David Laidler
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 983079 |
|---|---|
| NOME | David Laidler |
| PRENOMES | David |
| SOBRENOME | Laidler |
| ASSINATURA | LAIDLER D |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Western University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 70 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 140 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 70 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1966 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Hayek-Myrdal Interactions in the Early 1930s
It is widely believed that Friedrich Hayek's first encounter with Gunnar Myrdal involved the latter's last-minute contribution, as a replacement for Erik Lindahl, to a Sammelband edited by the former in 1933, and that Hayek was lukewarm toward Myrdal and his ideas from the very beginning. Correspondence between the two shows that, in fact, their interaction about this contribution began two years earlier and that their relationship was cooperativ…
History of Economic Thought’s Place in Macroeconomics Revisited
I attended the now famous conferences at Sussex in 1968 and Nottingham in 1969 that preceded the later founding of both the History of Economic Thought Society in the UK and the History of Economics Society (HES) in North America. In 1969, I also helped to found the UK Money Study Group at its first conference in Hove, while in 1970 I was at Karl Brunner’s first Konstanz Seminar. In both fields, these conferences were followed by many, many more.…
Lucas (1972) a personal view from the wrong side of the subsequent fifty years
Lucas (Citation1972) permanently changed the course of macroeconomics, even though his “money supply surprise” model lost its central place in the area within a decade because of empirical difficulties. However, Lucas’s novel methodology, based on clearing markets and rational expectations, still dominates orthodox macroeconomic theorising. An unfortunate side effect of this has been that, because mainstream models have no analytic room for money…
Peter Howitt – a Keynesian still in Recovery
Peter Howitt is best known for his contributions to growth theory, but his work in short-run economics, which began with his Ph.D thesis and still continues, is important and deserves attention. It lies firmly in the Keynesian macro-disequilibrium tradition of Robert Clower and Axel Leijonhufvud, and for a long time has been overshadowed by New-classical and New-Keynesian orthodoxy. However, the development of agent based modelling and behavioura…
Monetary non-neutrality and stabilisation policies 50 years after Lucas’s “expectations” paper
Half a century has passed since Robert Lucas got his paper on expectations and the neutrality of money published in the Journal of Economic Theory. That article is widely considered as pathbreaking, starting a movement that changed the professional standards of doing macroeconomics. It arguably also affected the perception, if not the conduct of monetary policy and other stabilisation policies. This roundtable discussion collects comments from a …
Mapping Memory
The relationship between notions of ‘history’ and ‘myth’ is a familiar dilemma within the field of historiography. As this thesis will seek to demonstrate, myth – defined here as evaluative representations of the past to suit demands of the present – is virtually indistinguishable from history, insofar as both are constructed from the same raw materials: subjective remembrances. Through an examination of mythical representations of physical place…
Milton Friedman
Book Review| December 01 2017 Milton Friedman: Contributions to Economics and Public Policy ed. by Robert A. Cord and J. Daniel Hammond Milton Friedman: Contributions to Economics and Public Policy. Edited by Cord, Robert A.; Hammond, J. Daniel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 2016 pp. $185.00. David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (…
Economic Theory of Bank Credit
Book Review| December 01 2016 Economic Theory of Bank Credit Economic Theory of Bank Credit. By Hahn, L. Albert. Translated from the German original (1920, 1924, and 1930) by Clemens Matt, with an introduction by Harald Hagemann. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. 160 pp. Cloth $75.00. David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2016) 48 (4): 749–752. https://doi.org/10.…
The Genesis of Macroeconomics
Book Review| September 01 2012 The Genesis of Macroeconomics: New Ideas from Sir William Petty to Henry Thornton The Genesis of Macroeconomics: New Ideas from Sir William Petty to Henry Thornton. By Murphy, Antoin E.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ix; 233 pp.£23.00. David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2012) 44 (3): 555–557. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-1…
Harvard, the Chicago Tradition, and the Quantity Theory
