Frontier Closure and the Involution of American Society, 1840-1890

between a national propertied elite and the producing masses over access to political power, but between sections equally devoted to independence and opportunity, each desperately needing the frontier to remake in their own image. The result of this struggle was the triumph of a liberal bourgeois democracy rather than the producers' republic for which the common folk, Union and Confederate, fought.54 But in shifting the battle onto this ground, Turner's frontier not only helped save American democracy but pushed it to seek, albeit at a terribly high price in blood, a new birth of freedom.55

Closure (psychology · Frontier · Involution (esoterism · Political science · Politics · Sociology · American Constitutional Law and Politics · American Environmental and Regional History · American History and Culture · Law

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  Open Access•Carville Earle•International Review of Social…•1993

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