Equity implications of rice fortification

Objective: To model the potential impact and equity impact of fortifying rice on nutritional adequacy of different subpopulations in Nepal. Design: Using 24-h dietary recall data and a household consumption survey, we estimated: rice intakes; probability of adequacy (PA) of eight micronutrients commonly fortified in rice (vitamin A, niacin (B 3 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), cobalamin (B 12 ), thiamin (B 1 ), folate (B 9 ), Fe and Zn) plus riboflavin (B 2 ), vitamin C and Ca and mean probability of adequacy (MPA) of these micronutrients. We modelled: no fortification; fortification of purchased rice, averaged across all households and in rice-buying households only. We compared adequacy increases between population subgroups. Setting: (i) Dhanusha and Mahottari districts of Nepal (24-h recall) and (ii) all agro-ecological zones of Nepal (consumption data). Participants: (i) Pregnant women ( n 128), mothers-in-law and male household heads; (ii) households ( n 4360). Results: Unfortified diets were especially inadequate in vitamins B 12 , A, B 9, Zn and Fe. Fortification of purchased rice in rice-purchasing households increased PA > 0·9 for thiamin, niacin, B 6 , folate and Zn, but B 12 and Fe remained inadequate even after fortification (PA range 0·3–0·9). Pregnant women’s increases exceeded men’s for thiamin, niacin, B 6 , folate and MPA; men had larger gains in vitamin A, B 12 and Zn. Adequacy improved more in the hills (coefficient 0·08 (95 % CI 0·05, 0·10)) and mountains (coefficient 0·07 (95 % CI 0·01, 0·14)) but less in rural areas (coefficient −0·05 (95 % CI −0·09, −0·01)). Conclusions: Consumption of purchased fortified rice improves adequacy and gender equity of nutrient intake, especially in non-rice-growing areas

Animal science · B vitamins · Biology · Environmental health · Fortification · Micronutrient · Niacin · Pantothenic acid · Population · Riboflavin · Vitamin · Vitamin b · Chemistry · Child Nutrition and Water Access · Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations · Iron Metabolism and Disorders · Medicine · Food Science · Internal Medicine · Toxicology

• Addressing anaemia in pregnancy in rural plains Nepal

  Open Access•Joanna Morrison, Romi Giri et al.•Maternal and Child Nutrition•2021

  Incluir item

• Human Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals via Rice in Nepal

  Open Access•Yuxiao Shao, Xiaohang Xu et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  Incluir item

• Reducing gender bias in household consumption data

  Open Access•Helen Harris–Fry, Lauren Lamson et al.•Food Policy•2022

  Incluir item

• Diet Among People in the Terai Region of Nepal, an Area of Micronutrient Deficiency

  Open Access•Rajendra Prasad Parajuli, Masahiro Umezaki et al.•Journal of Biosocial Science•2012

  Incluir item

• Intake of Micronutrient-Rich Foods in Rural Indian Mothers Is Associated with the Size of Their Babies at Birth

  Open Access•Shobha Rao, Chittaranjan S Yajnik et al.•The Journal of Nutrition•2001

  Incluir item

• A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010

  Nicholas J Kassebaum, Rashmi Jasrasaria et al.•Blood•2014

  Incluir item

• Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement

  Open Access•J Martin Bland, DouglasG Altman•The Lancet•1986

  Incluir item

• An Analysis of Transformations

  Open Access•George E P Box, David R Cox•Journal of the Royal Statistical…•1964

  Incluir item

• Experiences in running a complex electronic data capture system using mobile phones in a large-scale population trial in southern Nepal

  Open Access•Sarah Style, B James Beard et al.•Global Health Action•2017

  Incluir item

• Realistic Food-Based Approaches Alone May Not Ensure Dietary Adequacy for Women and Young Children in South-East Asia

  Open Access•Elaine L Ferguson, Louise Watson et al.•Maternal and Child Health Journal•2018

  Incluir item

• Development and validation of a photographic food atlas for portion size assessment in the southern plains of Nepal

  Open Access•Helen Harris–Fry, Puskar Raj Paudel et al.•Public Health Nutrition•2016

  Incluir item

• Low dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy among lactating women in a peri-urban area of Nepal

  Open Access•Sigrun Henjum, Liv Elin Torheim et al.•Public Health Nutrition•2015

  Incluir item

• Smartphone tool to collect repeated 24 h dietary recall data in Nepal

  Open Access•Helen Harris–Fry, B James Beard et al.•Public Health Nutrition•2018

  Incluir item

• Determining a global mid-upper arm circumference cut-off to assess underweight in adults (men and non-pregnant women)

  Open Access•Alice M Tang, Alice Tang et al.•Public Health Nutrition•2020

  Incluir item

• Effect of multi-micronutrient-fortified rice on cognitive performance depends on premix composition and cognitive function tested

  Open Access•Marion Fiorentino, Marlène Pérignon et al.•Public Health Nutrition•2018

  Incluir item