James Ahiakpor's critique of our 2002 work on the relationship between a certain 1932 Harvard memorandum on antidepression policies and the 1932 Harris Foundation manifesto dealing with the same issues misses the significance of these documents, and of the relationships between them, both for the literature of the time, and for later debates about the origins of 1930s Chicago ideas about monetary economics. He is correct to locate these documents…
The Chicago School
Book Review| June 01 2009 The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business David Laidler David Laidler Professor Emeritus University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2009) 41 (2): 411–414. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2009-011 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data …
The Economics of Keynes in Historical Context
Book Review| June 01 2009 The Economics of Keynes in Historical Context: An Intellectual History of the General Theory . By Michael S. Lawlor. Houndmills, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. xvi; 357 pp. Hardback, $100.00. David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2009) 41 (2): 409–411. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2009-010 Cite Icon Cite Shar…
Milton Friedman
Business Cycle Theory
Book Review| June 01 2007 Business Cycle Theory: Selected Texts, 1860-1939, Part 2 Business Cycle Theory: Selected Texts, 1860-1939, Part 2. Edited by Mauro Boianovsky. Pickering and Chatto, 2004. £450.00/$750.00. Volume 5: Economic Growth, Technical Change, and Business Cycles; xxiv; 409 pp. Volume 6: The Accelerator, Overaccumulation, and Underconsumption; xx; 346 pp. Volume 7: Saving, Investment, and Expectations; xxi; 434 pp. Volume 8: Quanti…
Monetary Policy after Bubbles Burst
David Laidler, Monetary Policy after Bubbles Burst: The Zero Lower Bound, the Liquidity Trap and the Credit Deadlock, Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Sep., 2004), pp. 333-340
What Was Lost with IS-LM
Research Article| December 01 2004 What Was Lost with IS-LM Roger E. Backhouse; Roger E. Backhouse Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2004) 36 (Suppl_1): 25–56. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-36-Suppl_1-25 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Roger E. Backhouse, David La…
A Perilous Progress
Business Cycle Theory
Book Review| September 01 2003 Business Cycle Theory: Selected Texts, 1860-1939 Edited by Harald Hagemann. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2002. Volume 1: Some Early Classics. xxiii; 322 pp. Volume 2: Structural Theories of the Business Cycle. xxv; 308 pp. Volume 3: Monetary Theories of the Business Cycle. xxv; 357 pp. Volume 4: Equilibrium and the Business Cycle. xxviii; 365 pp. David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on:…
An Early Harvard Memorandum on Anti-Depression Policies
Research Article| September 01 2002 An Early Harvard Memorandum on Anti-Depression Policies: An Introductory Note David Laidler; David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Roger Sandilands Roger Sandilands Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2002) 34 (3): 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-34-3-515 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Ma…
The Economics of Irving Fisher
Book Review| November 01 2000 The Economics of Irving Fisher: Reviewing the Scientific Work of a Great Economist Edited by Hans-E. Loef and Hans G. Monissen. Cheltenham, U.K., and Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999. xv; 343 pp. £59.95; $95.00 David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2000) 32 (4): 1047–1048. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1047 Cite Icon Cite Sha…
Canada's Exchange Rate Options
anada has had a flexible exchange rate continuously in place for the better part of three decades. A great deal has changed in the interim, including our understanding of the economics of monetary policy; and a new debate about the relevant issues is surely welcome. The exchange rate regime, however, is but one element in a broader set of arrangements that we may call the monetary order, and policy toward it can only be discussed coherently in th…
Perspectives on Modern Macroeconomic Theory and Its History
David Laidler's writings on monetary theory and policy are notable not only for their clarity and insight but also for their appreciation of the relevance of hte history of our discipline to current debates. The following interview surveys the field of modern macroeconomics from the perspective of one of its most thoughtful practitioners. The interview was conducted at the University of Western Ontario on 28 November and 21 Decemberr 1995
Notes on the Microfoundations of Monetary Economics
It is important to keep two closely related distinctions in mind when discussing the microeconomics of money: that between the social arrangement known as monetary exchange, and those assets known as money; and that between what Patinkin (1957) called the market experiment and the individual experiment. Money is a means of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value, though many items that do not serve as means of exchange make admirable st…
