studied with data from 978 parents (59% mothers; 82% European American and 16% African American) of 585 kindergarten-aged children. SEM analyses showed that parents' beliefs about spanking and child aggression and family stress mediated a negative relation between socioeconomic status and discipline. In turn, perception of …
Parenting in Context
This prospective longitudinal study examined the unique and combined effects of neighborhood characteristics on parental behaviors in the context of more distal and more proximal influences. With a sample of 368 mothers from high-risk communities in 4 parts of the United States, this study examined relations between race (African American or European American), locality (urban or rural), neighborhood characteristics, family context, and child pro…
Decoupling the Relation Between Risk Factors for Conduct Problems and the Receipt of Intervention Services
This study examined whether the link between risk factors for conduct problems and low rates of participation in mental health treatment could be decoupled through the provision of integrated prevention services in multiple easily-accessible contexts. It included 445 families of first-grade children (55% minority), living in four diverse communities, and selected for early signs of conduct problems. Results indicated that, under the right circums…
Introduction to Excavating Culture, Special Issue of Applied Developmental Science
The Parenting Subgroup of SGRCE would like to thank its colleagues in the Racial Socialization and Ethnic Identity Subgroup within the Study Group who have shared the mission of pushing forward the science of culture and ethnicity and have worked alongside us: Diane Hughes, Deborah Johnson, James Rodriguez, Emilie Phillips Smith, Paul Spicer, and Howard Stevenson. We thank three scholars who saw the potential in the Study Group and who provided a…
Disentangling Ethnic and Contextual Influences Among Parents Raising Youth in High-Risk Communities
This article reports on analyses examining contextual influences on parenting with an ethnically and geographically diverse sample of parents (predominantly mothers) raising 387 children (49% ethnic minority; 51% male) in high-risk communities. Parents and children were followed longitudinally from first through tenth grades. Contextual influences included geographical location, neighborhood risk, SES, and family stress. The cultural variable was…
Excavating Culture
Historically, much of the research on parenting has not disentangled the influences of race/ethnicity, SES, and culture on family functioning and the development of children and adolescents. This special issue addresses this gap by disentangling ethnic differences in parenting behaviors from their contextual influences, thereby deepening understanding of parenting processes in diverse families. Six members of the Parenting section of the Study Gr…
The Difficulty of Maintaining Positive Intervention Effects
This paper examines the effects of the Fast Track preventive intervention on youths' functioning in three domains: disruptive behavior problems, involvement with deviant peers, and social skills during the middle school years. Eight hundred ninety-one children had been randomly assigned by sets of schools within four sites to intervention ( n = 445) or to control ( n = 446) conditions. In contrast to prior findings of the effectiveness of the Fas…
The effects of a multiyear universal social–emotional learning program
OBJECTIVE: This article examines the impact of a universal social-emotional learning program, the Fast Track PATHS (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies) curriculum and teacher consultation, embedded within the Fast Track selective prevention model. METHOD: The longitudinal analysis involved 2,937 children of multiple ethnicities who remained in the same intervention or control schools for Grades 1, 2, and 3. The study involved a clustered r…
Delinquent Adolescents' Regrettable Behaviours and Parental Engagement
We examined delinquents' involvement in regrettable behaviours, their meaning-making processes and parental engagement in preventing these behaviours. After reviewing court-record data for 109 males and females of African descent (50 South African and 50 American youth) for data on delinquency, we interviewed 11 SA and 29 USA youth (mean =s 16.7 years). Quantitative and content analyses were utilized to analyze interview data. SA youth engaged in…
Mothers Raising Daughters
This study examined the process of cultural socialization among 6- to 8-year-old girls adopted from China, with a focus on adoptive mothers’ decisions about their children's socialization and children's interest in and knowledge about China and being Chinese. Qualitative interviews of 10 mothers and their children were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three main categories were identified to further specify parental cultural socializati…
Just Beyond my Front Door”
The phenotypic differences between children and their adoptive parents in transracial adoptions make the child's adoptive status readily apparent in public. Consequently, adoptees field more frequent questions and comments about the adoption. The present study examines the nature of public conversations about ethnicity and adoption of 41 elementary school age girls adopted from China and the ecological factors related to less frequent occurrences…
From Family to Society
SYNOPSIS Objective . The authors explored the relation between adolescent reports of parental warmth and monitoring and the development of youth civic engagement. Design . Longitudinal data were collected from 759 14- and 15-year-olds and their parents in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Results . Two-group latent variable models indicated that perceived parental monitoring predicted future civic engagement among males, whereas percei…
School Outcomes of Aggressive‐Disruptive Children
A multi-gate screening process identified 891 children with aggressive-disruptive behavior problems at school entry. Fast Track provided a multi-component preventive intervention in the context of a randomized-controlled design. In addition to psychosocial support and skill training for parents and children, the intervention included intensive reading tutoring in first grade, behavioral management consultation with teachers, and the provision of …
Introduction to Special Issue
This special issue focuses on the construction of ethnic identity among international transracial adoptees (ITRAs) in the context of their families and community. These studies represent an emerging focus on identity development in families where parents, as members of the dominant culture, face the task of helping children who are members of minority groups, develop a positive identity. Because the process of identity formation is developmental,…
American” or “Multiethnic”? Family Ethnic Identity Among Transracial Adoptive Families, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Children's Self-Perception
The sample comprised 44 U.S.-based parents and their daughters ages 6 to 9 who were adopted from China. Correlation analyses revealed that parents' role variables and CS behaviors were related, and children's ethnic self-label was related to family ethnic identity and CS behaviors. Qualitative analyses point to complexities in children's ethnic identity and between family and children's ethnic identities. Together, these findings provide support …
New Trends and Directions in Ethnic Identity Among Internationally Transracially Adopted Persons
The collective findings of the six articles in this special issue highlight the importance of ethnic-racial socialization and ethnic identity among international transracial adoptees (ITRAs). A multidimensional developmental phenomenon, ethnic identity intersects with other identities, notably adoptive identity. Family, peers, community, and host culture are important socialization contexts that engage transracial adoptees in transactional proces…
Your Skin’s Not as Good as Us
This mixed methods study examined the nature of adoption and racial microaggressions and their relations with age and community diversity among 42 Chinese transracial adoptees ages 5–9. Using microaggression typologies by Baden and Sue et al., we found that children must often navigate multiple messages within a single microaggression incident. Although experience and awareness of microaggressions did not differ among children by community divers…
How Does Racial Context Matter
Black families and youth likely consider specific racial discriminatory situations in preparation-for-bias messages and racial coping responses. Our study investigated coping responses embedded in youth-reported Black families' preparation-for-bias messages and youths' proactive coping responses to specific racially discriminatory situations-teachers' negative expectations, store employees' hyper-monitoring and police harassment. Gender and racia…
Psychology (33 obras) · Developmental psychology (25 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras) · Child Welfare and Adoption (17 obras) · Sociology (14 obras) · Ethnic group (13 obras) · Early Childhood Education and Development (11 obras) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (10 obras) · Medicine (10 obras)