Turtles all the way down

There are several theories which tackle predicting the source of third language (L3) crosslinguistic influence. The two orthogonal questions that arise are which language is most likely to influence the L3 and whether the influence will be wholesale or piecemeal (property-by-property). To my mind, Westergaard’s Linguistic Proximity Model (LPM) is preferable to other theoretical models (say Rothman’s Typological Primacy Model) insofar as it is consistent with many aspects of L2/L3 phonological learnability that I am familiar with. Westergaard proposes a structure-based piecemeal approach to the explanation of third language acquisition (L3A). The model is driven by parsing and dictates that the first language (L1) or second language (L2) structure which is hypothesized to be most similar to the L3 structure will be the one to transfer

Grammar · Learnability · Linguistics · Natural language processing · Parsing · Phonology · Phrase structure rules · Property (philosophy · Syntax · Theoretical linguistics · Computer Science · Language Development and Disorders · Philosophy · Phonetics and Phonology Research · Psychology · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation · Artificial Intelligence

• Ease and Difficulty in L2 Phonology

  Open Access•John Archibald•Frontiers in Communication•2021

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• Phonological parsing via an integrated I-language

  Open Access•John Archibald•Linguistic Approaches to…•2023

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• Crosslinguistic influence in L3 acquisition

  Open Access•Natalia Mitrofanova, Evelina Leivada et al.•Linguistic Approaches to…•2023

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• Structural similarity in third language acquisition

  Open Access•Nadine Kolb, Natalia Mitrofanova et al.•Linguistic Approaches to…•2023

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• L3 acquisition and crosslinguistic influence as co-activation

  Open Access•Marit Westergaard•Second language Research•2021

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• The Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonology

  Open Access•B Elan Dresher•Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonology•2009

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• Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer

  Open Access•Joshua Rothman, Jason Rothman et al.•Third Language Acquisition and…•2019

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• A computational learning model for metrical phonology

  Open Access•B Elan Dresher, Jonathan D Kaye•Cognition•1990

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• Linguistic and cognitive motivations for the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) of third language (L3) transfer

  Open Access•Joshua Rothman, Jason Rothman•Bilingualism Language and Cognition•2015

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• A formalist perspective on language acquisition

  Open Access•Charles Yang•Linguistic Approaches to…•2018

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• Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language

  Open Access•Marit Westergaard, Natalia Mitrofanova et al.•International Journal of…•2017

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• Microvariation in multilingual situations

  Open Access•Marit Westergaard•Second language Research•2019

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• Formal Principles of Language Acquisition

  C L Baker, Kenneth Wexler et al.•Language•1982

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• Learnability and Cognition

  Open Access•Letitia Naigles•Language and Speech•1991

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• Unambiguous Triggers

  Janet Dean Fodor•Linguistic Inquiry•1998

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• Charting the Learning Path

  B Elan Dresher•Linguistic Inquiry•1999

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• Contrast and the evaluation of similarity

  Open Access•Sara Mackenzie•Lingua•2011

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