Economic Thought since Keynes
Journal Article Economic Thought since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists Get access Economic Thought Since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists. By (Michel) Beaud and (Gilles) Dostaler. (Aldershot and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995. Pp. x+488. £95.00 hardback. ISBN 1 85278 667 1.) David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Schola…
The Great Canadian Disinflation
Inflation
Journal Article Inflation: A Survey Get access David Laidler, David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Michael Parkin Michael Parkin University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 340, 1 December 1975, Pages 741–809, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230624 Published: 01 December 1975
Hawtrey, Harvard, and the Origins of the Chicago Tradition
Milton Friedman has claimed that his monetary economics derives from a Chicago tradition that, in the 1930s, offered a monetary explanation of cyclical fluctuations in general and the Great Depression in particular, an optimistic view of the power of monetary policy, and a case for governing it by rules rather than discretion. It is argued that all the elements of this tradition except the last are to be found in earlier writings of Ralph Hawtrey…
Monetarism
Journal Article Monetarism: An Interpretation and an Assessment Get access D. Laidler D. Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 91, Issue 361, 1 March 1981, Pages 1–28, https://doi.org/10.2307/2231691 Published: 01 March 1981
The `Buffer Stock Notion in Monetary Economics
The 'Buffer Stock Notion in Monetary Economics Get access David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 94, Issue Supplement, 1 December 1984, Pages 17–34, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232652 Published: 01 December 1984
Misconceptions about the Real-Bills Doctrine
An Early Harvard Memorandum on Anti-Depression Policies
Research Article| September 01 2002 An Early Harvard Memorandum on Anti-Depression Policies: An Introductory Note David Laidler; David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Roger Sandilands Roger Sandilands Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2002) 34 (3): 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-34-3-515 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Ma…
A Survey of General Equilibrium Systems
Journal Article Hansen (B.). Survey of General Equilibrium Systems. Get access A Survey of General Equilibrium Systems. By B. Hansen. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 1970. Pp. xiii + 238. £4.80.) D. E. W. Laidler D. E. W. Laidler University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 81, Issue 324, 1 December 1971, Pages 943–944, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230334 Published: …
Monetarist Perspectives
Journal Article Monetarist Perspectives Get access Monetarist Perspectives. By David Laidler. (Oxford: Philip Allan, 1982. Pp. xii + 218. £12.95.) David C. Webb David C. Webb University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 93, Issue 372, 1 December 1983, Pages 924–926, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232763 Published: 01 December 1983
Some Evidence on the Demand for Money
Milton Friedman
What Was Lost with IS-LM
Research Article| December 01 2004 What Was Lost with IS-LM Roger E. Backhouse; Roger E. Backhouse Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2004) 36 (Suppl_1): 25–56. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-36-Suppl_1-25 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Roger E. Backhouse, David La…
Economic Thought since Keynes
Journal Article Economic Thought since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists Get access Economic Thought Since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists. By (Michel) Beaud and (Gilles) Dostaler. (Aldershot and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995. Pp. x+488. £95.00 hardback. ISBN 1 85278 667 1.) David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Schola…
Money and Markets
Journal Article Money and Markets: Essays by Robert W. Clower Get access Money and Markets: Essays by Robert W. Clower. Edited by DONALD A. WALKER. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Pp. xv + 277. £22.50 hardback.) David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 96, Issue 382, 1 June 1986, Pages 547–549, https://doi.org/10.23…
Studies in Monetary Economics
Journal Article Studies in Monetary Economics Get access Studies in Monetary Economics. By D. Patinkin. (New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Pp. 262. $9.95.) D. E. W. Laidler D. E. W. Laidler University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 83, Issue 329, 1 March 1973, Pages 262–264, https://doi.org/10.2307/2231128 Published: 01 March 1973
Monetary Policy after Bubbles Burst
