State Reforms and Informal Payments in Secondary Education of Kazakhstan

This paper explores the issue of informal payments in the education sector. State underinvestment in education has significantly increased the scope of informal payments in the post-independence period. The authorities of Kazakhstan have legalized informal payments by introducing Councils of Trustees, creating open school budget accounts, and making changes in the distribution of public expenditures. Although these measures have reduced informal payments in schools, the money received from parents is still an important part of school budgets

Balance of payments · Business · Distribution (mathematics · Economic growth · Economic policy · Economics · Independence (probability theory · Market economy · Monetary economics · Payment · Scope (computer science · State (computer science · Transfer payment · Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities · Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare · School Choice and Performance · Finance