The Philippines

Sometime after 4 o'clock on the afternoon of 12 June 1898 in a small town just south of Manila a 'motley crowd' gathered before the gothic-style, wooden home of General Emilio Aguinaldo, commander of the Philippine revolutionary forces, to witness the declaration of independence from a Spanish colonial regime that had ruled the islands or more than three centuries. Appearing stolid and martial with the close-cropped haircut that matched the squarish cast to his jaw, General Aguinaldo, still only twenty-nine years old, was proclaimed 'Dictator' and 'Supreme Chief of the Nation'. Following the reading of the Act of the Declaration of Independence from Spain, the new Philippine flag was raised officially for the first time, while a band played the Marcha Nacional Filipina. Aguinaldo's aide, General Artemio Ricarte, spoke to the crowd explaining the significance of the new flag's colours and markings. Featuring a stylised sun blazing in a triangle of white, the Philippine flag symbolised the nation's birth and unity — the sun itself was the emblem of the nationalist secret society that had launched the revolution in August 1896 and its eight rays represented the provinces that first rallied to the revolt1 (see illustration, p. 21)

Ancient history · Archaeology · Art · Colonialism · Declaration of independence · Dictator · Emblem · Martial law · Motley · Nationalism · Political science · Politics · Witness · Asian Studies and History · History · Law · Philippine History and Culture · Philosophy

• The Chinese in Philippine life, 1850-1898.

  Edgar Wickberg•The Chinese in Philippine life,…•1965

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• A Nation in the Making The Philippines and the United States, 1899–1921

  Peter W Stanley•Nation in the Making•1974

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• Philippine Collaboration in World War II

  Robert Ross Smith, David Joel Steinberg•The American Historical Review•1967

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• Between Two Empires

  David R Sturtevant, Theodore Friend•The American Historical Review•1966

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• A Diplomatic History of the Philippine Republic

  Theodore Friend, Milton Walter Meyer•The American Historical Review•1966

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• The Americans in the Philippines

  David P Barrows, James A Leroy et al.•The American Historical Review•1914

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• The Huks

  F Lamond Tullis, Eduardo Lachica•The Western Political Quarterly•1972

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• The Background of Nationalism and Other Essays

  John Leddy Phelan, Horacio De La Costa•Hispanic American Historical Review•1966

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• Quezon

  Ifor B Powell, Carlos Quirino•Pacific Affairs•1972

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• In the Midst of Wars. An American's Mission to Southeast Asia

  John Girling, J L S Girling et al.•Pacific Affairs•1974

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• The United States and the Philippines

  R S Milne, Claude A Bu et al.•Pacific Affairs•1978

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• The Huk Rebellion

  Mario D Zamora, Benedict J Tria Kerkvliet et al.•Man•1978

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