David Laidler, Monetary Policy after Bubbles Burst: The Zero Lower Bound, the Liquidity Trap and the Credit Deadlock, Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Sep., 2004), pp. 333-340
Notes on the Microfoundations of Monetary Economics
It is important to keep two closely related distinctions in mind when discussing the microeconomics of money: that between the social arrangement known as monetary exchange, and those assets known as money; and that between what Patinkin (1957) called the market experiment and the individual experiment. Money is a means of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value, though many items that do not serve as means of exchange make admirable st…
Harvard, the Chicago Tradition, and the Quantity Theory
James Ahiakpor's critique of our 2002 work on the relationship between a certain 1932 Harvard memorandum on antidepression policies and the 1932 Harris Foundation manifesto dealing with the same issues misses the significance of these documents, and of the relationships between them, both for the literature of the time, and for later debates about the origins of 1930s Chicago ideas about monetary economics. He is correct to locate these documents…
A Perilous Progress
Business Cycle Theory
Book Review| September 01 2003 Business Cycle Theory: Selected Texts, 1860-1939 Edited by Harald Hagemann. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2002. Volume 1: Some Early Classics. xxiii; 322 pp. Volume 2: Structural Theories of the Business Cycle. xxv; 308 pp. Volume 3: Monetary Theories of the Business Cycle. xxv; 357 pp. Volume 4: Equilibrium and the Business Cycle. xxviii; 365 pp. David Laidler David Laidler Search for other works by this author on:…
Canada's Exchange Rate Options
anada has had a flexible exchange rate continuously in place for the better part of three decades. A great deal has changed in the interim, including our understanding of the economics of monetary policy; and a new debate about the relevant issues is surely welcome. The exchange rate regime, however, is but one element in a broader set of arrangements that we may call the monetary order, and policy toward it can only be discussed coherently in th…
Classical Theories of Money, Output and Inflation
Journal Article Classical Theories of Money, Output and Inflation: A Study in Historical Economics Get access Classical Theories of Money, Output and Inflation: A Study in Historical Economics. By Roy Green. (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. xii + 271. £40.00 hardback. ISBN 0 333 56562 2). David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Jou…
The History and Philosophy of Social Science
Inflation and Unemployment in an Open Economy
The notion of an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment was a commonplace of macroeconomic policy discussions even before Brown (1955), Phillips (1958) and Lipsey (1960) presented evidence of the existence of an apparently empirically stable functional relationship between the two variables, and provided us with theoretical arguments about why we should expect it to exist.1 The theory in question was extremely simple. It amounted…
Essays on Money and Inflation
Journal Article Essays on Money and Inflation. Inflation in World Economy Get access Essays on Money and Inflation. By D. E. W. LAIDLER. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975. Pp. xiii + 246. £6.00.)Inflation in World Economy. Edited by M. PARKIN and G. Zis. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976. Pp. xvii + 334. £9.00.) Susan Howson Susan Howson Wolfson College Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic …
The Chicago School
Book Review| June 01 2009 The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business David Laidler David Laidler Professor Emeritus University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google History of Political Economy (2009) 41 (2): 411–414. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-2009-011 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data …
The Rate of Interest and the Demand for Money--Some Empirical Evidence
Some Evidence on the Demand for Money
Liquidity Preferences of Commercial Banks
The Phillips Relation
relationship have been interpreted as suggesting the degree of unemployment and idle capacity requisite for the achievement of a chosen rate of change of prices, usually fixed at zero.1 It is apparent that the Phillips curve has been absorbed rather rapidly by the profession, a tribute both to the great insight furnished in Professor Phillips' original article [5] and also to the high quality of the subsequent literature. Obviously such an import…
The Phillips Relation
If we use Professor R. G. Lipsey's derivation of the Phillips relationship, and we observe this relationship to be weak empirically, the reasons must be in either (a) the underlying adjustment mechanism, or (b) the assumptions about the behaviour of frictional unemployment as aggregate demand increases; or in both. Under (b) it is possible to hypothesize sets of assumptions that will, given (a), generate a negative relationship between the rate o…
The Consumer Finance Industry
The Behavior of Interest Rates
Essays in Money and Banking in Honour of R. S. Sayers
Essays on Interest Rates. Vol. I
The Demand for Money
A Survey of General Equilibrium Systems
Journal Article Hansen (B.). Survey of General Equilibrium Systems. Get access A Survey of General Equilibrium Systems. By B. Hansen. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 1970. Pp. xiii + 238. £4.80.) D. E. W. Laidler D. E. W. Laidler University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 81, Issue 324, 1 December 1971, Pages 943–944, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230334 Published: …
Cash Management and the Demand for Money
Inflation Policy and Unemployment Theory
Simultaneous Fluctuations in Prices and Output-a Business Cycle Approach
The coexistence in recent years of high rates of inflation and high levels of unemployment has focused attention on the problem of what the factors are that determine the manner in which variations in money income are divided up between variations in real income and employment on the one hand and in prices on the other. The hypothesis of a negative rate of trade-off between wage inflation (and hence presumably price inflation) and unemployment, e…
Studies in Monetary Economics
Journal Article Studies in Monetary Economics Get access Studies in Monetary Economics. By D. Patinkin. (New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Pp. 262. $9.95.) D. E. W. Laidler D. E. W. Laidler University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 83, Issue 329, 1 March 1973, Pages 262–264, https://doi.org/10.2307/2231128 Published: 01 March 1973
Developments of Monetary Theory in the Netherlands
Journal Article F. J. de Jong. Developments of Monetary Theory in the Netherlands Get access Developments of Monetary Theory in the Netherlands. By F. J. de Jong. (Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1973. Pp. ix + 170. Dfl. 57.50.) D. E. W. Laidler D. E. W. Laidler University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 84, Issue 335, 1 September 1974, Pages 658–659, https…
Information, Geld und die makroökonomische Theorie der Inflation
Unrevised ebook edition 2025
Inflation
Journal Article Inflation: A Survey Get access David Laidler, David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Michael Parkin Michael Parkin University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 340, 1 December 1975, Pages 741–809, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230624 Published: 01 December 1975
Introduction to Microeconomics
Journal Article Introduction to Microeconomics Get access Introduction to Microeconomics. By D. LAIDLER. (Deddington, Oxon: Philip Allan, 1974. Pp. viii + 269. £3-50 hardback, £1.75 paperback.) E. J. Cleary E. J. Cleary University College of Swansea Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 339, 1 September 1975, Pages 696–697, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230943 Published: 01 Sept…
Expectations and the Phillips Trade Off
Domestic Monetary Management in Britain, 1919-1938 . Susan Howson
Introduction to Microeconomics
Essays on Money and Inflation
Journal Article Essays on Money and Inflation. Inflation in World Economy Get access Essays on Money and Inflation. By D. E. W. LAIDLER. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975. Pp. xiii + 246. £6.00.)Inflation in World Economy. Edited by M. PARKIN and G. Zis. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976. Pp. xvii + 334. £9.00.) Susan Howson Susan Howson Wolfson College Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic …
Money, Employment and Inflation
Journal Article Money, Employment and Inflation Get access Money, Employment and Inflation. By R. BARRO and H. GROSSMAN. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Pp. xii + 263. £5.90.) David Laidler David Laidler University of Western Ontario Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 86, Issue 344, 1 December 1976, Pages 886–888, https://doi.org/10.2307/2231465 Published: 01 Decembe…
Expectations and the Behaviour of Prices and Output under Flexible Exchange Rates
A good deal of recent work in the tradition of the monetary approach to balance of payments theory under fixed exchange rates views reserve flows, not as transmitting inflationary impulses, but as accommodating the behaviour of the domestic money supply to variations in the inflation rate brought about by other means. A direct transfer mechanism, justified in earlier analysis by making the small open economy a price-taker in world markets, at lea…
Economics (54 obras) · Economic Theory and Policy (48 obras) · Keynesian economics (29 obras) · Economic Theory and Institutions (23 obras) · Political science (23 obras) · Computer Science (20 obras) · Economic history (19 obras) · History (18 obras) · Monetary policy (17 obras) · Law (16 obras)